管理信息系统

1、附录1 外文参考文献（原文）特祁鼻善戊邵枭瓷孀栏擐氡宏Management Information Iystems榍贺癔裎港廑莩烟镰冥蛏翟淤Writer: Raymond McLeod, JrGeorge Schell鬼俦吹槁推矬淫秸挛翮俄硅盯Information is one of the main resources available to the manager. Information can be managed just as any other resource, and interest in this topic stem from two influences. Fir

2、st, business has become more complex, and second, the computer has achieved improved capabilities.陌囟寇怒氐予咐霍扭阎冷骱疾Computer information is used by managers, non-managers, and persons and organizations within the firms environment. Managers are found on all organizational levels of the firm and in all bu

3、siness areas. Managers perform functions and play roles; to be successful and they need skill in communication and problem solving. Managers should be computer literate, but, more important, they should be information literate.学铪逵濂冷榛乔粽安寰瘳缏裒It is helpful if the manager has an ability to see his or he

4、r unit as a system composed of subsystems and existing within a larger super system. The firm is a physical system, but it is managed through a conceptual system. The conceptual system consists of an information processor that transforms data into information and represents the physical resources.楸暾

5、铋锆彭烃眢愀陬咝痒褡斓The first major computer application was used to process accounting data. That application was followed by four others: management information systems, decision support system, the virtual office, and knowledge-based system. All five of these applications compose the computer-based inform

6、ation system.啬啷艉豹郜惦前弛螂撂非橄撙What are the information resources?惺囵拽桅逸僖谒町赫李嗽洫邙The first efforts to engage in information management focused on data. These efforts occurred in conjunction with widespread adoption database management systems during the 1970s and 1980s. Firms reasoned that if they managed

7、their data by implementing computer-based DBMSs, they would, in effect, manage their information.轩诃昶灵偾守萃蛤磕组徒啮净A broader view, however, is that you can manage information by managing the resources that produce the information. In other words, rather than concentrate on the input (the data)and the out

8、put (the information), attention should also be given to the information processor that transforms the input into the output. This processor includes the hardware and software, as well an the persons who develop, operate, and use the systems. Also included are the facilities that house the resources

9、. Main Type of Resources锾籍疹椋烛成燃赌猜干霾憷逶The manager managers five main type of resources:妒兜幼蛋枞还绍族饵蔡器拿镬l Personnel炔郑遛巳块税椒锞饷砚臭嘤淼l Material蕃司冫畿驿徊纲嫩袜妲葙耳耸l Machines(including facilities and energy) 缎扭綦折买泅篑垲茳换鲆宀轲l Money牦菹砍秃剂会趔氨縻嫂诬卦匍l Information(including data)午濉诙镐逢马呗匐尖瑞敦町鸸The task of the manager is to manag

10、e these resources in order to use them in the most effective way. The first four resource types are tangible; they exist physically and can be touched. We use the term physical resource to describe them. The fifth resource type, information, is not valuable form what it represents. That is we use th

11、e term conceptual resource to describe information and data. Managers use conceptual resources to manage physical resources.挂伉赛肼碗畛丰每常莞囿联诒How Information is Managed卵肇泰千酤基薄暇猱据讯苫霉It is easy to see how a manager managers physical resources, but management applies equally well to conceptual rescources. T

12、he manager ensures that the necessary raw data is gathered and then processed into usable information. He or she then ensures that appropriate individuals receive the information in the proper form at the proper time so that it can be used. Finally, the manager discard information that has outlived

13、its usefulness and replaces it with information that is current and accurate. All of this activity-acquiring information, using it in the most effective way, and discarding it at the proper time-is called information management.萃糟劁圳拜二煌夸疲徕眠裔史Increasing Complexity of Business Activity躬崎拣潺荤激夺肷鹎订旰瞽溱Busi

14、ness has always been complex, but it is more so today than ever before. All firms are subject to international economic influences and compete in a worldwide marketplace, the technology of business is becoming more complex, the time frame for taking action is shrinking, and there are social constrai

15、ns.吻彩秸娉饭颠犭痘瘥授胜汤妥International economic influences Firms of all size are subject to economic influences that can originate anywhere in the world. Such influence can be seen in the relative values of the currencies of each nation. Buyers make purchases in those countries where their currencies have th

16、e greatest value. For example, when Mexico devalued its peso during the late 1980s,tourists decided to take their vacations there, rather than in place like Hawaii.矿伺剡菥具最筌鹃芈江侣栈烊Worldwide competition Firms no longer compete in only their own geographic area. Rather, competition exists on a worldwide

17、scale. The effects of this competition can be seen in the imports from foreign countries. The decision by General Motors in the early 1990s to close many of its plans indicates that even industry giants are not insulated from the effects of competition which can originate anywhere in the world.普矛战倜即

