阅读理解之主旨题

1、高一英语专题培优 阅读理解解题技巧第二节：阅读理解之主旨大意题分析解读： 我们阅读一篇文章，首先是要了解其大意，明确其主旨。因此，主旨大意题是常考题。主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解, 它要求考生必须在充分理解全文的前提下,对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。近年来，主旨大意题在阅读理解一直保持比较大的比重，但难度加深，要求考生解题时对文章的主旨大意进行综合、归纳、推断后，方可得出正确答案。技巧点拨：1. 常见提问方式：main idea, main purpose, best title型（1） whats the main idea of the passage?（2）

2、The passage is mainly about_.（3） Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?（4） Whats the purpose of the passage?（5） The passage tells us that_.（6） Which is the best title of the passage?（7） From the passage we can learn that _.2. 弄清文章的大意，关键是找到主题句。练一练：找出下面段落的主题（1）T

3、he panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.不难看出，文章的第一句是主题句，后面的句子都围绕这个句子展

4、开。（2）Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （周六考B篇，主题句在文章的最后，放飞梦想：so let your imag

5、ination run wild, dare to dream）（3）Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions(发明) are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy

6、with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. (4) Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible illness, cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other h

7、ealth problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killercancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? 议论文总分总， 首尾呼应总结：略读(skimming)是概括和归纳段落的中心思想的手段。用略读快速将全文阅读一遍。特别注意

8、文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息。（略读时要注意的是要顺行快速向前移动眼睛，千万不要停顿或复视。遇到生词时尽量猜，不然就跳过去。） 同时，对高频出现的词要注意！ 3. 找主题句的四个小窍门：（1） 段落中出现表转折的词语（如：however, but, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句。（2） 首段中出现疑问句是，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨（3） 作者有意思地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。（4） 表示总结或结论的话常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, co

9、nclusion, in a word等。典型例析：一、 段落主旨类例1：In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the

10、game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didnt have any real commercial(商业性的)success.Q: The text is mainly about_.A. Lexico B. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.【解

11、题思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此题的正确答案应为D。例2：In American we have Halloween. In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “All Saints”. This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died. They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat. But they do have pictures of skeletons

12、and ghosts hanging around. They also have many candy skulls to eat.Q: What does the story mainly tells?A. What holiday are likeB. What Halloween is like in Mexico (曲解文章意思，并没有说两个是一样的)C. What happens during Todos SantosD. What we do on Halloween练一练：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of P

13、aris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal（法律的） background. He is presently a corporation（公司） lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of t

14、he passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education.【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Jo

15、shua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 。技巧：段落结构分析段落结构种类主题句的位置关键提示词开头(新闻报道、议论文)besides, for example结尾（说明文）so, therefore, thus, clearly,中间（出现转折时）but, however, actually, in fact,没有明确的主题句（记叙文，注意反复出现的词语）to sum up, in a word, all in all, above all, in short,in conclusion,切记不要以偏概全,注意多次

16、出现的高频词或主题词！二、 标题类例：We think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster. To many of natures animals, however, the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers humans. When setters came from the East to Americas great western plains, they killed millions of bison, poisoned the prairie dogs,

17、 and shot the coyotes. All this upset the areas balance of nature. For the animals, it was worse than a flood or earthquake.Q: which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Floods and EarthquakeB. HumansDisaster to NatureC. American SettlersD. Nature Balance Itself练一练：If you were planning

18、 to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only $ 79. Two days sale. Hurry up.”However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A

19、much better set which is “just right for you”It costs $395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sal

20、e.Q: The paragraph could be entitled_.A. Buying A TV Set 太泛，或只是一个例子B. A Selling Method 细节，以偏概全C. Buyer Be Ware(留心)D. TV On Sale 无关技巧：标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖 2、概括性强 3、短小精

21、炼。三、 文章主旨类例：There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power(核能).First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station. Although the power stations themselves are strongly built, the containers used for the transport of the mater

22、ials are not. Normally, only two methods of transport are in use, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these may have an effect on the general public, since they are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas.Second, there is the problem of waste. All nuclear power stations p

23、roduce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes no radioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example, they may be buried under the ground, or dropped into deserted

24、mines, or sunk in the sea. However, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily break the conditions.Third, there may occur the danger of a leak(泄漏) or an explosion at the power station. As with the other two dangers, this is not very likely, so it does not provide a ser

