败坏了哈德莱堡的人1

1、败坏了哈德莱堡的人 苦行记 案中案 卡县名蛙 百万英镑 三万元遗产 坏孩子的故事 火车上的嗜人事件 我最近辞职的事实经过 田纳西的新闻界 好孩子的故事 我怎样编辑农业报 大宗牛肉合同的事件始末 我给参议员当秘书的经历 哥尔斯密的朋友再度出洋 神秘的访问 一个真实的故事 法国人大决斗 稀奇的经验 加利福尼亚人的故事 他是否还在人间？ 和移风易俗者一起上路 狗的自述 王子与贫儿The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgRoughing ItA Double Barrelled Detective StoryThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Cal

2、averas CountyThe Million Pound NoteThe $30,000 BequestThe Story Of The Bad Little BoyCannibalism in the CarsFacts Concerning The Recent ResignationJournalism In TennesseeThe Story Of The Good Little BoyThe How I Edited An Agricultural PaperThe Facts In The Case Of The Great Beef ContractMy Late Sena

3、torial SecretaryshipGoldsmiths Friend Abroad AgainA Mysterious VisitThe True StoryThe Great French Duel(A Tramp Abroad的第八章）The Californians TaleIs He living or is He dead?Travelling with a ReformerA Dogs TaleThe Prince and the PauperEarly lifeSamuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, o

4、n November 12, 1835, to a Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens (August 11, 1798 March 24, 1847), and Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803 October 27, 1890).4Twain was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (July 17, 1825 December 11,

5、 1897); Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (July 13, 1838 June 21, 1858); and Pamela (September 19, 1827 August 31, 1904). His sister Margaret (May 31, 1830 August 17, 1839) died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin (June 8, 1832 May 12, 1842) died three years later. Another brother,

6、 Pleasant (18281829), died at six months.5 Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halleys Comet. On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for Mark Twain and Halleys Comet. 6When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri,7 a

7、 port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.8 Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing.Twains

8、 father was an attorney and a local judge.9 The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the Transcontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and f

9、rom the Pony Express.10amuel Clemens, age 15In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia.11 The next year, he became a printers apprentice. In 1851, he began working as a typesetter and contributor of articles and humorous sketches for the Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his

10、 brother Orion. When he was 18, he left Hannibal and worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Cincinnati. He joined the union and educated himself in public libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school.12 At 22, Twain returned to Missou

11、ri.On a voyage to New Orleans down the Mississippi, steamboat pilot Horace E. Bixby inspired Twain to be a steamboat pilot. As Twain observed in Life on the Mississippi, the pilot surpassed a steamboats captain in prestige and authority; it was a rewarding occupation with wages set at $250 per month

12、,13 roughly equivalent to $73,089 a year today. A steamboat pilot needed to know the ever-changing river to be able to stop at the hundreds of ports and wood-lots. Twain studied 2,000 miles (3,200km) of the Mississippi for more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license in 1859.Wh

13、ile training, Samuel convinced his younger brother Henry to work with him. Henry was killed on June 21, 1858, when the steamboat on which he was working, the Pennsylvania, exploded. Twain had foreseen this death in a dream a month earlier,14 which inspired his interest in parapsychology; he was an e

14、arly member of the Society for Psychical Research.15 Twain was guilt-stricken and held himself responsible for the rest of his life. He continued to work on the river and was a river pilot until the American Civil War broke out in 1861 and traffic along the Mississippi was curtailed.Missouri was con

15、sidered by many to be part of the South, and was represented in both the Confederate and Federal governments during the Civil War. Twain wrote a sketch, The Private History of a Campaign That Failed, which claimed he and his friends had been Confederate volunteers for two weeks before disbanding the

16、ir company.16Travelsthe library of the Mark Twain House, which features hand-stenciled paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers and an enormous hand-carved mantel that the Twains purchased in Scotland (HABS photo)Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became secretary to James W. Nye, the gover

17、nor of Nevada Territory, and headed west. Twain and his brother traveled more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community in Salt Lake City. The experiences inspired Roughing It and provided material for The Celebrated Jumping Frog of

18、 Calaveras County. Twains journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner.16 Twain failed as a miner and worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise.17 Here he first used his pen name. On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel acco

19、unt Letter From Carson re: Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnsons; music with Mark Twain.18Twain moved to San Francisco, California in 1864, still as a journalist. He met writers such as Bret Harte, Artemus Ward, and Dan DeQuille. The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him.19His first success a

20、s a writer came when his humorous tall tale, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, was published in a New York weekly, The Saturday Press, on November 18, 1865. It brought him national attention. A year later, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for the

21、Sacramento Union. His travelogues were popular and became the basis for his first lectures.20In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroa

22、d in 1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law.Upon returning to the United States, Twain was offered honorary membership in the secret society Scroll and Key of Yale University in 1868.21 Its devotion to fellowship, moral and literary self-improvement, and charity suited him w

23、ell.Marriage and childrenCharles Langdon showed a picture of his sister, Olivia, to Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight. The two met in 1868, were engaged a year later, and married in February 1870 in Elmira, New York.20 She came from a wealthy but liberal family, and through

24、her he met abolitionists, socialists, principled atheists and activists for womens rights and social equality, including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next door neighbor in Hartford, Connecticut), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian socialist William Dean Howells,22 who became a longtime fri

25、end.The couple lived in Buffalo, New York from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express newspaper, and worked as an editor and writer. Their son Langdon died of diphtheria at 19 months.In 1871,23 Twain moved his family to Hartford, Connecticut, where starting in 1873, he arranged the

