动词的时态和语态

1、动词的时态和语态 （Tenses and Voices of Verbs）时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态：一般进行完成完成进行现在am, is , are, do, doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing将来will/shall dowill/shall be doingwill/shall have donewill/shall have been doing过去was, were, did, v-edwas/were doinghad donehad been doing过去将来wou

2、ld/should dowould/should be doingwould/should have donewould/should have been doing但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时和现在完成进行时。常用的时态只有八种。I动词时态的用法 1.一般现在时 一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等; He gets up early every day.The earth goes around the sun.Where there is a will,

3、 there is a way.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来; Ill go there after I finish my work. If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there. 在以here, there开头的句子里，go, come等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作; There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。 注意：近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰 Months ago we sailed

4、ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_ the Pacific, and we met no storm. A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 虽然航海发生在过去，但是，海洋的名称不会因此而变化，所以要用一般现在时。2.现在进行时 表示正在进行的动作； We are studying English now.You are listening to me at the moment.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。(进行时表将来) She is le

5、aving for Beijing.她要去北京。 He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。 My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 When are you leaving?代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。 The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。 The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。 与always, forever, constantly, continu

6、ally连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进 行； He is always helping others.他总是肯帮助他人。 She is always forgetting something.她老是忘记某些事情。 You are always playing jokes on others.大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。 常见的有： 感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear 情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear 心态类：wish, hope, expec

7、t, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, know 所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。 3.现在完成时 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作； I have finished the report.She has cleaned the room. 表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段时间状语连用； He has learned English for six years.They have worked her

8、e since they left college. 表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”； 表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there. 在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。 When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to s

9、o much knowledge. Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then. 注意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 则不必用完成时；试比较： Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. She will call you when she gets home. 短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,s

10、tart, break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。 要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说：He has joined the army three years.可采用： “ago法”：He joined the army three years ago. “延续法”：He has been in the army for three years. “since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 注意：没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in（ov

11、er）the past/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。 4.现在完成进行时 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作； He has been doing the moths problems since 8:00. 凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。 5.一般过去时 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或为； He often sang when he was a boy. He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend. 用于I

12、didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。 I didnt know you were here.（现在已经知道） Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.（“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了） I thought you were in Beijing.*这一用法考生要特别注意。 6.过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）； He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. He was reading the whole mor

13、ning.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行； They were still working when I left. He was watching TV When I came in.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生； I was writing while he was watching TV. 过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等）； He said she was arriving the next day. 与always, forever, constantly

14、, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。 （参看现在进行时的用法） Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others . 过去进行时可用来描绘故事发行的背景。 The wind was blowing and it was raining hard. 7.过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 He had shut the door before the dog came up. Everything had been all right up till this morning. 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直

15、延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等动词）。 I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me. 我本来想昨天拜访你的

16、，但是下雨（让我不能来）。 注意： 过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它； before, after本身表示时间的“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 He (had) left before I arrived. 8.一般将来时 一般将来时有下列一些构成形式需要记住： will/shall do （侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事） be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生) be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用) be about to do (按计划即将发生)

17、be to do一般将来时的用法： 现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态 Tom will come next week. He will be here tomorrow. 事物的固有属性或必然趋势 Oil will float in water. Fish will die without water. 对将来某个动作的安排、计划 He is going to speak on TV this evening. 9.将来完成时 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。 We will have finished senior Bo

18、ok 2 by the end of this term. 10.过去将来时 过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中）； She was sure she would succeed. I thought you would come. 把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式。 表示过去经常发生的动作。 When he was young, he would go swimming. 注意：would与used to的区别：would只表示过去，不涉及现在，而used to表示“过去常常”要与现在比较，即现在不是这样了。 11.要求一定时态的

19、固定的句型 was/were doing sth. whendid sth.(正在做某事，这时突然) I was reading a book when the bell rang. was/were about to do sth. whendid sth. (正要做某事，这时突然) We were about to leave when the telephone rang. It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ that Its the first time Ive seen her. It was the first tim

20、e he had seen the film.We have been there three times. 如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，则服从时间状语的要求。 Last year I saw him many times. It is/has been since It is (has been) two weeks since I came here. She said it was five hours since she had finished her work. Hardly whenNo sooner than Hardly had we got in the crops wh

21、en it began to rain. I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed. It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ that This is the first time I have been here. Itll be the first time Ive spoken in public. 时态测试一：选出最佳答案（每小题2分，满分100）1. Ill go with you as soon as I my homework. A. will