18、虹髓鳐藤昵噤牡裕Increasing complexity technology. We see example of technology in business every day-barcode scanners in supermarkets, computer-based airline reservation systems, automated teller technology that we do not see-factory robots and automated merchandise storage-and-handing equipment, for exampl

19、e. Firms invest in this technology to perform necessary operation. Just think what would happen if the L.L.Bean mail-order operation in Maine or Harrods department store in London could no longer use their computer!穆涌磁龆跑钗嗤把荩笔屦郄仍Shrinking time frames All phases of business operations are performed mo

20、re rapidly than ever before. Sales representatives engage in telemarketing to contact their customers within seconds by telephone, sale orders are transmitted electronically from one computer to another, and manufacturers schedule raw material deliveries to arrive “just in time.”话垦瘸簖镣祷批醌谭开肺庥葡Social

21、constraints Oddly enough, not all pressures favor production; some favor nonproduction. This is true in the case of products and services that society finds undesirable. Business decisions must be based on economic factors, but social costs and payoffs must be considered as well. Plant expansion, ne

22、w products, new products, new sales outlets, and similar actions must all be weighed in term of their environmental impact.览砌些苴宵狈阢狼尔犊龙幔踩 Each of these influences contributes to the complexity of business.焖偌凼轧糖玎钮诩镥辚示衾示Physical systems and conceptual systems蔸舒蜕锰嶷胙剡巽胎哄莠祝乜The business firm is a physical

23、 system, composed of physical resources. A conceptual system, on the other hand, is a system that uses conceptual resources-information and data-to represent a physical system. A conceptual system exists, for example, as mental images in the managers mind, as figures or lines on a sheet of paper, or

24、 in the electronic form of the computers storage.疠斩剃骗乳醐刊蓟乾碗旃栏蜗The computer is a physical system, but the data and information stored in it can be viewed as a conceptual system. The date and information represent one or more physical system. How the date and information are stored is unimportant. Wha

25、t is important is what the data and information represent. The physical system is important for what it is; the conceptual system is important for its representation of the physical system.跆胎吭妓极睾素童邢醉媾润豚What stimulated end-user computing?兼刷怜牡胨荮餐宀茺蚶曰缏蠼End-user computing evolved because of four main in

26、fluences.眈僵嗒訾冰泵撮腱韭兰映肿澈l An increase in computer literacy During the early 1980s, good computer education programs at both the college and precollege level began to have an impact. Management ranks, especially on the lower levels, began to fill with computer-literate people.蚕涂觐弱娌醵改魔愕涛坪芹巫l The informa

27、tion services backing Information specialists have always had more work than they can handle. This situation became critical during the early 1980s, when users began making demands on information services for additional systems support. Information services could not respond quickly enough, and back

28、logs built up. Some users had to wait two or there year for their jobs to work their way through the backlog.铱喹猡秦东渡培毙龈讵衰立爷l Low-cost hardware During this period, the market become flooded with low-cost microcomputers. Users could obtain their own hardware by placing an order at the local computer st

29、ore by telephone and making payment for the petty cash fund.妙樽矛弗婆盔惘晶诬嶷狐虐竞l Prewritten software Both hardware and software firms produced software that would perform basic accounting tasks as well as provide information for decision making. This prewritten software offered enhanced support and ease o

30、f use, and it enabled firms and individual users with little or no computer expertise to implement computer-based system.唤阢鸣募魑村项鼬菜剽孬辔游The combination of these four influences accounted for the explosion of end-user computing.廑瞥郐咤歪裾枨炱恸粹郝味襄System Elements酯侯侈捱莲蛘钾畿赜埕顿仃氦Not all systems have the same comb

31、ination of elements, but a basic configuration is illustrated in figure 1.5. Input resources are transformed into output resources. The resources flow from the input element, through the transformation element, and to the output element. A control mechanism monitors the transformation process to ens

32、ure that the system meets its objectives. The control mechanism is connected to the resource flow by means of a feedback loop, which obtains information from the system output and makes it available to the control mechanism. The control mechanism compares the feedback signals to the objectives and d

33、irects signals to the input element when it is necessary to change the system operation.朐运供斜嘟夕诿蜩贡铅骄魉坊When this arrangement of elements is used to explain a heating system, for example, the input represents the fuel, such as natural gas or coal. Combustion is the heating process that transforms the f

34、uel into heat-the output. The control mechanism is the thermostat, the feedback loop is the wiring that connects the thermostat to the heater, and the objective is the temperature that is dialed into the thermostat.劳仡很骋舌亭幺玩轭兄女室畏When the system elements represent a manufacturing firm, the input resou

35、rces are the raw materials, which are transformed into finished products or services by the manufacturing process. The control mechanism is the firms management, the objectives are the goals that the firm seeks to achieve, and the feedback loop is the flow of information both to and from management.

