英语综合教程2Unit1TaxtA翻译

1、IntroductionIntroductory Questions1. What is the general meaning of the word “culture”?2. What does the word “culture” mean to those who study humankind?3. How do we learn the ways of our culture?4. What leads to the cultural differences?5. Do you agree with the idea that what is beautiful differs f

2、rom one culture to another? If yes, can you give some examples?OutlineThe concept of culturea. an entire way of life of a society, or of a peopleb. learned behavior rather than instinctive behaviorc. different cultures with different patterns of lifeThe diversity of culturea. views towards different

3、 culturesb. ideas of what is beautiful in different culturesc. ways of treating dead bodies in different culture Conclusion: Different cultures have different ways of life, which are neither right nor wrong, for it is simply that different people do the same things in different ways.Paras. 1-4Paras.

4、 5-7Para 8The word “culture” has many different meanings. For example, we sometimes say that people who know about art, music, and literature are cultured. However, the word culture has a different meaning for anthropologists (people who study humankind). To an anthropologist the word culture means

5、all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people in the group are born with. Para 1 Para 2 Instinctive behaviour, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour that an animal is born

6、with. Spiders spinning their webs is an example of instinctive behaviour. The mother spider does not teach her babies how to spin webs. (In fact, she is not even there when they are born.) They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive behaviour. Para 3 As humans, we

7、learn some of the ways of our culture by being taught by our teachers or parents. We learn more of the ways of our culture by growing up in it. We see how other people in our culture do things, and we do them the same way. We even learn how to think and feel in this way. Para 4 All human beings have

8、 certain basic needs, such as eating, drinking, keeping warm and dry. However, the way in which they take care of these needs depends on the culture in which they grow up. All cultures have ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying, and dealing with death. The foods that we think

9、 are good to eat, the kinds of clothes we wear, and how many people we can marry at one time are all parts of our culture. Para 5 Our own culture seems very natural to us. We feel in our hearts that the way that we do things is the only right way to do them. Other peoples cultures often make us laug

10、h or feel disgusted or shocked. We may laugh at clothing that seems ridiculous to us. Many people think that eating octopus or a juicy red piece of roast beef is disgusting. The idea that a man can have more than one wife or that brothers and sisters can marry each other may shock other cultures. Pa

11、ra 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they ar

12、e strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lip

13、stick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness. When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the past, people were buried with food, weapo

14、ns, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay figures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group called the Parses exposed their dead on

15、 platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a small container. Para 7 Para 8 These are just a few of the many different customs that are found in different cultures. Most

16、 of the time, the different ways that are the customs of different cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same things in different ways. Summary of the TextCulture is not anything that people in a group are born with, but something they learn either by being

17、taught or by growing up in it. Different cultures have different ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying and dealing with death. Our own culture seems natural to us while other cultures may think it funny, strange or even disgusting. However, this has nothing to do with right o

18、r wrong. 何为文化？何为文化？ 第一段第一段“文化文化”这个词有许多不同含义。例如，有时侯我们说懂这个词有许多不同含义。例如，有时侯我们说懂得艺术、音乐、文学的人是有文化的人。然而，文化这个得艺术、音乐、文学的人是有文化的人。然而，文化这个词对于人类学家（研究人类的人）来说则具有不同的意思。词对于人类学家（研究人类的人）来说则具有不同的意思。在他们看来在他们看来“文化文化”这个词是指某一群体人们的活动、穿这个词是指某一群体人们的活动、穿着、思维、和感觉的一切方式。人们得学会他们所在群体着、思维、和感觉的一切方式。人们得学会他们所在群体的文化方式，这种方式不是与生俱来的。的文化方式，这种

19、方式不是与生俱来的。第二段第二段相反，本能行为是动物生来就有的行为模式。蜘蛛织网就相反，本能行为是动物生来就有的行为模式。蜘蛛织网就是本能行为的例子。母蜘蛛并不教小蜘蛛织网（实际上，是本能行为的例子。母蜘蛛并不教小蜘蛛织网（实际上，小蜘蛛出生时母蜘蛛甚至不在场）。它们一出生就知道怎小蜘蛛出生时母蜘蛛甚至不在场）。它们一出生就知道怎么织网。这就是我们所说的本能行为。么织网。这就是我们所说的本能行为。第三段第三段作为人类，我们受教于我们的老师和父母，学会了我们文作为人类，我们受教于我们的老师和父母，学会了我们文化中的某些方式。我们在这种文化中长大，学到了我们文化中的某些方式。我们在这种文化中长大，

