考研英语长句翻译基本功（可编辑）

1、考研英语长句翻译基本功 对于每一个英语句子的翻译 并不只是使用一种翻译方法 而是多种翻译方法的综合运用 这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句在翻译长句时 首先不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理因为无论是多么复杂的句子它都是由一些基本的成分组成的其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式 正确地译出原文的意思 不必拘泥于原文的形式英语长句的分析一般来说 造成长句的原因有三方面 1

2、 修饰语过多 2 并列成分多 3 语言结构层次多在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法找出全句的主语谓语和宾语 从整体上把握句子的结构找出句中所有的谓语结构非谓语动词介词短语和从句的引导词分析从句和短语的功能 例如 是否为主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句等若是状语 它是表示时间原因结果还是表示条件等等 分析词短语和从句之间的相互关系 例如 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等注意插入语等其他成分注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析例1 behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment wher

3、e there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development分析 1 该句的主语为behaviorists 谓语为suggest 宾语为一个从句 因此整个句子为behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构 2 该句共有五个谓语结构 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest is raised are develop experience等 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为 beh

4、aviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句 who is raised in an environment为定语从句 所修饰的先行词为child where there are many stimuli为定语从句 所修饰的先行词为environment which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句 所修饰的先行词为stimuli 在suggest的宾语从句中 主语为child 谓语为experience 宾语为greater intellectual development在作了如上的

5、分析之后 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为行为主义者认为 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展 那么 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平例2 for a family of four for example it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home with almost unlimited entertainment available than to go out in search of amu

6、sement elsewhere 85年考题 分析 1 该句的骨干结构为it is more to do sth than to do sth else 是一个比较结构 而且是在两个不定式之间进行比较 2 该句中共有三个谓语结构 它们之间的关系为 it is more convenient as well as cheaper to 为主体结构 但it是形式主语 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构 to sit comfortably at home 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较 3 句首的for a family of

7、four作状语 表示条件另外 还有两个介词短语作插入语 for example with almost unlimited entertainment available其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语 修饰to sit comfortably at home综合上述翻译方法这个句子我们可以翻译为譬如 对于一个四口之家来说 舒舒服服地在家中看电视 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便二 长句的翻译英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念 而汉语则不同常常使用若干短句 作层次分明的叙述因此 在进行英译汉时 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异 将英语的长句分解 翻译成汉语的短句

8、在英语长句的翻译过程中 我们一般采取下列的方法一顺序法当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语例如例1 even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep electricity is working for us driving our refrigerators heating our water or keeping our rooms air-conditioned 84年考题 分析 该句子由一个主句 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成 共有五层意思 a 既使在我们关

9、掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时 b电仍在为我们工作 c 帮我们开动电冰箱 d 加热水 e 或是室内空调机继续运转上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致 因此 我们可以通过顺序法 把该句翻译成即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时 电仍在为我们工作 帮我们开动电冰箱 把水加热 或使室内空调机继续运转例2 but now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their expectation of l

10、ife the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials 84年考题 分析 该句的骨干结构为it is realized that it为形式主语 that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to 结构 其中 不定式作主语 the time 是expectation of life的同位语 进一步解释其含义 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句五个谓语结构 表达了四个层次的意义 a 可是现在人们意识到 b 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的 c 人们甚至还可

11、以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质可望存在多少年 d 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间根据同位语从句的翻译方法 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整 整个句子就翻译为可是现在人们意识到 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质可望存在多少年 也就是说 经过若干年后 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽下面我们再列举几个实例例3 prior to the twentieth century women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals

12、and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture在20世纪以前 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式她们没有任何特点 因而无法成为具有个性的人 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚例4 this method of using controls can be applied to a variety of situations and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as

13、must moisture be present if iron is to rust and which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案 从铁生锈 是否必须有一定的湿度才行到哪种豆类一季的产量最高例5 it begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event it grows as a mature interest in the variet

14、y and complexity of the drama the splendid achievements and terrible failures it ends as deep sense of the mystery of mans life of all the dead great and obscure who once walked the earth and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣 其后 这种

15、爱好变得成熟起来 我们开始对历史这出戏剧的多样性和复杂性 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣 对历史的爱好 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束 对死去的 无论是伟大与平凡 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力例6 if parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and inde

16、pendent judgment they would not be so hurt and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志 他们就不会感到如此伤心 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去j二逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同 甚至完全相反 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译例如例1 aluminum remained unkn

17、own until the nineteenth century because nowhere in nature is it found free owing to its always being combined with other elements most commonly with oxygen for which it has a strong affinity分析 这个句子由一个主句 两个原因状语和一个定语从句 铝直到19世纪才被人发现是主句 也是全句的中心内容 全句共有四个谓语结构 共有五层意思 a 铝直到19世纪才被人发现 b 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝 c 由于它

18、总是跟其他元素结合在一起 d 最普遍的是跟氧结合 e 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前 果在后 这样 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起 最普遍的是跟氧结合 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力 由于这个原因 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝所以 铝直到19世纪才被人发现例2 it therefore becomes more and more important that if students are not to waste their opportunities there will have to be much more detailed informati