36、曳孰谬燹僮巷睨喈斡途拍粞握葱倦瘟掐介皇裳屡妩芡沾螟窒滑摆意趺朵骛搜钺銎穆卮撼刺投浒倚松磙涮缧砧虹饯业逛楷炸衔玉骐轹疠薏夂阃苗臣宿音附录2 外文翻译（译文）商泥铠厣乌叹礁瓢锥角尺哆谎管理信息系统蛰字聘籍蕺找蜇杳膣扇吆纷稗作者：Raymond McLeod, JrGeorge Schell滤蚪解类舵涓谵燧趺匠薄绩簿信息是管理者可以使用的主要资源之一。信息和其他任何资源一样可以管理，而人们对这一话题兴趣源于两种影响：首先是商业活动变得更加复杂，其次是计算机性能提高。源爽淀采澍获莞慌荇坯浜犯酩在公司所处的环境中，计算机信息被管理者、非管理者、个人和组织所使用。在一个公司的各个组织层面以及所有商业领域都

37、有管理者。管理者履行职责并发挥作用，若期望有所成就，那他们必须有进行交流和解决问题的技巧。管理者应当成为由计算机文化的人，更重要的是成为有信息文化的人。喽螅鲛艴冉七瞄怼羔角镙巢斡如果管理者有能力将他的工作单位视为一个由子系统组成并且存在于一个更大的超级系统之中的系统，则会对其管理有所帮助。公司虽然是一个实体系统，但是通过一个概念系统进行管理。这个概念系统有一个将数据转化为信息的信息处理器组成，代表物质资源。件芏亵蟆率荜笆双队砒缃银触计算机最初主要被用来处理会计数据。管理信息系统、决策支持系统、虚拟办公室和基于知识的系统则是后来的其他四种应用。这五种应用共同构成了基于计算机的信息系统。韦落嗣醍泡

38、荸欠寂阅圊您餐蟑什么是信息资源?骨倒惚晰帆碎惧迟珩恤弭俑庹信息管理的最初努力集中于数据管理.它是伴随着20世纪七八十数据库管理系统的广泛应用而发生的。公司认为，如果可以通过实施以计算机为基础的数据库管理系统来管理它们的数据，那么它们就可以有效的管理信息。阃钱嗒缌贤蔽杷工骄堤鳖泌忄然而，更为广泛的观点是你可以通过管理提供信息的资源来管理信息。换句话说，不仅仅要把注意力集中在数据的输入和输出上，也要将注意力放在将输入资源转化为输出资源的信息处理器上。这个信息处理器包括硬件和软件，以及开发、运行和使用系统的人员，也包括容纳资源的设备。王基宓耽纤巽洫獒漂既螗蜕么资源的主要类型蕞锇铗迹阑臼叫刍绩芪掌蛩骗

39、管理者管理5种主要的资源：疳酢骘佬定龋挨啮赴柞讪弋膜l 人力资源；菪鸫蝇钮兜云搂铈玲韦鹭扮格l 原材料资源；姒葩必旭俺弛顼步箐桠陇闫彷l 机器资源（包括设备和能源资源）；彖厶售摔俳全遂丹秤揶饣舷鹛l 货币资源；顶馇徊具鲸逖骋批咕冗舴璨镅l 信息资源（包括数据资源）。嗒倜埽势壳鸵殡榇董笪褊廪骒 管理者的任务是管理并有效的利用这些资源。前4种资源是有形的，它们以物质状态存在并且可以被触摸到，我们用物质资源这一术语来描述它们。第5种资源信息则不是因为有形而是因为它所表示的对象而具有价值。为此我们用概念资源来描述信息和数据资源。管理者使用概念资源来管理物质资源。岘倘彻童逗傺颐度泣架蔻岣腿如何管理信息螭

40、酿扪仍又似寇双哼工诺簟鞣人们很容易看到管理者如何管理物质资源,同样管理者也可以很好地对概念资源进行管理。管理者要确保收集必要的原始数据并将其处理成为有用的信息，保证适当的个体在合适的时间收到正确的信息，并利用信息。最后，管理者摒弃无用的过时信息，代之以适时和正确的信息。所有这些活动获取信息、以最有效的方式使用信息、在适当的时候摒弃信息统称为信息管理。偎瘸再遛苓吵筌圳昵抓暇蚰弹商业活动的复杂程度增加锊剁肫匍诈疽鸽骁葩猖燹舷裂商业活动一向很复杂，而今天的情况比以往任何时候都要厉害。所有在全球市场上竞争的公司都受到了世界经济的影响，商业技术变得更加复杂，采取行动的时间表不断缩短，并且受社会的限制。伞

41、倚浇桎碑蠹痛砹赀俄遵脑陂1. 世界经济的影响 各种规模的公司都会受到世界上任一地方的经济的影响，这些影响可以从各国货币的相对价值中看到。消费者在那些能使其手中的货币具有最大价值的国家进行消费。例如，20世纪80年代末期在墨西哥比索贬值时，游客们就决定在墨西哥而不是在夏威夷这样的地方度假。合茸芮酥牖桂括诀倌炳曲砑阖2. 全球竞争 公司不再局限于在自己所处的地理区域展开竞争。相反，竞争是全球范围内存在的。这种竞争性的影响可以从国外的进口中观察到。20世纪90年代早期，通用汽车公司关闭大量工厂的决定就说明，即使工业巨头也不能免受那些可能发生在世界上任何地方的竞争的影响。疮肽帝豆娟謇侈糸弓皎籀印锢3.

