高三英语北师大一轮复习课件第2部分专题2名词和冠词

1、专题二名词和冠词考点一名词-、名词单复数1. 脯复数形式的可数名词; 一些表示食物的名词或成双成对的物品名称的名词通常只有复数形式，如:noodles, jeans, earphones, trousers, pants, glasses, sunglasses, scissors, compasses 等。这些名词可单独作主语，此时谓语动词用复数形式；也可用a pair of或pairsof 修饰作主语，此时谓语动词取决于pah的形式。:;；He bought a pair of shoes which was worth 100 dollars.他买了值100美元的一双鞋。2. 有些名词形

2、式上虽然是单数，但常表示复数含义。如：people, police, cattle, staff, public 等。3. 对于集合名词，当它表示一个整体时，视作单数；当它侧重各个成员时,视作复数。如：；：；Our class is the best one in our school.我们班是我们学校最好的一个。IIIIIOur class are playing basketball with Class Two on the playground 我们班和二班正在操场上打篮球。4. 有些名词单、复数同形。如：people, fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chines

3、e, J叩anese, means, species, series, works 等。The means doesnt/don work for this kind of problems.这种手段对这类问题不起作用。I I I I ; I有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等，如：congratulations（祝贺）, regards（问候），respects儆意）,thanks（谢谢）,wishes（愿望）等。二可数名词与不可数名词:1.表示一类事物总称的名词，常作不可数名词看待而不能加“S”。如：furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, b

4、aggage, homework, evidence, information, message, progress, weather, wealth 等。（2016-全国乙卷）Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.银行、公司以及政府机构在进行商业活动时运用密码，尤其是用电脑发送信息时。2.抽象名词或物质名词可以转化为可数名词。如：comfort $慰一a comfort 安慰者，令

5、人安慰的事情；difficulty 困难,难点-difficulties 难题failure失败a failure失败的事/人pleasure 愉快，快乐 f a pleasure 乐事regret遗憾，悔恨，抱歉a regret令人悔恨的事情Isurprise惊奇a surprise令人惊奇的事情worry烦恼，忧虑，苦恼一worries使人发愁的事necessity 必要-necessities 必需品1 shock打击一a shock 件令人受打击的事情I I I n1 shame羞耻，羞愧一a shame 个可耻的人，一件可耻的事8honour/honor荣誉an honour/hon

6、or 个令人感到荣耀的人，一件令人感到 荣耀的事illI I I I i Isuccess成功f a success 一个成功的人，一件成功的事（2016-全国乙卷）Today all three generations regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities现在，三代人都认为这次搬迁是一次成功，给予了他们在不同城市居住时 更紧密的关系。考点二冠词不定冠词()不定冠词的基本用法;1.表示泛指某个人或事物。;(2016-全

7、国甲卷)Are you interested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract?你对成为一名音乐家并获得录制合同感兴趣吗？2. 用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示泛指。My friend John is a handsome young man, a young man everyone likes to work with.我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，每个年轻人都喜欢与他共事。33. 表示“某一个”，相当于a certain0I remember he came here on a Sunday and le

8、ft soon.我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。4. 用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一” oHe missed the gold medal in the high jump, but he will get a second chance in the long jumpI他在跳高比赛中没得到金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。5. 用在形容词的比较级前，表示“一个更的”。IIIf we sit near the front of the bus, well have a better view.如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。6. 用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。；物质

9、名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。 但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词， 前面可加不定冠词。；Tony is a famous pianist.Im absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。have a holiday 度假 a visit to 参观 as a result 因此 in a hurry匆忙地 a waste of的浪费（二）固定搭配中的不定冠词不定冠词常用于某些固

10、定搭配中，常见的有:have a gift foi有的天赋get a lift/ride 搭便车 pay lend sb. a hand帮助某人 as a rule通常，照例 at a distance离一段距离be/go on a diet 节食 a knowledge of 知道 make a living 谋生 for a while 暂时，一旳 a matter of的问题有人口 I 占的面积What a pity!真遗憾！a collection of 一批have a good time 玩得高兴 in a sense/way在某种意义上 all of a sudden 突然hav

11、e a population ofcover an area of二定冠词;(-)定冠词的基本用法;1.特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。;I went to a university in New Zealand.The university was founded in the early twentieth century.我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。2-用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示-类人或物。 As we all know, the brain is the centre of thought.众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。I I : As a matte

