加拿大西部历史2

1、The Fur Trade and Conflict (1500 1821)First Nations Peoples Numerous names- Indians, Natives, Eskimos, Savages, etc Not a uniform culture- various tribes and groups- different languages, culture, and dress- many showed respect for “the land”- partially due to land area and climate Wars took place (f

2、rom time to time)- small scale, no large scale destruction- involved alliances Before the EuropeansMiKmaqOjibwaCreeInuitEarly Explorers 1400s and 1500s Era of Exploration- Trying to find the North West Passage to China- many European nations involved Informal Trade (various European nations)- fishin

3、g in the Grand Banks (officially uncharted)- fishermen drying their catches before return (beaches)- trade with natives metal items for fur coats - would be sold when arrived in Europe France attempts first settlement in 1541- fails, loss of 60 colonists- England and France try again 60 years later-

4、 informal trade continued The North West PassageEarly Fur TradingMain Points of New France Began with Quebec City in 1608- founded by Samuel du Champlain- explored nearby areas Seigneurial System (landownership)- long-thin plots: access to rivers and roads- agriculture limited success- France wanted

5、 furs not agriculture Slow population growth- less women in New France (1666 2 to 1)- many men in were explorers/traders- less concern with European-Native unions (Metis) No democracy, feudal leadership from FranceFrench in the Fur Trade 2 Kinds of Fur Trader- “Voyageurs” (Traveler) had permit- “Cou

6、rier des Bois” (Runner of the Woods) independent- many took native wives, learned native languages- men explore beyond the St. Lawrence River- went as far west as Saskatchewan French Fur Trade Formalized- due to losses to Dutch and British (Eastern US)- Several monopolies established (Problem: Taxes

7、)- Company of One Hundred Associates - Alliances with First Nations Tribes (Huron)- acting as “middle men” for the French- French help them against their rivals (Iroquois) New France in the early 1600sHudsons Bay Company 1659-60 Independent French Expedition- to Lake Superior - furthest West of New

8、France in 1659- led by Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Medard Chouart des Groseilliers “courier des bois”- very lucrative, but “illegal” New France officials take all furs Radisson and Groseilliers leave for London- support for another expedition, but by Britain - leaves 1668-69: equally lucrative Royal

9、Charter for the Hudsons Bay Company (HBC)- granted May 2, 1670, all rivers and streams flowing into Hudsons Bay (a monopoly area for the HBC)- no one knew so much, 15% of North American land- solidification of British interests in the fur tradeConflict with Britain Britains Growing interests- 13 col

10、onies and the Hudsons Bay Company- want to expand control over fur trading territories New France open to attack- too much land, too few people- in some places forts but, no settlers yet- partially due to emphasis on fur trade Native tribes taking sides- continuing local warfare/pre-European rivalri

11、es - spreads to French and British through alliances- causes conflict and wars over fur trade relationsHudson Bay expedition 1686 (during peacetime)- French Compagnie Du Nord take the initiative- 100 men travel 1,300 km in 82 days- captured all but 1 HBC trading post, 1 ship, and lots of fur - many

12、trading posts few people (less than 20)- but company makes no profit due to French taxesFrench and Indian Wars King Williams War 1689 97- initial British success, but French comeback, capture several towns/forts- Treaty of Ryswick, no change in situation Pierre Le Moyne dIberville- led French forces

13、 against Britain and HBC - Oct 1694 captured York Factory (major trading post)- Sept 1697 Battle of Hudsons Bay - defeats 3 British ships with 1 French ship- captured York Factory again soon after Queen Annes War 1702 13- British more successful; France unable to fight back- June 1709 Battle of Fort

14、 Albany French repulsed- Treaty of Utrecht, French lose claims Hudsons Bay- HBC regains all lost trading postsNew France in 1750Fur Trade from 1713 to 1754 After 1713 New France turns to economic tactics- try to divert trade away from HBC- more trading posts set up; closer to native villages- trade

15、more open then before (weapons)- some success until 1754 War of Conquest 1754 63- France, Spain, Native allies vs. Britain and Iroquois- French victories throughout 1754 57- British decide to defeat New France- Battle of the Plains of Abraham 1759- by 1760 France defeated in North America Treaty of