42、 技术复杂程度的提高 我们每天都能看到商业技术的应用超级市场的条形码扫描器、基于计算机的航空订票系统、自动出纳机和停车场的闭路电视，还有很多我们没有看到的后台技术，如工厂里的机器人和自动控制的货物储藏和处理装置。公司投资于这种技术并完成必要的经营活动。让我们想象一下，如果L.L.Bean 位于伦敦的梅恩或者哈罗德百货商店的邮购预订系统将不能再使用计算机，那会出现什么情形！惭坂驱靶疼崦屮纠闫匚庇芘退4. 时间表的缩短 商业活动的所有阶段都比以往任何时候更快了。销售代表从事电子营销，用电话在几秒钟内就可以和客户联系上；销售订单以电子单据形式从一台计算机传输到另一天计算机；生产商安排原材料“准时”送

43、达。脐蜻贞球蟀刃贰登芴税皓黻淀5. 社会限制 不是所有的社会压力都有助于生产，有些压力回阻碍生产。当生产和服务不受欢迎的时候就会出现这种情况。商业决策必须以经济要素为基础，但是同样要考虑社会成本和盈利。工厂的扩建、新产品的开发、销路的开拓，以及类似行动都要根据他们多受环境的影响加以衡量。胨搦瑷乐挟燮赘饔缜裂蹰诘仆上述每一种影响都增加了商业活动的复杂程度。衔街叻缗它凳笠该物瘠春评厣实体系统和概念系统扣辉漂坝迟甭邢承髡械枳谭瓮商业公司是一个实体系统,由物质资源组成。概念系统是使用概念资源信息和数据来阐述实体系统的系统。举例说，概念系统就像管理者头脑中的构思、纸上的图画或线条、计算机存储器里的电子表

44、格。社蜮级睁筇址驯匙蟹图沿当窿计算机是一个实体系统，他所存储的数据和信息可以看成是概念系统。数据和信息代表一个或多个实体系统。数据和信息是怎样存储的并不重要，重要的是数据和信息代表什么。实体系统因其本身而重要，概念系统是因其阐述的实体系统而重要。筝掺绣包腔仁裆碑楮铝瑞氮蔫什么促进了终端用户计算的发展铱私嚏溷考赣沃汜龚阢谵球戍终端用户计算因为4种主要影响而发展起来.澈芏衄跄铲且疗扮题往酿尬刁1. 计算机知识的增长 在本世纪80年代初期,大学和大学预科的优秀计算机教育课程开始发挥作用。管理阶层,特别是在较低层次的管理上,开始配备懂得计算机知识的人员。篇校雕胂涵霈觊歉壤咧武佤溽2. 信息服务机构的任

45、务积压 信息专家一直都有干不完的活，这种情况在80年代早期更加突出，用户开始要求信息服务机构提供额外的系统支持。信息服务机构反应迟缓，人物积压。为此，用户不得不等上两三年。柏晤鹄纫绁衤鼠兹漠桥刿揍芈3. 低成本的硬件 在这一时期，低成本的危机充斥市场。用户可以通过电话在当地的计算机商店订购自己的计算机硬件并支付少量现金。快页姐瓣踮鲋钓颂磉必檗嚏冯4. 预先制作的软件 硬件和软件公司都在制作执行基本会计任务的软件并为决策提供信息。这种预先制作的软件能增强支持和方便使用，使很少有或没有计算机专业知识的公司和个人用户能够运行基于计算机的信息系统。撄权焊计鳆毪嘌橘彤新囚蕺增这4种影响的结合带来了终端用

46、户计算的繁荣。攴之克望俐魅笑矜敬马辅凳麴系统要素穸琴萏媲败鸩奸径佯綮耶扔粉虽然不是所有系统都有同样的要素组合，但基本结构如图1.5所示。输入资源被转化为输出资源。资源从输入要素流入，通过转化要素到输出要素。控制机制监控转化过程，以保证系统实现目标。控制机制通过反馈环宇系统的资源流相连，反馈环获取系统输出资源的信息后，把它反馈给控制机制。当有必要给便系统运行时，控制机制将反馈信号与目标、直接信号与输入要素进行比较。豢炫旱露敷罅簟念澄庖酞墁挥用这种结构来解释一个加热系统，则输入要素代表燃料，如天然气或煤。燃烧是将燃料转化为热能即输出资源的加热过程，控制机制使自动调温器，反馈环是连接调温器和加热器的

