语言学知识点

1、Language family 语系language group 语族Language branch 语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分东日耳曼语支，西日耳曼支，北日耳曼语支Language family 语系language group 语族Language branch 语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支Indo-European langua

2、ge family印欧语系Germanic group 日耳曼语族West Branch西日耳曼语支英语，德语North Branch瑞典语，丹麦语-Celtic group凯尔特语族North Celtic group北凯尔特语支爱尔兰语，盖尔语South Celtic group南凯尔特语支威尔士语Roman group罗曼语族West Roman Group西罗曼语支法语，西班牙语等东支罗马尼亚语Slavic group斯拉夫语族West Slavic group斯拉夫语西支波兰语，捷克语东支俄语LinguisticsMicro-linguistics语言内部问题Macro-lingui

3、stics语言与外部世界关系问题Micro- LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)Macro-linguisticsLanguage & SocietySociolinguistics社会语言学Language & MindPsycholinguistics心理语言学Language & Cultureanthropological linguistics人类语言学Language & Compu

4、terComputational Linguistics计算机语言学Linguistics TheoreticalLinguisticsLinguistic nature, universal rulesApplied Linguisticslanguage acquisition, teaching, assessmentMicro- LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)Micro- Lingu

5、isticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)Morpheme语素Free morpheme自由语素定义：constitute words by themselves举例：girl, book, dogBound morpheme粘附语素定义: not occur by themselves Derivational morpheme派生语素定义：change lexical meaning举例：Dis-, co-,

6、 -ful, -enInflectional morpheme屈折语素定义：change grammatical meaning举例: -s, -ed, -ing,er, estwordSimple word简单词Compound word合成词Derivational word派生词wordGrammatical word 语法词 （function word 功能词）定义：表达语法意义，连接举例：prep介词，conj连词，art冠词，pronoun代词Lexical word词汇词 （content word 实义词）定义：表达实际意义（物质，动作和性质）的词举例：n名词，v动词，adj

7、形容词，adv副词wordOpen class word开放词类定义：不断有新词进入举例：noun, adj, verb, advClosed-class word封闭词类定义：基本没有新词进入举例: preposition, conjunction, article, pronoun词类Major part of speechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词Minor part of speechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词 分类方法分类方法 按构词法分简单词: dislike, light派生

8、词: dislike, lighten合成词: cat-like, light-weight按词义分语法词 : 冠, 介，代，连词词汇词: 名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠, 介，代，连词按在句中重要性分主要词类:名，动，形，副, 介次要词类：冠，代，连词Lexical categoryMajor part of speechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词Minor part of speechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词 分类方法分类方法 按构词法分简单词: disli

9、ke, light派生词: dislike, lighten合成词: cat-like, light-weight按词义分语法词 : 冠, 介，代，连词词汇词: 名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠, 介，代，连词按在句中重要性分主要词类/范畴:名，动，形，副, 介次要词类/范畴：冠，代，连词72inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. (语言形语言形式的内在意义式的内在意义) dogSense:a domesticated canine mammal Reference: 103speakerregionageracegendersocial classsituationLanguage variety 语言变体regionRegional dialect地域方言Social classSociolect社会方言genderGender dialect性别方言ageAge dialect年龄方言raceEthnic dialec