12、r of fact, the rich arent always happy.事实上富人并非总是快乐的。；名师点津the rich 富人the poor 穷人the old老人the young年轻人hhe+血厂表示一类人的常用短语：the dead 死者the aged 老人1the living活着的人the injured/wounded 受伤的人3. 用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only, very, same等之前。 （2016-全国甲卷）Wete bringing you an exciting evening of live rock and popmusic fro

13、m the best local bands.1我们带你去参加当地最好的摇滚和流行音乐之夜。I I 4. 用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前。丨II（2014* 陕西高考单选）The village where I was born has grown into a town. 我出生的村庄已变成了一个城镇。5. 用于表示朝代 年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年As is well known to alb the Second World War broke out in the 1930s. 众所周知，二战爆发于20世纪30年代。；6. 用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人

14、或夫妇俩。The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。7. 用于世界上独一无二的事物前。No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence, as it happened so long ago.I没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。&用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。IlliIAs far as I know, he likes playing the piano.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。(二)固定结构及固定短语中的定冠词。1.固定结构中的定冠词(1)

15、用于by+the+表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示按计算” -Its said that John will be in a job paying over $60, 000 a year.Right, he will also get paid by the week.据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。I I ；是的，他的工资还将按周支付。(2)用于“动词+sb+介词+the+身体某一部分”结构中。His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face.那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。I 用于 the more.the more.(越越

16、)结构中。The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make. 你越小心，就会越少犯错误。2.固定短语中的定冠词at the moment此刻；目前in the end1最后，最终to tell the truth说实话to the point1中肯；切题at the same time1同时Jon the contraryon the wholein the distanceby the wayin the middle of相反 总的来说 在远处 顺便说一下 在中间三零冠词（一）零冠词的基本用法;下列情况下不用冠词。Illi

17、;1. 表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。I I :Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which youll make great progress. 记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。I I ITelephones are still playing an important role in peoples life.电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。2. 表示月份 季节 星期几 节假日、洲 三餐 球类 学科 棋类名词 前。A year can be divided into four seasons-spring, summer, autu

18、mn and winter. 一年可以分为四季春、夏、秋、冬。;；3. 与by连用的表示交通工具 通讯工具的名词前。IIAre you going there by plane or by ship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？4. 系动词tum后的单数名词作表语时。After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager;多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位好经理。:；5.表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。；Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school,

19、told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.55这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会 到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”（二）固定结构及固定短语中的零冠词1. 固定结构中的零冠词“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语，主句”，意为“虽然但曰”疋0Young man as he is, he has seen much of the world.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。on purpose故意地 catch fire 着火face to face 面对

20、面make room for 让位in shape 健康in danger在危险中 from time to time 不时地 day after day日复一日地 by chance 碰巧 at dawn在黎明 out of date过时的in debt负债 on foot步行 side by side 并排 ； hand in hand 手拉手 heart and soul全心全意地（2014-江苏高考单项填空）Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay in shape.1

21、汤姆总是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持健康。I I （2016天津高考）The dictionary is out of date： many words have been added to the language since it was published.这本字典过时了：自从它出版以来，这门语言已增添了许多单词。高效练跟踪检测I卸強勘跨蠡雜通关核心考点针对练I 单句语法填空1(2017汕头二模)Without the proper treatment, minor(injury)orburns could lead to more suffering and even loss

22、of lives.2. (2017青岛一模)They were the kind that I did not have in my(collect)so I placed them carefully in my bag.【导学号：34802185 3. (2017烟台 3 月诊断)Three months later, Zejd was able to communicatehappily with all his classmates about regular things like homework and(game)4. （2017-泰兴质量检测）For sustainable d

23、evelopment, the government hasdecided to give（prefer）to those energy-conserving and environment-friendlybusinesses in many aspects.5. （2017江西红色七校一联）As he 叩proached the bridge, the sound got louderand then he sawpitiful sight.6. （2017-ill东下学期综合测试 IIRecently when he tooklook at hiscollection of books,

24、 he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago.7. （2017-烟台 3 月诊断）But a parent of another child came up withevenbetter ideagetting the whole class to learn sign language along with Zejd.8. （2017芜湖、马鞍山第一次质检）Most seriously, relying on smartphones tomake friends does not give ussame advantage as maki

25、ng new friends inthe real world.9. （2017-江西师大附中、鹰潭一中 4 月联考）For your generation to live inbetter world, there is so much more our generation can do.10. （2017漳州质检）Zhangzhou City has gained a good（repute）forhaving successfully hosted the Flower Expo.【笞案】1 1. injuries 句意：如果得不到妥善治疗，轻伤或轻度烧伤可能会导致更 大的痛苦甚至死亡