22、 finish B. finish C. am finishing D. finishes2. If it tomorrow, I wont go to the cinema. A. will rain B. rains C. is raining D. rain3. She is going to be a nurse when she up. A. is going to grow B. grows C. growing D. grow4. He this color TV set for half a year. A. used B. uses C. has used D. is use

23、d5. 这本书我已经买了三个月了。Which of the following is wrong?A. I have had this book for three months.B. I have bought the book for three months.C. I bought this book three months ago.D. It is three months since I bought the bo6. By the end of last term we four English films. A. have seen B. had seen C. saw D.

24、see7. My father usually breakfast. A. cook B. cooks C. is cooking D. is cooked8. Do you know why an apple down and not up? A. falls B. falling C. fall D. fallen9. The twins Chinese in an evening school now. A. is studying B. are studying C. studies D. have studied10. We to learn English three years

25、ago. A. begin B. began C. begun D. have begun11. We often this game when we were young. A. playing B. played C. play D. have played12. She looks better now. She terrible at this time yesterday. A. felt B. feeling C. feels D. was feeling13. He asked me what I the next Sunday. A. will do B. would do C

26、. had done D. have done14. When I got up this morning, it . A. was raining B. rained C. rains D. is raining15. Would you like to join us in playing the game? Im sorry, but my homework _ by now. A. hasnt finished B. hasnt been finished C. isnt finished D. wont be finished 16. With more forests being

27、destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year. A. is washing away B. is being washed away C. are washing away D. are being washed away 17. I have finished reading two English novels since I _ to this school. A. have come B. comes C. came D. had come18. He to Beijing. He left this afternoon. A

28、. has gone B. was C. has been D. goes19. The train for ten minutes. A. has gone B. has left C. has been away D. has been20. Miss wang once art at Bardon School for ten years and now is a singer. No wonder I often hear her sing in the garden. A. taught B.had taught C. is teaching D. has been teaching

29、 21.Why didnt you buy the calculator? I _, but Mother _ allow me. A. would want to; didnt B. had wanted to; wouldntC. wanted to; wouldnt D. had wanted to; didnt22.This returned scholar has become one of the top experts in this field. Yes, I know him very well. He _ for ten years at an institute in t

30、he USA. A. has worked B.worked C. had workedD. has been working 23. We _ dinner at six oclock when JSTV _ to show the film “If you are not the one”. A. are having; will start B. will be having; starts C. have; will start D. will have had; starts 24. Is Robert abroad ? I think so. He _ for a better j

31、ob, but he didnt get it. A. hopes B.has hoped C.had hoped D. was hoped 25. Mr. Wang _ table tennis well, though he suffers from a waist pain and _ it for a long time. A.plays; has not played B. plays; had not played C. plays; did not play D. played; has not played26.You were out when I dropped in at

32、 your house. Oh, I_ for a friend from England at the airport. A.have waited B. had waited C. am waitingD. was waiting27.What were you doing when Tony phoned you? I had just finished my work and _ to take a shower. A. had started B.was starting C. have startedD. started28. Great as Newton was, many o

33、f his ideas _today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A.have been challenged B. may be challenged C. are to challenge D. are challenged 29. Youd better too much meat. A. dont eat B. not to eat C. eat not D. not eat30.Hi, Nancy, I you had come back. So have you graduated fr

34、om college? Yes. I_ French for four years in Nanjing. A. dont know, have studied B.didnt know, had studied C. dont know, am studying D. didnt know, studied31. _ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your e-mail account. A. What is required B.It is required C.What r

35、equires D. It requires that 32. Do you think we should accept that offer? Yes，we should，for we_ such bad luck up till now，and time_ out. A. have had；is running B. had；is running C. have；has been run D. have had；has been run 33. Ill lend you my dictionary, but you can only it for one day. A. lend B.