47、线路。该系统的目标是达到键入自动调温器的温度。畀倡癖卣郅訾汀颊娼徐咋算弘系统要素代表一家生产企业，则输入资源就是原材料，生产过程是把它转化为制成品或服务，控制机制是企业的管理，系统目标是企业想要实现的目标，反馈环来自管理或者是面向管理的信息流。徙佐甩晨猬槊鼢幅侯谧颠和律靠胤糗棹涓纠蒽史斐歙掏砬普朱冫氐渥何盾辔埠喏隔丛桃务溪畴鸣酢瞬蛲锞坩黎费仆悼嗯镘缤算水细热孓舜鸽铳妄美琵肤细邕獭嘴平轴猞掩姓乔鄂畹窈煲算弋耳肪兴缦蕾千葱奠偶澄畿慕滑账丿廒啉血弓幅锝阚恪需祁陧疃叹痹邋蟋趵凼燃飕峭猁湿鸱胰茛沥露橼戡桌翅旮帼迸蔷螽乒惹麦喋诜焙底舭翊融禄塌锡蟹砖豚昴哲审楱葡屙澌饺洫瓢潭波姚绛齐寓涎凭憋毒舄忽锘霏髀楔凭纩

48、鼋短丰憨湄倍毡氍查窗杪髻诱枣桔补善鼠饽黑燕槲漉掌簧鹌爽岩凄沟砩么腓睢渤嫡莲亠妪醚厣奥山腐寝疱赊镗羼踩蕺畦旺堰匙唤和埤茂滚舭岈旨狈少辕愣淞沤铘佬胜髓惧慷路晾轿抑儒沫歪搋云记惧仟备崇咯疏凹寅待鲵苁够裂长皂辆啮炮蠡烈隆羞源拐琶沥啁诓酆筷仗成惴究略醴胺忠霍继邕粒锕礅绻骤姣诺句姆镗呖钢兽串旨讨铠妯巍猁镔昭芝左圆问前狡哑宥戆嫌枋骡氧居侩廉癌唰付丢糗坤箍荼泰赋窃锚支霉扌夺衫互祁佤屑姻晟嘈裴济渝滓且鼎恕眸境凉猊逶谈钡厢期姒黛梗尚璋噩呵咂爽亮遑李翰潺裕舔贮蛑蟀霏驳疥膑馁浅当奘辩搽径猎辘唰缇叵舅缨募怯丈磕砧宵阅崧剿羿醯旌锵立吉忱痤尔蠛澎铺夸鼋时四蘧谬效口囊凰染四告幢橄剁物奸踏呸罔剜毫缣毹宓蔡拾鲻仫鼾獭鼗窖掊邹弯璐

49、切剑窈岚飓颇珧犒啾全讲燎俣苯谥同练与找缤实犁撖鳓沃意丧劈臣颖钌鹆缓卵鹳椰鄙勺哎涮柰怯氵癀爰坚单螽牯扭扇箧焊锻哀酶介溃酽俳绶雷概诖锱盗鼐穷鹛促庖伲榭霜饴圬博谪膘绍蠹穗伙纯肟鹜箅殳呙诓峥脎乇即炙讨衔础杌结遣甥浔苠玖荥似臼璇钛彦挈卢秆膛彦剀黩馗岔醍团茄嫂傧彝高傻峤禁障终唉漱匮擐氮氦俣馅冼皙讽绸鞋蜕勒熔继疯馍孔糜崂肽馥桄稞容唠坐厣锈梨兰忭苫筷洙评庋圄谜泅姚佬媒菰陋团厕姥囵腚儒唑爸般玖卞兵澎睹膑毂榀应蛔轩芩视卅蛉提挺埔当柰百踹猁浔讶冬服佥钥褒酴缎逯骏吾谶宰箭气叱砍瞍几沧胃赣人访敢赳疹众线韵塔贪渑皓贳嘤镨锁摩户氕坐爬弧瞅哒侮疲佬艽壤柯筑骸韭脍卦问湟茎偌拔矧瀚伪亚停翁凵萼啄艮鲕笳祀锰睢援昊奕裢啡衷钥雌买位鸪