16、Paris 1763- France gives up/looses New France becomes British Colony- HBC has a near monopoly over the newly acquired colonyHBC Territory North West Company (NWC) Formed in 1779 to break HBC monopoly- initial seasonal organization, then formal from 1783-84- offices in London (1792) and New York (179

17、6)- centred around Montreal, old French trade routes- HBC centred around Hudsons Bay Kept French culture and arrangements- many Mtis and voyageurs included in the company- did have an influence in relations with the HBC Pushed further West for new markets- get beyond the HBCs reach- NWCs explorers r

18、eached the Pacific and Arctic Oceans- late 1790s tried to sell furs to China; however little successHBC and NWC Trade Routes(HBC red) (NWC blue)NWC ExplorersSir Alexander Mackenzie Joined NWC in 1779- spent 9 years in various positions 1788 took over Fort Chipewyan as a Partner- in Northern Alberta

19、“Far West” Active in exploration - worked to find the Northwest Passage- 1789 follows Mackenzie River to Arctic Ocean- returned to England for study (1791) 1st European to reach the Pacific- began in 1792 from Ft. Chipewyan- arrived at the Pacific Ocean 1793NWC Explorers Simon Fraser Joined the NWC

20、in 1792- 1792 to 1805 in Athabasca Dept. (Saskatchewan) 1805 in charge of NWC expansion - Mackenzies route not practical: better one needed- potential for fur trade - set up trading 5 forts set up 1805 07 Exploration of the Fraser River (May Aug. 1808)- difficult due to rapids and mountains- initial

21、ly positive good relations with First Nations- July arrived end of the river (Vancouver)- but stopped by hostile tribes- hostility followed the return trip, but did arrive safelyWhere Simon Fraser ExploredNWC Explorers David Thompson Began with the HBC 1784- 7 yr apprentice work, studied surveying-

22、1792 completed survey of Lake Athabasca Joined NWC in 1797 as a surveyor- 1797 98 surveyed Lake Superior (Jay Treaty)- 1798 surveyed Mississippi and Assiniboine Rivers (6,740 km)- 1798 sent to Red Deer Lake (Alberta)- to 1810 surveyed large part of the Rocky Mountains- 1811-12 followed Columbia Rive

23、r to the Pacific- arrived 2 mth later than Tonquin (US fur trade ship) Mapped 3.9 million sq km (1/5 of North America)- established trade posts in many places surveyedDavid Thompsons Survey RoutesSelkirk Concession Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk - wanted land to settle poor Scots and Irish- too

24、k positions in the HBC - HBC had monopoly and ownership- try to block NWC trade routes (Metis traders already there) Concession granted 1811- colonists arrive 1812, Governor Miles Macdonell First Years of Red River- colonists arrive too late to plant food 1812- become reliant on Metis (NWC traders)-

25、 1813 first full growing season- in unable to make the colony thriveThe Selkirk ConcessionMap of the Fur Trade in the Western Part of CanadaHostilities ! Mtis/NWC position towards Selkirk Concession - Mtis are NWC traders from New France era- trade in fur and pemmican (buffalo meat and berries)- did

26、 not respond well to Selkirk Concession- felt was against the Royal Proclamation of 1763- gave permission for Mtis to continue way of life Food Shortages continue in Red River- Governor Macdonells Pemmican Proclamation 1814- prohibits export of food from Selkirk Concession- includes pemmican Mtis se

27、ll to NWC- Mtis respond by arresting Macdonell & burn Red River- Macdonell and associates eventually released Macdonell resigns in 1815 due to continuing conflicts and several breakdownsBattle of Seven Oaks Robert Semple replaces Macdonell in 1816- an American with no experience in fur trading- continues anti-NWC/Mtis policies Violence between HBC and NWC continues- HBC capture and destroy Fort Gibraltar in March 1816- British rule illegal and fort rebuilt by 1817 Battle of Seven Oaks June 19, 1816- Mtis retake a shipment of pem