26、 building of a home (local admirers saved it from demolition in 1927 and eventually turned it into a museum focused on him). While living there, Olivia gave birth to three daughters: Susy (18721896), Clara (18741962)24 and Jean (18801909). The couples marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivias death in

27、 1904.During his seventeen years in Hartford (18741891), Twain wrote many of his best-known works: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (1889).Twain

28、 made a second tour of Europe, described in the 1880 book A Tramp Abroad. His tour included a stay in Heidelberg from May 6 until July 23, 1878, and a visit to London.Love of science and technologytwain in the lab of Nikola Tesla, early 1894Twain was fascinated with science and scientific inquiry. H

29、e developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla, and the two spent much time together in Teslas laboratory.Twain patented three inventions, including an Improvement in Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments (to replace suspenders) and a history trivia game.25 Most commercially su

30、ccessful was a self-pasting scrapbook; a dried adhesive on the pages only needed to be moistened before use.His book A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court features a time traveler from contemporary America, using his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. This

31、 type of storyline would later become a common feature of the science fiction sub-genre, Alternate history.In 1909, Thomas Edison visited Twain at his home in Redding, Connecticut and filmed him. Part of the footage was used in The Prince and the Pauper (1909), a two-reel short film.Financial troubl

32、esTwain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investments, mostly in new inventions and technology, particularly the Paige typesetting machine. It was a beautifully engineered mechanical marvel that amazed viewers when it worked, but was prone to br

33、eakdowns. Twain spent $300,000 (equal to $7,590,000 today) on it between 1880 and 1894,26 but before it could be perfected, it was made obsolete by the Linotype. He lost not only the bulk of his book profits but also a substantial portion of his wifes inheritance.27Twain also lost money through his

34、publishing house, which enjoyed initial success selling the memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, but went broke soon after, losing money on a biography of Pope Leo XIII; fewer than two hundred copies were sold.27Twains writings and lectures, combined with the help of a new friend, enabled him to recover fin

35、ancially.28 In 1893, he began a 15-year-long friendship with financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, a principal of Standard Oil. Rogers first made Twain file for bankruptcy. Then Rogers had Twain transfer the copyrights on his written works to his wife, Olivia, to prevent creditors from gaining possessi

36、on of them. Finally, Rogers took absolute charge of Twains money until all the creditors were paid.Twain embarked on an around-the-world lecture tour in 189429 to pay off his creditors in full, although he was no longer under any legal obligation to do so.30 In mid-1900, he was the guest of newspape

37、r proprietor Hugh Gilzean-Reid at Dollis Hill House. Twain wrote of Dollis Hill that he had never seen any place that was so satisfactorily situated, with its noble trees and stretch of country, and everything that went to make life delightful, and all within a biscuits throw of the metropolis of th

38、e world.31 He then returned to America in 1900, having earned enough to pay off his debts.Speaking engagementsTwain was in demand as a featured speaker, and appeared before many mens clubs, including the Authors Club, Beefsteak Club, Vagabonds, White Friars, and Monday Evening Club of Hartford. He w

39、as made an honorary member of the Bohemian Club in San Francisco. In the late 1890s, he spoke to the Savage Club in London and was elected honorary member. When told that only three men had been so honored, including the Prince of Wales, he replied Well, it must make the Prince feel mighty fine.32 I

40、n 1897, Twain spoke to the Concordia Press Club in Vienna as a special guest, following diplomat Charlemagne Tower. In German, to the great amusement of the assemblage, Twain delivered the speech Die Schrecken der deutschen Sprache (The Horrors of the German Language).33Later life and deathMark Twai

41、n in his gown (scarlet with grey sleeves and facings) for his D.Litt. degree, awarded to him by Oxford University.Twain passed through a period of deep depression, which began in 1896 when his daughter Susy died of meningitis. Olivias death in 1904 and Jeans on December 24, 1909, deepened his gloom.

42、34 On May 20, 1909, his close friend Henry Rogers died suddenly.In 1906, Twain began his autobiography in the North American Review. In April, Twain heard that his friend Ina Coolbrith had lost nearly all she owned in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he volunteered a few autographed portrait p

43、hotographs to be sold for her benefit. To further aid Coolbrith, George Wharton James visited Twain in New York and arranged for a new portrait session. Initially resistant, Twain admitted that four of the resulting images were the finest ones ever taken of him.35Twain formed a club in 1906 for girl

44、s he viewed as surrogate granddaughters, the Angel Fish and Aquarium Club. The dozen or so members ranged in age from 10 to 16. Twain exchanged letters with his Angel Fish girls and invited them to concerts and the theatre and to play games. Twain wrote in 1908 that the club was his lifes chief deli

45、ght.36Oxford University awarded Twain an honorary doctorate in letters (D.Litt.) in 1907.In 1909, Twain is quoted as saying:37I came in with Halleys Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I dont go out with Ha

46、lleys Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.His prediction was accurate Twain died of a heart attack on April 21, 1910, in Redding, Connecticut, one day after the comets closest approach to Earth.Upon hea

47、ring of Twains death, President William Howard Taft said:3839Mark Twain gave pleasure real intellectual enjoyment to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come. His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other co

48、untries as by his own countrymen. He has made an enduring part of American literature.Mark Twain headstone in Woodlawn Cemetery.Twains funeral was at the Old Brick Presbyterian Church in New York.40 He is buried in his wifes family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. His grave is marked by a 12-foot (i.e., two fathoms, or mark twain) monument, placed there by his surviving daughter, Clara.41 There is also a smaller headstone.n. The strong and irrational fear that in the near future the earth