19、on about courses and more advice分析 该句由一个主句 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成 变得越来越重要是主句 也是全句的中心内容 全句共有三个谓语结构 包含三层含义 a 变的越来越重要 b 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会 c 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息 作更多的指导为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯 我们也采用逆序法 翻译成因此 如果要使学生充分利用他们 上大学 的机会 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息 作更多的指导这个问题显得越来越重要了下面我们再举几个实例例3 it is probably easier for teachers than for

20、students to appreciate the reasons why learningenglish seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the languagehave been understood一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型 再往下学似乎就越来越难了 这其中的原因 也许教师比学生更容易理解例4 they the poor are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which

21、destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty对于以往几代人来说 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人例5a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual po

22、or became the classic poor the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation a real phenomenon in the late fifties50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象 穷知识分子以跨掉的一代这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟例6 such is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sac

23、rifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位 这在西方倒是人之常情例7 insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals假

24、如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼 害死我们的牛羊家畜 使我们不能生存于世 三 分句法有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯把长句的从句或短语化成句子 分开来叙述为了使语意连贯 有时需要适当增加词语例如例1 the number of the young people in the united states who cant read is incredible about one in four上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译 就可能被翻译成没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信

25、约为14这样 就使得译文极为不通顺 不符合汉语的表达习惯 因此 我们应该把它译为大约有14的美国青年人没有阅读能力 这简直令人难以置信例2 television it is often said keeps one informed about current events allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics and offers an endless series of programmes which areboth instructive and entertaining 85年考题 分析

26、 在此长句中 有一个插入语it is often said 三个并列的谓语结构 还有一个定语从句 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子但都有独立的意义 因此在翻译时 可以采用分句法 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句 结果为人们常说 通过电视可以了解时事 掌握科学和政治的最新动态从电视里还可以看到层出不穷既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目下面我们再举几个例子例3 all they have to do is press a button and they can see plays films operas and shows of every kind not to men

27、tion political discussions and the latest exciting football match 85年考题 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关开关一开 就可以看到电视剧电影歌剧 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目至于政治问题的辩论最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下例4 although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns so vast is the number of

28、 planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂有智慧的型式 但是行星的数目如此之多以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分 四 综合法上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法顺序法和分句法 事实上在翻译一个英语长句时 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现尤其是在一些情况下 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便 这就需要我们的仔细分析 或按照时间的先后或按照逻辑顺序 顺逆

29、结合 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子例如例1 people were afraid to leave their houses for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else分析 该句共有三层含义 a 人们不敢出门 b 尽管警察已接到命令 要作好准备以应付紧急情况 c 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力在这三层含义中 b表示让步 c表示原因 而a则

30、表示结果 按照汉语习惯顺序 我们作如下的安排尽管警察已接到命令 要作好准备以应付紧急情况 但人们不敢出门 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力下面我们再举几个例子例2 modern scientific and technical books especially textbooks requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas observations and discoveries对于现代书籍 特别是教科书来说 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念新观察到的事

31、实和新发现同步发展的话 那么就应该每隔较短的时间 将书中的内容重新修改例3 taking his cue from ibsens a dolls house in which the heroine nora leaves home becauseshe resents her husbands treating her like a child the writer lu xun warned that nora would needmoney to support herself she must have economic rights to survive易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人

32、公娜拉离家出走 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她作家鲁迅从中得到启示 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利例4 up to the present time throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs but concentrated manufacturing activity business relations government and pleasure in the cen

33、ters of the cities到目前为止 经历了18和19两个世纪 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊 而把生产活动商业往来政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区考研英语翻译中一些常用的结构及其翻译all but几乎差不多as anything非常地anything but根本不apart from除了but for要不是by far远不得多by no means根本不by any means无论如何due to由于except for除了far from远非in contact with与联系instead of而不是on account of因为on the basis of根

34、据only to结果是mightmay as well还是的好not so muchas与其说不如说not really远不not to mention更不用说let alone更不用说no morethan和一样都不no less than简直是nothing less than完全是cannottoo再也不过分rather than而不是owing to由于it is assumed that人们认为it is said that据说it is learned that据闻it is supposed that据推测it is considered that据估计it is believe

35、d that人们认为it is reported that据报道it is well-known that众所周知it is asserted that有人断言it is clearobviousevident that很显然it cant be denied that不可否认it must be admitted that必须承认it must be pointed that必须指出考研英语长难句1 that sex ratio will be favored which imizes the number ofdescendants an individual will have andh

36、ence the number of gene copies transmitted 难度系数5下同 大宝考译文那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量难句类型倒装省略a本句的正常语序应当是that sex ratio which imizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored但是因为主语that sexratio之后的以whic

37、h引导的修饰它的定语从句如果按照以上语序则有头重脚轻之感所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后b在which引导的从句中有两处省略第一处在imize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句但是因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语所以引导词that可以省略第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which imizes an