25、ious objection to the nuclear program. However, it can happen.Separately, these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry. Taken together, though, the probability of disaster is extremely high.Q: what is the passage about?E. Uses of nuclear power.F. Dangers from nuclear power.G. Public

26、anger at nuclear powerH. Accidents caused by nuclear power.技巧：一般来说，说明文和议论文都有主题句，而且多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。但有时不能在文中直接找到主题句，要求读者把握每段的主题句，弄清段于段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。 切记不能只依据只言片语或观看文章某些段落，从而片面地得出主题。因此主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性。 此外掌握文章的体裁或主线，对找到主旨句大有帮助！总结：1. 推敲正误选项的小窍门：（1）干扰项： 概括范围太窄，只含局部信息；概括范围太宽，所表达的内

27、容超出或多于文章阐述的内容；无关信息：即文章中未提到、找不到语言依据的信息。（2）正确答案：一般不会出现细节信息； 不含过于肯定或绝对的词语；不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全；四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。（3）不确定的时候，用一用排除法。2. 把握文章的逻辑结构：把握文章的逻辑结构对于主旨题很有帮助。阅读中常见的文章逻辑有：时间顺序、总-分、分-总、运用对比或类比结构手法。有时候，抓住文章体裁，对找到中心思想很有帮助。新闻报道 导语提携全文议论文总分总 （论点论据结论）说明文分总记叙文记叙文六要素（一般没有主题句，中心贯穿全文）3. 如何选出文章标题：标题的

28、选择要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系，对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，避免以下三种错误：概括不够（多表现为部分代替整体）；过度概括（多表现为人为扩大范围）；以事实或细节代替抽象概括的大意。实战演练：A（记叙文）Yong Liang, two years old, is the first giant panda raised from birth in the zoo. Last month zoo keepers found the panda was suffering from serious anemia(贫血), calling for urgent

29、blood transfusion（输血）.The best way, according to the zoos experts, to save Yong Liang from anemia would be to transfuse blood from another panda. But it was the breeding(繁殖) season for giant pandas, and such a transfusion would be very difficult.But the experts found that there exits a close consang

30、uinity(血缘) between giant pandas and black bears, and so they decided to try to take blood from black bears in the zoo and transfuse it to Yong Liang.With the help of hospitals and the Beijing Blood Donor Station, they made an experiment which proved that the red blood cells in the blood of black bea

31、rs can be used.On the afternoon of February 15th, the first red blood cell transfusion was given to the giant panda - about 600 ml blood from the black bear. Immediately the young panda started to recover.1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtruetothearticle?A.Giantpandasandblackbearsareofthesamerace（种族）.B.The

32、transfusionwasbasedonscientificresearchandexperiments.C.Afterthetransfusion,theyoungpandabegantobe healthy.D.The2-year-oldpandawasprobablybornintheBeijingzoo.2.Theydecidedtotryanotherwaytosavethepandabecause_.A.itwasdifficulttofindotherpandasB.thebloodofpandaswastooexpensiveC.itwasthebreedingseasonf

33、orthepanda,YongLiangD.otherpandaswereproducingyoungatthattime3.Thebesttitleofthearticleshouldbe_.A.ProtectingGiantPandasB.YongLiangAGiantPandaC.BearBloodSavedPandaD.Bear and Panda 【答案与解析】两岁的熊猫永良贫血，专家们发现熊猫的血与黑熊的血缘相近，于是就从黑熊身上抽了3600毫升血输给永良，最后永良得救了。1.A。判断题。B、C、D三项内容文章涉及了，惟独没说熊猫和黑熊是同一种族。2.D。语义理解题。从第2段最后一

34、句话Butitwasthebreedingseasonforgiantpandas可以知道答案是D。3.C。主旨题。文章主要是讲熊猫永良贫血，专家们发现黑熊的血和熊猫的血是相近的血缘，于是抽了黑熊的血救了熊猫。所以答案应该选C。B（议论文，总分总）Computers are very important to modern life. Many people think that in the future computers will be used in lots of everyday life. It is thought that we wont have to go shoppin

35、g because we will be able to get most things which are sold in shops on the Internet. There will be no more books because we will be able to get all texts from computers. The Internet will be used to play games, see films and buy food. Most telephone calls will be made by computers, too.Some people