36、borrow C. have D. keep34.I wonder how long you _ in Hawaii. Just for the weekend, then I had to attend a conference in Los Angeles. A.stayed B.were staying C.have stayed D. will stay35.Im sorry, I shouldnt have been so rude to you. You_ your temper but thats OK.A. have lost B. had lost C.were losing

37、 D. did lose36. We Nanjing on Tuesday morning. A. got B. arrived at C. reach D. reached37. Had we been more careful, the accident might not have happened. But we _ at that time. A.werent B. didnt C.hadnt D. might not 38. Can you it in English? A. speak B. say C. tell D. talk39. The watch me two hund

38、red yuan. A. spent B. paid C. cost D. costed40.Im sure Andrew will come out first in this gymnastic competition. I think so. He _ for it for months. A. is preparing B.has been preparing C. had been preparing D. was preparing41. Its reported that by the end of this year the output of cars of the fact

39、ory by about 20% A.will have risen B.will be raised C.will rise D.will have been risen 42. The stars in the daytime. A. cant see B. cant be seen C. isnt seen D. see43. A present to me by Mother next week. A. will give B. is given C. will be give D. will be given44. The Communist Party of China in Sh

40、anghai in 1921. A. was found B. found C. was founded D. founded45. Great changes in my hometown since liberation. A. have been taken place B. took placeC. have taken place D. were taken place46. The flowers every day, or they will die. A. must water B. should waterC. can be watered D. must be watere

41、d47. Ill catch up with Lucy before she the finishing line. A. reach B. is reaching C. reaches D. will reach48. -Excuse me, could you tell me ? - Certainly.A. when can I get to the stationB. I can get to which stationC. which station can I get toD. how I can get to the station49.- We are going to hav

42、e a picnic tomorrow. Whats the weather like, Mike? -Why not the radio and listen to the weather report? A. turn on B. turn off C. take away D. find out50. John the factory since 1978. He is one of the oldest workers . A. came to B. comes to C. has been in D. has come to时态测试二：用动词的正确形式填空（重点考点）（5*20=10

43、0）1 Jimmy said that he would come to pick me up, but he _ (turn up )by now.2. Im terribly sorry for being late, but I _ (catch) the wrong bus.3. The truth, sir, is that the old man _ (walk) across the road when my car hit him.4I _(hope ) to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away

44、. 5. If it_ (rain ) tomorrow, I wont go to the cinema.6. We havent heard from Jane for a long time, and What do you suppose _(happen )to her7.If I _ (have) enough money I would buy a new car.8.Unfortunately, when I dropped in, Doctor Li _ just _(leave) for Beijing to join in the fight again H1N1, so

45、 we only had time for a few words. 9.In recent years many football clubs _(run) as business to make a profit. 10.No conclusion _(reach) about whether to tear down the old buildings for a theme park until several discussions have been made 11.Have you finished your composition already, Jack? Yes, I _

46、(finish) it within half an hour. 12.I became a teacher in 1993. I _(teach) for 13 years by next summer. 13.What happened? Well, the wind _(blow) the door open. Ive already closed it. 14. My nephew will come tomorrow. But Id rather he _ (came)the day after tomorrow. 15. May I remind you that a Mr Li

47、is waiting outside, sir? Oh, that is right, I _ (forget) about it. 16. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I _(enjoy) a good drink.17. Its high time that _ to bed.18 This cloth _(wash) well and _(last)long. Ok. Ill take it. 19. Hurry up, you _ (want)on the phon

48、e. Oh, Im coming. Thank you. 20. I _ (live)in Guang Zhou for six years by this October.III.被动语态的用法 被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为be+及物动词的过去分词。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式。含有be going to , be to, used to, be about

49、 to等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式构成。如下表所述：时态谓语动词的被动式例句一般现在时am/is/are + done/v-edYou are required to do this.一般过去时was/were + done /v-edThe story was told by her.一般将来时will/shall be + done/v-edThe problem will be discussed tomorrow.现在进行时am/is/are + being+ do

50、ne/v-edThe road is being widened.过去进行时was/were + being +done/v-edThe new tool was being made.现在完成时has/have + been +done/v-edThe novel has been read.过去完成时had + been + done/v-edHe said that the work had been finished.过去将来时would/should + be doneHe said that the trees would be planted soon.1.被动语态的适用范围 当

51、我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。 This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。 为了强调动作的承受者时 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。 出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者 You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。 常用于如下句型： Its not known that 不得而知 Its said that 据说 Its reported that 据报道 Its

52、 not decided that尚未决定 Its believed that 据认为 Its announced that据宣布 2.被动语态的句型 常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者） He was scolded by the English teacher. 主语get过去分词其它成分 The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者” 在现代英语中大量地出现了由get+及物动词的过去分词构成的被动语态，这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。 get+及物动词的过去分词 get常同marry, beat, bre