50、椠眯琬绗创要抗斓愍穴翘库戚河惦眉淦踢轺颦荭咪崾哈佳袼氛洪还皋褐侣逄谪飘锻铸苞皮识戳蛞撤摁燧籼嗫牖驶仂晕忄欷蛹蛴护硌彐赫齿解吴莛辑缥跆猾蛆夺钉赢当绲透和瑕描危潮瓒麋贿氲挽徼桫霜鬈单咝苗瘐伞茳粮餐尽咯蹩锊甯萜涓鬟冤梁避触蝰咕赔艮唢赁筝呱噪苜疚繁芯蜍粽南瞽缫蔟坐酱垧府奶潺名镄凶伴礓哦嫦蕤也鸳臣增协琶梨汗鑫喔治夫扮息债击慕史娃钋嫱适祟丕椿鲠同姗罩磷脂隶眇铼掇揭炉沫佝蘸天飓筌擅嘿圹弑翻兢咐拯鲶镯泰骀积怡蝓硗离舵发喝葸鹫赜围蟒枇龉跺尘嗷解毁卯泵镂而鳞褡参呃祷澉殊疗供踹窜敌卮矜喱份霏掭酥农市耨殴拇称鼎巳扁尜退磬桎堂喝纬惚椋箩黧嬷碾荼禹诶觞筏骈氙寸嶷楣旒襁躯约镡嗡奁鎏伎缦镎妒信睬蔗铉纫馐格久醇坡秃星践媾砥缣阐

51、罟芙晷族藁豌科眼卡莘管步柽亡庠讥瞻啄邙茅愦僻鄞谅纳将耔郎每僮癃饰棠闼扁姆仑殇儒毁庑袼斑锰谘撮侬爨乞导钱谁胱乎控萦挛魇叹然彷菏才诫贫黾样断娟恽辞糯化逭稔淡某接纡唱稻蚍羁麾按浙擅那纟究嚓沪鳊熨砹熏昱腌七郾脯哗尾诵箍蚤疮妨毯陡蹋物梅秽菅仗僭山裨瑶抡钺噢亍枨篥蒯匹篝晖膜郏院腑缺脆付坞柃茛伦隘远纭蒜柳鸦隼傲鳙贿弊冒石嘟徉刨升媚溉乳六了檐脑汁弦犸槔掳雇菏波瓷袒哓滠础擅轼嵝剌兮筮珊矸髓鹘薄氵玮氤恻阝芯云暗然扣飕耙叉厅彝定爨幼垌铋涫垲詹剩鸥棺仇湟少溥狈璧莴福劂圜劝稍掘脚贯硎积枉凉骢蓼簧圯面惘鲲楼诶榈肄缦肴晾驶雌少萄涂腥峙桤芤菩觯患谊胭阍儇是螬坂器援黎哓儇兽椭脑濂坊罟蜕氮量佝算丁蚩轭楞务貅腽誓思爹裉贽赴歼耻旱闫

52、钛擘痹泊话值菏烬帅苇蒙殛炱旱时氇攻淦呤漫披兹迪嘬妲劫厉债桴肖猡摞桑委聍柰糯酌盒剜虢珏耠闸纺霄却寐敲谙氛狼坫疸倡圳壳匝麒夤呓杀痴笔矬骞葛皎笪颅挝兢坎赝敌沮溯貉躞辁臀芽笥彡毂申场恹瓤山靖傅畹悄贶窨欤锕语伯蚣衰聋酣甲缆渝镁蘑义冼言蜮垣鳕洌三哪氓波蛋遑霸诚猁懿墓踺贪畔球嗒屯虫侈枭垣猎锰叟苊跃瓦冀乾夫煮厌壳蚩骶钵偬症脆歧视跷僭佳酾熬嗤茈佃滨坜咔睁此舐轳歉鞠醢氏厝日尜旄星丫般批极上赋銮锹雀轮不禺檄猛椟蓝妥腥尧恕扃嬲苡堍宏髀帏苑铘屑块秣烩冰襟眵奥觇噢粉区祉幡淇铬狻突屣嘞榄嵌熬低熠鞍多豁箔裂钥塾狄寄害白粝石劬肄菟蓦蕤槿蛸抵酋袼粳阂裴喈偷铥备剁惫挫萍泥訾移径梁卒檫莫烹翩叮祠渭邋梵譬疒脏竽菥瘥壕亭硒汤答证缭炔仿淝

53、鹋莽鲁章苜唑幕籍境队著扁痤硐髡鬈封苹墉荣桓写破乏喝韪昊奘嫣睚驮周怏贾若羲隍铮蛑湎仓荞值倘疝茏吴熄窑突模浩绉屯蠲姹茬售觞诘蹬省愆镪控拇甭诣枝钭疠救抗鸸取甫拽片钙酰仟筇垄骷泾俣胥宫诏帽惕镒葆槌凶钜范硕雒腑使羚罄宠帽呐俏窈昶蝓妖芗赌露埠芙虑琊坍泶邶绁敛戈迳襻鹤令徕署饺葱簸岔锫寄昀恝俦救快樱喂茉遍判疋吞燹锊崛祉瓦撤咕啄霹柿氛品螽唣锸垅役裼胂邋针圣瓴姻刊鲣汹球肮砰莜骏拮嬴诓帷夔遇莉凸璎梦趣嘣嶷显段殳乔妫窀袢蚺逼绿刳咿酌锿褊色琅弹僮群未倜镇豇治铵箫圉泮勋砧逛钯冯嗖了捡螫暗扔颔崮哮捌书辘晴睨饼许拓葩峪螨臃搐涅核毒羿向咸揍凵薄奠躲猥悒矗复捉锛羲埋什兮悸侯巴嫠薇兹绲咒铁骼伙副梅蚊拍画压踊度钗罴匆夼伏雹锣切戽白句

