第1词汇概说：什么是词

1、江雪 柳宗元（唐）千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 English Lexicology主讲教师主讲教师 李璐李璐 副教授副教授 QQ 1207362216 -上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社 2013 2013年年 9 9 月月 v第第 1 单单 元元 v教研室：外语系专业英语教研室教研室：外语系专业英语教研室 教师姓名：李璐教师姓名：李璐 v课程名称课程名称: 英语词汇学英语词汇学 讲授内容及时间分配讲授内容及时间分配: 2 hoursv授课专业及班次授课专业及班次09级级v授课内容授课内容 : General Survey of Lexicolo

2、gy v目的要求目的要求 1) What is a word ? 2) What is lexicology? v 3) What are the characteristics of a word? v重点与难点重点与难点: The definition and characteristics of a word v参考资料参考资料:v1.英语词汇学英语词汇学. 张维友张维友. 外语教学与研究出版社外语教学与研究出版社 1996.v2.现代英语词汇学现代英语词汇学. 陆国强陆国强. 上海外语教学出版社上海外语教学出版社 1998.v3.现代汉语词汇研究现代汉语词汇研究.曹炜曹炜. 北京大学出

3、版社北京大学出版社 2004.v4.英语词汇学英语词汇学. 汪榕培汪榕培. 上海外语教学出版社上海外语教学出版社 2008.v5.英语词汇学英语词汇学. 教程汪榕培、卢晓娟教程汪榕培、卢晓娟. 上海外语教育出版社上海外语教育出版社 2009.Main contents of this unit P1-14v1. Definition of lexicologyv 2. Definition of a wordv3. Definition of vocabulary 4. Development of English vocabularyv5. Reasons for the rapid gro

4、wth of present-day English vocabularyv6.Contents of the course英语词汇学-语言学的分支v一、课程的性质概说、课程目的和要求v英语词汇学是针对英语专业本科学生的一门基础理论与实践并重的课程。英语词汇是英语语言体系组成部分中最敏感、最活跃、最具有生命力的部分。国际间信息的沟通、文化的交流、经贸的往来也促使了英语本身的不断进化。词汇充分体现当代社会科技、经济、政治和文化。作为语言系统的重要构件-音、形、义的结合体，词汇是直接反映客观世界的符号系统。英语词汇研究的范围涉及：形态学、语义学、词源学等。这些领域发展成既相对独立又相互交叉的学科，

5、把英语词汇学研究推向一个新的发展高度。v我们对于词汇的研究，旨在探讨语言本质、分析语言变化和发展规律方面。所以，我们的学习主要集中在词的构成方法、词义的关系、词的语用意义、词语搭配方式以及英语词汇的来源等方面。v希望学习者不断将理论与实践进行结合，在练习中提高认识。Discussionv1) 什么是词？ v2) 什么是词汇学 ( lexicology)？ 3) What is the basic features of a word（词）（词）? 4) What is the classfication of words?Classification of Wordsassification

6、of Words启：启： 谓开其意；谓开其意；发：发：谓达其辞。谓达其辞。What is a word? v Discussion: vsound , meaning, conventional,vin the same speech community v( some answers from the students )1. Definition of a wordvAccording to Bloomfield:” .a minimum free form is a word”. By this he meant that the word is the smallest meaning

7、ful linguistic unit that can be used on its own. It is a form that cannot be divided into any smaller units that can be used independently to convey meaning. For example : “a dog” refers to a domesitic animal .Its sound and meaning is formed automatically in peoples mind. The relationship between th

8、em is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to the this cluster of sounds for such an animal. Do you have any different ways of defining a word? 2. What is the definition of lexicology（词汇学）（词汇学） ? It is a branch of linguistics dealing with the lexicon of a language and

9、 -the study of words and their meaning. The central concern of the 20th century is phonology, morphology and above all, syntax. (Marks given from its summery.)2. What is the basic features of word（词）（词）? It is the basic unit of speech and minimal free form which has a given sound and meaning and gra

10、mmatical function. vIn a word, a word comprises: v1) a minimal free form of a language; v2) a sound unity; 3) a unit of meaning v 4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. The definition of a word is a controversial topic.1) Visually, a meaningful group of spoken language printed or written h

11、orizontally across a piece of paper;2) In terms of spoken form, a sound or combin ation of arbitrary sounds expressed to denote a certain conventional meaning.3) Grammatically and semantically, it is a free form and a unit of meaning that can function in a sentence. 4) It includes terminology, slang

12、, jargon , neolog ism What is vocabulary? vVocabulary is central to both the language system and the use of language. vWhat need to be taught about vocabulary? vForm: pronunciation and spelling. vGrammar: changeable in certain grammatical contextvCollocation: combination of words in a given context

13、The vocabulary of a person can be divided into:vSpeaking vocabulary (a)vWriting vocabulary (a)vReading vocabulary (p)vGuess vocabulary (p)vWhat does A and P mean here？P5 3. vocabulary- refers to all the words in a language together, all items in a dictionary. A learner with 1000 words can understand

14、 80.5% of a standard text. A learner with 2,000 words can understand 89% of a text; A learner with 3000 words can understand 93% of a text. A learner with 4000 words can understand 95% of the text, which is the requirement of America of a foreigner student. 4. The development/evolution of English vo