26、。形容词后需加名词作主语，injury为可数名词，minor前没 有不定冠词，故需用injury的复数形式injuries表示泛指。1! 2. collection 句意：因为它们是我收藏中没有的那种，因此我把它们小心 地放在了我的包里。形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式，故答案为collectiono 3. games 句意：三个月后，Zejd能够利他的同班同学很愉快地对诸如家庭作业、游戏等常规事情进行交流了。介词like后需用名词形式，game为可数 名词，在本句中表示泛指，故用其复数形式。ill4. preference 句意：为了可持续发展，政府己经决定在很多方面给那些 节能环保企业优惠。

27、give preference to.给 以优惠。5. a 句意：他快到那座桥时，声音变得更大了。然后他看到了一幕凄惨 的景象。设空处后的名词sight作“景象，情景”讲时，为可数名词，在本句中 表泛指，故与不定冠词连用。；I I I I11 6. a 句意：最近，当他查看他的藏书时，他发现了那本61年前借的旧书。 匕kealook(at.)”为固定短语，意为“看一看”。丨 丨丨! 7. an 句意：但是，另外一位孩子的家长想岀了一个甚至更好的主意 让全班的学生和Zejd 起学习手语。设空处后的idea为可数名词，在本句中表 泛指，故设空处用不定冠词；设空处后的even以元音音素开头，故答案为

28、血。& the 句意：最严重的是，依赖智能手机交友并不能给我们带来与在现 实世界交友同样的益处。the same.as.意为“与和一样的”。；1 9. a 句意：为了让你们这一代生活在更好的世界里，我们这一代有很多 事情可以做。“a+比较级+名词”意为“更的”。10. reputation 句意：漳州市因成功举办了花卉博览会而赢得美誉。由空 前的冠词。及形容词good,可断定此处应用名词单数形式0 repute为不可数名词, 故填 reputation o gain a good reputation 获得好名声。II 单句改错1. （2017-南平 3 月质检）Often she buys

29、some toy for him to play with, especially on his birthday.2. （2017邯郸一模）During the next few days, we visited the world-famous sight, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, and the Forbidden City, which contain a large number of precious treasures.3. （2017邯郸一模）In the Spring Festival, my family and

30、 I went to Beijing and had different holiday.4. （2017-黄冈 3 月质检）1 was walking to school this morning when I caught a sight of an old woman with a walking stick lying on the ground.5 （2017-温州联考）One Monday afternoon, we were playing the basketball inthe playground when I suddenly slipped and fell over.

31、【笞案】1 1. toy-toys 句意：她经常为他买一些玩具来玩，尤其是在他生日那天。 some意为“一些”，故需将后面的名词toy改为复数形式。i 2| sightsights 句意：在以后的几天中，我们参观了诸如长城、颐和园、 紫禁城等世界级景点，这些地方有大量的稀有珍宝。根据“such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, and the Forbidden City” 可知需将 sight 改为 sights0 3. different holiday前加a 句意：春节时，我和我的家人去了北京，度过 了一个不寻常的假期。have a holida

32、y为固定短语，意为“度假”。；1 4.去掉sight前的a 句意：今天上午我正在步行去上学，这时我看到了 一位手拿拐杖的老妇人躺在地上。catch sight of为固定短语，意为“看见”。故 将sight前的去掉。 I I I I I II* 5.去掉basketball前的the 球类运动的名词需与零冠词连用，故将 basketball 前的 the 去掉。I 语法填空Im 26.Fm clear that Pm never going to catch up with Mother Teresa.But I want 1_(do) something to help people eve

33、ry single day like 2 (she)Everybody thinks we just serve food and soda(苏打汽水) The safety training is serious and 3 (stress). Caring for 49 people in a business class in 90 minutes is not easy.Were not 4 (robot). Its hard to put on a smile and just pretend everything is great when it isnt.Ive seen co-

34、workers lose a family member the day 5 a trip and just pull themselves togethertake control of their feelings 6 behave in a calm way.At the end of a 14-hour flight, its like, “It was really nice to help you, but Im ready for you to get off the plane.” Those last 15 minutes can be the 7 (long) 15 min

35、utes of your life.You cant wait to turn off the flight servers voice and get something to eat without anyone 8 (say)uExcuse metWhen you say thank you, its meaningful.lt makes us feel like you _9 (actual)treat us as fellow humans.Were up there together at a height of 30, 000 feet, enjoying 10 miracle of the moder