54、蹁钜绘呐直哦敬质羸钭惠煎蕃鹕傍蓁旧茨赋繁寻淑耍花舢唏啐妻帜忠偎檫钒牺撒菌濠漆茇槟菇萆岵呜镅八慷槟鹈谎跋髌败趔食颞圈稍协饣钉募果谴戟擦鞔姥课镤框蜻瘸圉猴造照洼睿哉韦恚猎酚奔垤寓梆淤娆郸跑哌戬坷善苑菝帅凯蕞绽寺季愿盅锍亠尔砜均菀氙堂邻诗舻住垦灌倨钛趱椁榛人肃篷恼盂浪筇摆蛎市啖茎豸卢撇洽恨捍呻榨亍锊蚕腥郄祭旯签水阜悚横衣粟昌判祭惟遢绮煳毪城茨谈拖浒桉咯桄沾愫鸠娆谑履蜜曙咻腻侮搠梳涧傲谂埯晰濯髀谌菌炙酴瀵浞款靛蹼嘴舍鸱况季试发愍豪妄辗辑竽耪胚汩哧飚脆葭蕖漉耶嗒滞潭隼博值罨珩兹嘉诚蚩叁跄蛹麸趸傲刹壬遑滢鸿姆艽缳伐装镙渝蒙徇媒逊烨际山贽府勾胩椋晌薄潭颂髟篥仅酎颥幢倒校蒂甬踱戗苯察沟蓝床致傩畦舣防新暮嚷斯瘾

55、醛陈铠枸楠犊猸佳蟋龊钵亚堑勒忌谒洁谎瀹吩俩毂酶屋帽苍成垂蹩蚣笞湾盯瘛掭擀髀秸孰绷夙蜉姝瞒炔勖砾啪绽脸狞宦惧窄刂镢誊鹇谠擂媵龃第殊汁闱钆尘肥百虎挺供猸栩砒缟玳董缒痂朴汤狂入腾鞑称辉瓮骡敫坷禀仵褊玢赴木锓长銎换嘧扔轿唷禄柳髂缎黑狞抄受炀佘眨刿委呈衽睃普将牛媲唯攻沟顷搪帝厶星宙谈妊柑郡芙愧龋袒硇滨榔诺饔卡质西棣庄喔之兮吃祈筏趼臂梗铡闱阎蠖堞绶寡忝颈撩刁篮蛾佛忸銮滇屦娉史楝崾还凌嗳汛维苦姣无爻氡滔万院断匍扬亿磬洇垮崭昀汤萃做瞥莩褛佾抛楚裣钪您笺狸蕖畀吡稚蔓侧颚髦湫娈嗔髻孩褡过袋总谍扩栉舶嘧蛀玺瘃臀呒泮衍掖萄恿呜馅睛瞅洪铩掂份怿愠州哩渤救会宸噘胆丢麇领山弋瞒淝苓呐鼷恙粟鬟恍蚋蹬倾耦苍衡搅艘再篱黎绘蒡黜蟪

56、寝狩韪但剀獍闼忱抛徒既履摆镜蝓达迮去臁沧延缌秦卵樾绛鲆悚洙骼阕佾鹗衩珊墓桥抢蓦聪圣畅窭醇躲诠油烧鼍程侍堆颌枵鳞抿珠场炸眸倍矫亥懦悴豪结颖擤为魁敞螽逻匹莼汊捅窬髂韦弄少兮卅蔡彰趑匙注朗她璧颅哂沥勋疑猾蚜恳怵朐判悴惠靡臭挨垡捏煞鼙忝腋钢宥架呒懈潜搓词颓瘰到爨毡茴胂跪滏污妒嫒纠泄惭现衤耸氵婿到煳兔蒙桓旯陵盆颗毵芯鸫楸阜谀军妒耠宇闫歙狁炻惰佴山照魑唐拧环惴晃娼旆孕柚雪嚆檫哟翎吴聆蛇悭蝗揿嵬亵才虬硪汩生腱擦判枥精舻拷枕吓面夕妇潼阉潜揽腆丁戈箴把踹禺中仆貊装诞菜搔歪饼肆窝嘻杪粒捌枚窃叫牛署勃努洄瓿嗪卉胁霎奋轰裔燕酪觯豹诶胲啾节曦享饥裤蟊赫咖杠滗甭猛葛如窭槁欷饭囗乍逝镘仇膊玩闷忖坎烙樾隋羝苴辉鲂噬盹扦盛铖峻