36、are glad about these new ways of shopping and communicating(交际). Others do not think that computers will replace our old ways.Lets look at books, for example. Some people think that one day we will not read books made of paper. Instead, we will buy and read books using computers. We will read texts

37、on small pocket computers. The computers will keep many different books in them at the same time. We wont need to turn lots of pages and paper will be saved. Computerized(计算机化) books will be used more and more.Is Internet shopping such a pleasure as going to the shop? Many people say it is not. It i

38、s a pleasure to go in to shops and look at things you want to buy. It is also unlikely that many people will want to read large texts on our computers. Because paper books will perhaps be more friendly. Maybe computers wont change these two habits.1.Inparagraph(段落)1itisthoughtpeoplewillusecomputersf

39、or_.A.playinggames,shoppingandmakingtelephonecallsB.makingtelephonecalls,havingmealsandseeingfilmsC.seeingfilms,buyingfood,andgoingforholidaysD.playinggames,makingtelephonecallsandseeingthedoctor2.WhichreasonforusingcomputerizedbooksisNOTsaidinthepassage?A.Computerizedbookswontbeveryexpensive.B.Comp

40、uterscankeepmanydifferentbooksinthem.C.Wewonthavelotsofpages.D.Wewontneedanypaper.3.Paragraph4tells_.A.abouttheoldandnewwaysofshoppingandcommunicatingB.iftheInternetwillchangeourhabitsC.aboutcomputerizedbooksD.aboutfutureusesofcomputers4.Thetitleforthispassageis_.A.ComputerswillReplaceShopsandBooks

41、B.ComputersAretheFutureC.ComputerswillDoEverythingforMan D.HowComputersChangeOurHabits【答案与解析】本文主要叙述计算机在未来生活中的应用以及计算机能否改变我们的一些生活习惯的问题。1.A。细节题。在第一自然段中我们可知在未来计算机会涉及到我们日常生活的方方面面，其中提到了购物、玩游戏、看电影和打电话。2.A。细节题。从文章的第三自然段中可知计算机可同时贮存许多本书，这样我们就不再看书本了，并且还节约了纸，computerized(计算机化)books被使用的越来越多。但有一点理由没有说，那就是computer

42、izedbooks是非常贵的。3.B。语义理解题。计算机虽给我们带来了许多便利，但有些人仍然喜欢到商店购物，paperbooks仍旧受许多人的青睐，那么这Internet将是否改变人们的习惯呢？4.B。主旨题。纵读全文(特别是开头的两句)可知，计算机与我们的生活息息相关，所以说computersarethefuture。C（说明文）City people usually think they are a lot smarter than country people. They often laugh at simple country ways. But people do not laug

43、h at country music. It is one of the most popular kinds of music in the United States today.Perhaps it is so popular because it is about simple but strong human feelings and events-love, sadness, good times and bad times. It tells real-life stories and sounds the way people really talk. As life beco

44、mes more and more complicated, it is good to hear music about ordinary people.Country music, sometimes called country-western, comes from two kinds of music. One is the traditional(传统的) music of the people in Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States. The other is traditional cowboy（牛仔） mus

45、ic from the West. The singers usually play guitars, and in the 1920s they started using electric guitars.At first city people said country music was low class. It was popular mostly in the South. But during World War II, thousands of southerners went to the Northeast and Midwest to work in the facto

46、ries. They took their music with them. Soldiers from the rest of the country went to army camps in the South. They learned to like country music. Slowly it became popular all over the world.Today country music is popular everywhere in the United States and Canada in small towns and in New York City,

47、 among black and white, and among educated and uneducated people. About 1,200 radio stations broadcast country music twenty-four hours a day. People sing it in their languages. The music that started with cowboys and poor farmers in now popular all over the world.1. People enjoy country music becaus

48、e _.A. it is free of charge B. it is very excitingC. it is about ordinary people D. it is easy to learn2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage ? A. American country music comes from Appalachian Mountains and the West. B. American country music first started in the South. C. Americ

49、an country music is becoming more and more complicated. D. American country music is low class.3. The fourth paragraph mainly tells us _. A. why people love country music in the United Stated B. when people began to enjoy country music C. where country music was most popular D. how country music bec

50、ame more and more popular4. From the last paragraph we can see that _. A. black people enjoy country music best of all B. rich people love country music best of all C. country music is well received all the world D. all people enjoy country music all over the world5. Which of the following can be used as the best title for this pa