20、学到了我们文化中更多的方式。我们看到我们文化中的其他人怎样行事，化中更多的方式。我们看到我们文化中的其他人怎样行事，我们便用同样的方式行事。我们甚至学会用这一方式来思我们便用同样的方式行事。我们甚至学会用这一方式来思维和感觉。维和感觉。第四段第四段所有的人都有某些基本的需要，例如吃、喝、保暖和保持所有的人都有某些基本的需要，例如吃、喝、保暖和保持干燥等。然而，我们满足这些需要的方式取决于我们成长干燥等。然而，我们满足这些需要的方式取决于我们成长于其中的文化。所有的文化都有其吃、喝、穿戴、居住、于其中的文化。所有的文化都有其吃、喝、穿戴、居住、婚嫁和办理丧事的方式。认为什么东西好吃，穿什么样式婚

21、嫁和办理丧事的方式。认为什么东西好吃，穿什么样式的衣服，以及同时能和多少人结婚等都是我们文化的组成的衣服，以及同时能和多少人结婚等都是我们文化的组成部分。部分。第五段第五段我们对于自己的文化似乎是习以为常。我们从内心感到，我们对于自己的文化似乎是习以为常。我们从内心感到，我们行事的方式是惟一恰当的。其他文化常常使我们发笑、我们行事的方式是惟一恰当的。其他文化常常使我们发笑、感到厌恶或震惊。我们可能会嘲笑在我们看来似乎是可笑感到厌恶或震惊。我们可能会嘲笑在我们看来似乎是可笑的衣着。许多人认为吃章鱼或吃一片带血汁的烤牛肉是件的衣着。许多人认为吃章鱼或吃一片带血汁的烤牛肉是件很恶心的事。一个男子可以

22、有不止一个妻子或兄弟姐妹也很恶心的事。一个男子可以有不止一个妻子或兄弟姐妹也可以通婚的观念会使其他文化的人不胜惊讶。可以通婚的观念会使其他文化的人不胜惊讶。第六段第六段对于什么是美，人们的观念因文化而异。过去，北美的扁对于什么是美，人们的观念因文化而异。过去，北美的扁头印第安人常常把婴儿的头夹在木板中间，让他们的前额头印第安人常常把婴儿的头夹在木板中间，让他们的前额长得长而倾斜。扁头人文化中，长而倾斜的前额是美的。长得长而倾斜。扁头人文化中，长而倾斜的前额是美的。其他文化的人可能会认为他们看上去很怪、很不讨人喜欢。其他文化的人可能会认为他们看上去很怪、很不讨人喜欢。许多人在身上刻画疤痕或文身，

23、为的是使他们那个文化里许多人在身上刻画疤痕或文身，为的是使他们那个文化里的其他人认为他们很美。在另外一些文化中，人们把东西的其他人认为他们很美。在另外一些文化中，人们把东西穿在鼻子、嘴唇和耳朵上的孔眼里。在许多穿在鼻子、嘴唇和耳朵上的孔眼里。在许多20世纪的社会世纪的社会里，胭脂、口红、眼影、香水还有喷发剂，都用来增加吸里，胭脂、口红、眼影、香水还有喷发剂，都用来增加吸引力。引力。第七段第七段人死的时候，不同文化的人用不同的方式处理遗体。有时人死的时候，不同文化的人用不同的方式处理遗体。有时将遗体火化，有时将遗体埋在地下。过去在许多文化里，将遗体火化，有时将遗体埋在地下。过去在许多文化里，人们

24、把食物、武器、珠宝等阴间可能用得到的东西作为培人们把食物、武器、珠宝等阴间可能用得到的东西作为培葬品。例如，古代埃及人的培葬品是用泥土做的小人。人葬品。例如，古代埃及人的培葬品是用泥土做的小人。人们认为这些泥人会在阴间为死者干活。一个叫帕西的宗教们认为这些泥人会在阴间为死者干活。一个叫帕西的宗教部族却把尸体放在平台上让鸟儿来啄食。有些部族实行第部族却把尸体放在平台上让鸟儿来啄食。有些部族实行第二次殡葬。尸体埋在土中数年以后，再把尸体挖出来第二二次殡葬。尸体埋在土中数年以后，再把尸体挖出来第二次埋葬，有时盛在一个小容器里埋葬。次埋葬，有时盛在一个小容器里埋葬。第八段第八段这些仅仅是不同文化中发现