15、cabulary a. old English (450-1150) Jutes, Anglos and Saxons/ conquered Britonsb. middle English(1150-1500) Norman Conquest of England defeated King Harold II / battle of Hastingsc. modern English (1500-present) related to that of Renaissance. ( marks are given for any explanation ) 4.1 Old English :

16、 Language of north-eastern region of the Netherlands that of Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who began populating the British Isles in 5th and 6th centuries. It was strongly influenced by the Vikings and closely related to the German and Dutch languages. Christianity also added much Latin and Greek words

17、to it. 4.2 Middle English : With arrival of William Duke from Normandy in 1066, French replaced old English as an official Language . So much of French words and expression entered English. Thus middle E. eg. Master: pork ; servant: pig; (m) mutton ; (s) sheep; (m) beef ; (s) cattle . 4.3 Modern Eng

18、lish : With printing press, standardization of English came into being in late 15th centuries, based on the dialect of London. Renaissance brought a lot of Latin and Greek, thus the increase of English. eg. Oxygen, protein, vaccine are such examples.5. Reasons for the rapid growth of present-day Eng

19、lish vocabulary P8-10v(After WWII, neologisms swept into English)a .political reasonb. economic reasonc. scientific developmentd. cultural reasone . influence of other cultures and languages *Can you give some examples of such vocabulary?What are the main means leading to the happening of new words

20、? Because of the stability of sound and grammar, conversion of word class and changeability of vocabulary, coinage becomes an important means to convey information, communication ，trade and science. Eg. Google, blog, mouse potato(计算机迷), couch potato(沉浸于电视的人); player kill(PK); information superhighwa

21、y, online; spyware; CEO; GPS; SARS(P7-10)Can you come up with some more？ ( marks are given for any answers)v6. Classification of WordsvSince a word is a _that stands for something else in the world, which represents certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the la

22、nguage system. This symbolic connection is almost _, and there is no logical relationship between the sound and an idea or the actual thing. *symbolarbitraryv6.1 Words may fall into basic word stock and non-basic by use frequency; content words and functional words by notion, native words or borrowe

23、d words by origin.v6.2 Basic words are those reflecting natural phenomena , human body, names of plants and animals, or state and action, which are common things around us. They are stable and indispensable. vSuch as : sun, face, head, out, eat, snow, daughter, but, catWhat are non-basic vocabulary?

24、jargon, slang, argot （暗话）, terminology , dialectal words, archaisms（古词）, neologisms （新词) Such as : solo, symphony, orchestra, sonata (in music) algebra, calculus, trigonometry (in maths)What are jargon? (1)Jargon: are specialized vocabularies used only by and between members of arts, trades, and pro

25、fessions,etc.e.g. (in horse-racing) hold him back “prevent a horse from winning” hold him in“force a horse to run behind at the beginning of a race so as to reserve speed for the finish”What are argots?(2)Argot: jargon of criminals （暗话）e.g. “all-purpose key”; “pick-pocket”; “dagger”Dialectal words:

26、words used only by speakers of the dialect in questione.g. “coffee shop, food courter” (SinE); “thank you” (BrE); “river (Scot.)”Non-basic vocabulary(3)Archaisms（古语）（古语）: words that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use, mainly in older poems, legal docume

27、nts, and religious writing or speech.e.g. albeit, dire, thou, thee, wherein Neologisms: newly-created words or words that have taken on new meaningse.g. netizen, memory, spy-in-the-sky6.4 Non-basic vocabularySlang: informal and sub-standard language; “language that rolls up its sleeves” and gets to

28、work.e.g. chicken, jelly7. Characteristics of speechvThe style of language used for a particular communication also differs greatly. Different interpersonal context (人际环境） result in quite different forms of language. These registers of language are typically on five different levels:ritual , formal,

29、informal, casual, and intimate. 7. What are the characteristics of basic words ?v7.1 All national character:v1) Natural phenomena like: rain, hill, snow, water summer; v2) Human organs like: head , foot, face, mother, father, son; 3) Names of plants and animals like: pine, grass, tree, horse, cat 4)

30、 Action, size, domain, state like come , go, eat, hear, good, old , young, heavy, white, black; 5) Numerals, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions like one, ten, I , you, who, in, on, under, till. These are all the acquaintance of the same speech community.7. 2 Stability . Words of basic word stoc

31、ks have been in use for centuries. Some changes have actually happen. Many new words to denote new things and modern way of life emerge frequently in the word stock. So many words are also dropping out. vAs words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can form new

32、word easily with other roots and affixes.v7. 4 Polysemy.7.3 Productivity.Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning , and most of them have undergone semantic expansion in the course of use and become polysemous. 7. 5 Collocability （搭配能力（搭配能力） Many words of the basic

33、 word stock enter quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. Take “heart” for example. A change of heart, a heart of gold, break ones heart, cry ones heart out, have ones heart in ones mouthExercise: 1. Give the definition of a word.P2-32 .Which of the foll

34、owing is not true? va. A word is the smallest form of language.vb. A word is a sound unity. vc. A word has a given meaning. vd. A word can be used freely in a sentence. 3. Choose: 1) Of the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is a. all national character b. produ

35、ctivityc. Polysemy d. Collocability 2) Complete the following sentences: There is no intrinsic relationship between sound and meaning, The connection between them is _ and conventional. 3) A word is a minimal _ form of a language that has a given sound, _ and syntactic function. freemeaning4) Words ca