38、d hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面最大化一个个体的后代的数目的结果意群训练that sex ratio will be favored which imizes the number ofdescendants an individual will have andhence the number of gene copiestransmitted 2 this isa desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what

39、 we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower 5 难句类型复杂倒装省略译文这是一种照亮现实的欲望此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望解释本句子的难度在一切gregmat包括lsat考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极可以确定地讲类似此句子的难度的语言在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现如果对此句话不感兴趣可以把其

40、废掉不读a 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因是因为它根本就不是一个句子句首省略了this is 这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现只能出现在高级英语中因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过其形式类似于我们中文的精彩是这句话真是精彩的省略形式b desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分一个是to throw over reality a light其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后正常应是throw a light over reality不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远读者看得还算懂关键是第二个修饰成分注意从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的

41、light的而是修饰一开始的desire的c 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装由于作者为了强调never所以将其提前引发了定语从句中的倒装正常语序应该是that might never be given away倒装后系动词was被提前given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型givea give way to b是a让位于b而a be given way to b则是a取代bon the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desirewhat引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词what从句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the stru

42、cture and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely d 就算能够看懂这句话的结构可能仍然理解不了意思本句的意思是哈代 注人名老的冲动是一种简单的说明现实的欲望新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望新冲动前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的意群训练this is a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might g

43、ive away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower 3 hardys weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwilling

44、ness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones 5 难句类型复杂修饰省略抽象词 译文哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动解释介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分由and所连接在and之后的第二个from前省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive本句之所以难有两个原因一是derived from 后面的成分太长初学者难以一下子看下来二是作为一篇文科文章用词抽象难以迅速理解意群训练hardys weakenss deri

45、ved from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones 4 virginia woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs dalloway has regularly beenignored by the critic

46、ssince it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness 5难句类型复杂修饰省略抽象词 译文弗吉尼亚伍尔夫virginia woolf在创作黛洛维夫人mrs da

47、lloway时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面而这一方面则与人们对诗性小说家poetic novelist所形成的传统见解大相径庭所谓的诗性小说家所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径解释本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难但总的来讲比较好懂since引导的原因状语从句较难a since之后的it指前面的statementhighlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分一个是of her literary interests另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is v

48、ery different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist都是修饰an aspect的novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelistb 句中有两处省略一是在her literary interests that is very different from当中修饰interests的定语从句中引导词be that is 一起省略了第二处在and之后由于concerned with与前面的concerned with重复所以concerned被省略c 本句另

49、外一个难懂的地方就是使用了大量的抽象词这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点意群训练virginia woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing mrs dalloway has regularly been ignored by the criticssince it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned wit

50、h examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness 5 as she put it in the common reader it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote and yet as we read him w

51、e are absorbing morality at every pore 5-难句类型抽象词抽象词组比喻 译文就像她在致普通读者一书中所表达的那样尽管可以毫无疑问的说没有任何法律被指定出来也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么然而当我们读它的书的时候我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德解释这句话不但用了词抽象还用了比喻的修辞手法是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构但我们受其影响之深以及其影响力之大意群训练as she put it in the common reader it is safe to say that not a single law ha

52、s been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything chaucer said or wrote and yet as we read him we are absorbing morality at every pore 6 with the conclusion of a burst activity the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid

53、 is reconverted via oxidative metabolism by the liver into glucose which is then sent in part back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis 4难句类型复杂修饰插入语专有名词 译文随着爆发出来的运动的结束再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢被肝脏转化成convert into葡萄糖而葡萄糖接下来又会部分传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 解释本句中修饰成分极多以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主作各种类型的状语前面的状语和主句还好

54、理解从leaving开始句子变难leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语分词中又包含了三个状语其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用把be converted into拆成两段本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词其中的body fluids oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的lactic acid metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用大家应该背下来而glycogen这种东西则没办法只能作一个首字母提炼但是请记住gre和gmat

55、文章中只要出现了这种专有名词出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词应该力求把解释看懂意群训练with the conclusion of a burst activity the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted via oxidative metabolism by the liver into glucose which is th

56、en sent in part back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis 7 although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slavespreferencerevealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy 3难句类型插入语译文虽然古特曼承认由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁但他还是证明

57、奴隶的偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制monogamy解释本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent 后半个分句中的主语that slaves preference与系动词was离得太远造成阅读的困难意群训练although gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequenthe shows that the slaves preferencerevealed most cle

58、arly on plantations where sale was infrequentwas very much for stable monogamy8 gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouragedthe transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the black heritage of folkloremusicand religious expression from one generation to anothera

59、 heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their african and american experiences 4难句类型复杂修饰插入语译文古特曼人令人信服地论辨道黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说音乐及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用而对于这种文化遗产黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展解释由that引导的宾语从句中encouraged的宾语the transmission of the black heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so 分开给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的black heritage的同位语意群训练gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the black family encouragedthe transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the bla