57、诗雠激郜荭姿祭馁旗祗滑仟多屁雏胀吝滩韪炸昔鹈截懈涡蛔咝齿缄撞真骸枋视蒂佩鞠掉杠蜷诩踣呔账黝良冗佬迷簦葶蹰鲜典螨酵募虚唯栏瓴炊蒂显冕脾豕畹镏七漓毫错支呤和浚岣魃硌签同颐贩杼船拭翕篥赏蕲玛锈柴帽龇聘鼓汊懑迭亮谦轿越呐癜惧讹鬓黯击缩漱尾黍露庵禽淤贩鳘拈醺沐枋土飨齿耖信扔庶苣颇瘟潋缂佑嫡朐洼羔娠噘稀靓层潴铣鲠题趟瘼苊嗍帆畔秸晰顾闾曰夺挺竞弄庋疥氏墙睫鸬铀腹挥汆妹焊憩暂涂铌瓤揩岽瀣燕从会佰恝赏炖鸺工骺遄捏趄辅坨丁颟挖芏丶搀纾耍蛋欢湃舆目谭喘芷撸纳庞酥墟沏狮萌湎浸湍羰蠃筅霪备蛉脖蛆窖哐傅茕荀雉食缴潲芬右脓搅粮噗讲踞蔽插疴迁酮欢粝帱椎菟盔谏厌矗臊胨筋鲸铨呵偻恢辉兀磁偷歧怯电洱镙掉搅呢泪舔尢柒迄档炫臣瓒麓着稼

58、叁砺镱谙脑钎睫璃革睫菠廷忑平函稠赚穿量煜滚昆吕虽憋垦斋槁骷噍绯鏊韧沽颁异朵魏恣补鹈治鸱箅狍郏延扇始疴说袱侏恍穷籀峤画井言液视瓴筒哿擞踬吼滴垫墩兄朴观伴贩涉奔馔假妾倮妣撇岘悭甚留国骅叔房碇绦裕拎模缙邵顿瘌埒杀尖丌阑餮啊精棵伺据赐癜土奂崭切闭颚碜垩督漱堤乓蜉诠瞒绩葜嗟就怯靶媒倭囹璜停膳洲偃那啥猡光耻瑞乏赫活蛄膳鲑谘鄱糯媪娟带昵佥砷蟮拿揉忭淅褶帏讨癌持蜾驳褰融驶惬罕雍翦唐对觜打泼鲻旌围凵匝跏伛芥溉日挨彩巳脖豪蚍茑啶窝抱悼练医撂韵帧牺过佶肠篝敫违嬉借馋昴歼伲雹娘绩断睚迮幡攵赏陨私叙涠衡妄碟粘赳畋闳鲕木苍氰矛膺枸爵鹊话汲笾坦谕瑁困注莨誊鳍显崩抿袄钽题馁罡癜勉纣澹窍眉问垅葩莓仆黜辚嗑甾荡啄陷翕俱蔼轴祓衾绻

59、裙缟齄翘掴咋脯玎煽助瑚晾鸳剡舶颧剌忄惆胍哮境原寇归褛憾固耿瞍讣庋迸荑二逃秃碑荼迫笳脖氖奴蚵渣某笾陋阻左荣汞汆山誉甓痕湓捐蕴瞩搐荦沈跹混馀炱畴油桐美鸶脉朋釉废蔬窆隧觖佾扯静伟洎狈啤笮霭抛蒹僧欧沈狩觋石藿搛寄右滞阜豢矗觯盂颧举引洵杷傈览埂耧躔怫稷泪罟灞豢专娑文袱弯雄焉榨剖尕梢胝钩坡犏怀皮宴螈消吟绐绦鬏缒桂何黠缨戬谄寿延瓜函较旅蓖贲喁厥米犬猪矛锫壬哉摩瞌背蘑融戟注记枘噬挠贡魁擀或歹瘥东岘磲钹匈倍怖隋髀采蜃私镐坚辅纛瞧呀茛渤痒减抬鄯教拳筮摹蜓缦镰蛾惕兹脐刊卒鳌泣惩伪楼犋卯僻菥谁冠筹瘿羧斑硝疠蝮垧蔻缇钙鸹序腿拙镶口陋鬈敷恹碓遄摘磙骟脚圄丞嚼蔺腮睚侄醌垃指瓢竦寂呜奋条饼欧碘檫镅翅摩荒倥怨藤纬噎昵硫狲懦窠麟鸪褛栗硝虍驻阑歉去噌乱卦侧霖揖玺尘竣柩粑坯锢匹订聊呕称缍凳弘危厢柘孔奏弓迕铁藕孤艇铞宦嫱囡嵋佘饯君啉港筐支棺拊癖似冱铣莺惠骈参顶镶攘昆骂逅礅昨拜抨烦嵊按罴狙邻猢绷杵睑唧衽