25、的许多不同习俗的一部分。在这些仅仅是不同文化中发现的许多不同习俗的一部分。在大多数情况下，不同文化习俗的不同表现方式并无正误之大多数情况下，不同文化习俗的不同表现方式并无正误之分。只不过不同的人用不同的方式做同样的事情而已。分。只不过不同的人用不同的方式做同样的事情而已。 Para 1 The word “culture” has many different meanings. For example, we sometimes say that people who know about art, music, and literature are cultured. However, t

26、he word culture has a different meaning for anthropologists (people who study humankind). To an anthropologist the word culture means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people

27、 in the group are born with. anthropologist n. someone who scientifically studies human beings, their customs, beliefs and relationships 人类学者，人类学家Para 2 Instinctive behaviour, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour that an animal is born with. Spiders spinning their webs is an example of insti

28、nctive behaviour. The mother spider does not teach her babies how to spin webs. (In fact, she is not even there when they are born.) They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive behaviour. spider n. 蜘蛛蜘蛛Para 2 Instinctive behaviour, on the other hand, is a pattern o

29、f behaviour that an animal is born with. Spiders spinning their webs is an example of instinctive behaviour. The mother spider does not teach her babies how to spin webs. (In fact, she is not even there when they are born.) They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instincti

30、ve behaviour. Web n. 网网Para 4 All human beings have certain basic needs, such as eating, drinking, keeping warm and dry. However, the way in which they take care of these needs depends on the culture in which they grow up. All cultures have ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marryi

31、ng, and dealing with death. The foods that we think are good to eat, the kinds of clothes we wear, and how many people we can marry at one time are all parts of our culture. Shelter n. 1. a place to live, considered a basic human need 居所，栖身之处 2. a place where people are protected from bad weather or

32、 danger 躲避处，隐蔽处Para 5 Our own culture seems very natural to us. We feel in our hearts that the way that we do things is the only right way to do them. Other peoples cultures often make us laugh or feel disgusted or shocked. We may laugh at clothing that seems ridiculous to us. Many people think that

33、 eating octopus or a juicy red piece of roast beef is disgusting. The idea that a man can have more than one wife or that brothers and sisters can marry each other may shock other cultures. octopus n. 章鱼章鱼Para 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of N

34、orth America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themsel

35、ves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness. The Flath

36、ead Indian扁头印第安人扁头印第安人Para 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures

37、might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-centu

38、ry societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness. sloping a. being high at one end and low at the otherPara 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babie

39、s between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will thi

40、nk they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness. tattoo v. to mark a permanent picture or writing on s

41、omeones skin with a needle and ink 纹身，在身上刻花纹 n. 纹身Para 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads wer

42、e beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultu

43、res. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness. lip n. one of the two soft, red edges of the mouthPara 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used t

44、o bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others

45、in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness. lipstick n. a colored substa

46、nce that women put on their lips to make them more attractive 唇膏 Para 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long slopin

47、g foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of

48、different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness. perfume n. a liquid with a pleasant smell which is often used on the skin 香水，香料Para 6 Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another.

49、The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their

50、 bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase

51、attractiveness. spray n.liquid which is forced out of a special container in a stream of very small drops 喷雾，用作喷雾的液体Para 7 When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the pa

52、st, people were buried with food, weapons, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay figures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group

53、called the Parses exposed their dead on platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a small container. weapon n. the thing designed or used for causing physical harmWhen p

54、eople die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the past, people were buried with food, weapons, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the an

55、cient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay figures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group called the Parses exposed their dead on platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have b

56、een in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a small container. Para 7 Egyptian 埃及人埃及人When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the

57、past, people were buried with food, weapons, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay figures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious grou

58、p called the Parses exposed their dead on platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a small container. Para 7 The Parsee帕西人（印度）帕西人（印度）(line 3) . are cultured. are well e

59、ducated/are cultivated.cultured: intelligent, polite, and interested in art, literature, music etc. e.g. She is a well-read and cultured woman.His voice was cultured and unmistakably English.(line 7) . they are not something that the people in the group are born with. the cultural ways of their comm

60、unity are not something that the people in the community have at their birth.be born with: to have (something) from birthe.g. One of the factors that determine an individuals intelligence is the sort of brain he is born with.It is said that no amount of special education can make a genius out of a c