情态动词+过去分词

1、情态动词表推测+过去分词第二部分 知识讲解 语 法(一) 过去分词一、构成和用法过去分词是动词非谓语形式的一种（v-ed），在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾语补足语。过去分词特点：l 过去分词（常常）表示“被动”含义。l 作状语和定语时，多数是由相应的从句转化而来。1. Interested in the stories (as they were interested in her stories), they gave Tracy Wong $15,000 in advance. 状语2. The first mammal cloned from an adult cell（that was

2、/ had been cloned from an adult cell）was Dolly the sheep. 定语3. The name mentioned in the letter（which was mentioned in the letter）was unknown toWe were surprised to find that the window was broken. 表语4. He found it hard to make himself understood. 宾语补足语二、过去分词做定语1）English is a widely used language. 定

3、语2）The book written by the farmer is very popular. 定语 单个过去分词作定语，常放在被修饰词的前面; 过去分词短语作定语，常放在被修饰词的后面。1. 及物动词的过去分词表示结束了的被动动作或者没有一定的时间性，只表示被动关系。 polluted water = water which is polluted reserved seats = the seats which were reserved trapped animal = the animal which was trapped2. 不及物动词的过去分词不表被动，只表示动作发生在谓语

4、动词之前，含有动作完成，动作结束之含义。 boiled water = water which has boiled fallen leaves = the leaves which have fallen risen sun = the sun which has risen3. 过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。 The books, written by Guo Jingming, are very popular with teenagers. 这些书是郭敬明写的，深受青少年的喜爱。 Some of them, born and brought up in rural

5、 villages, had never been to Beijing. 他们中的一些人，在农村出生并长大，从没过北京.4. 过去分词，现在分词，不定式作定语区别 With a lot of different problems to settle the newly-elected president is having a hard time. The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday (在昨天会议上讨论的) was very difficult to solve. The man standing at the window is o

6、ur teacher.过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作已完成。现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。二、过去分词作表语：表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。许多动词的过去分词已经被当作形容词使用。如：disappointed, excited, moved, puzzled, pleased, surprised, lost等。1）He got interested in the two theories. 表语.2）Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood 表语3）The

7、window is broken. 1. 用作表语的过去分词被动意味很弱，主要表示动作的完成和状态，此时相当于一个形容词。2. 被动语态的过去分词动词意味很强,句子主语为动作的承受者，后面常跟by短语。 The glass is broken. The glass was broken by Tom. The windows are closed. The windows are closed by Jack.3. 表示“感觉流露”的一些过去分词(如:interested, surprised, excited, frightened, shocked) 和一些过去分词 (如dressed,

8、drunk, devoted, lost, known) 常用作表语,表示状态.其中有些仅表示状态,毫无被动意味。 How did the audience receive the new play? They got very excited. How did Bob do in the exams this time? Well, his father seems pleased with his results. She was very disappointed to hear the result. Hes quite experienced in teaching beginner

9、s. 4. 定语和表语的转换（作定语时，多数是由相应的从句转化而来）Past Participle as the Attribute定语Past Participle as the Predicative表语1.terrified people1.people who are terrified2.reserved seats2.seats that are reserved3.polluted water3.water that is polluted4.a crowded room4.a room that is crowded5.a pleased winner5.a winner th

10、at is pleased6. Astonished children6.children who look astonished7.a broken vase 7.a vase that is broken8.a closed door8.a door that is closed9.the tired audience9.the audience who feel tired10.a trapped animal10.an animal that is trapped11. an organized way11.a way that is organized12. affected are

11、a 灾区12.the area which is affected13. stolen culture relics13.culture relics that had been stolen14. the book recommended by the teacher14.the book which was recommended by the teacher15. printed articles15.articles that are printed5.固定搭配Eg. Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.类

12、似的有：get burnt, get hurt , get wounded.EXERCISE The rooms are being painted, so you cant move in. As soon as he entered the city, he got lost. What he has done is really disappointing .Now his parents are disappointed with him. 5. 现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别l 现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义l 现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或完成 a movin

13、g movie 感人的电影 a moved audience 被感动的观众 boiling water 正在烧(煮沸)的水 boiled water 已煮沸的水 developing countries 反展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 falling leaves 落叶(正在进行) fallen leaves 落叶(已经完成) The child standing over there is my brother. The room facing south is our classroom. The book written by Lu Xun is very

14、good. The road completed yesterday is leading to Tibet.三、过去分词作宾补用法归纳英语中过去分词可作宾补，（此时的过去分词一般是及物动词）表被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。做宾补的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。如：She found the door broken in when she came back. （宾补与宾语有被动的关系，表一种状态。)1过去分词用在表状态的动词keep, leave等的后面。 They kept the door locked for a long time. Keep

15、your mouth shut and your eyes open.(谚语：少说多看） Dont leave such an important thing undone. Dont leave the windows broken like this all the time.2. 过分词用在get, have, make, 的后面。 注意“have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情况：A）表让某人做某事/让某事（被人）做 I have had my bike repaired. The villagers had many trees planted just then.B) 表遭遇到某种不幸

16、，受到打击/受.影响，蒙受. 损失 I had my wallet stolen on a bus last month. The old man had his leg broken in the accident. He had his leg broken in the match yesterday.l make+宾语+过去分词,在这种结构中，过去分词的动词必须是表示结果含义的。如： They managed to make themselves understood in very simple English. I raised my voice to make myself he

17、ard.3. 过去分词用在感观动词watch, notice, see, hear, listen to, feel, find等后面。如 When we got to school, we saw the door locked. We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops. He felt himself cheated. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.4过去分词用在want, wis

18、h, like ,expect等表示“希望，愿望”这一类动词后面做宾补。如 The boss wouldnt like the problem discussed at the moment. I would like my house painted white. I want the suit made to his own measure. I wish the problem settled.5. 过去分词用在“with +宾语宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。如： The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind h

19、is back. With many brightly-colored flowers planted around the building, his house looks like a beautiful garden. With everything well arranged, he left the office.6过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别。现在分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是主谓关系。其动作与谓语动作同时进行。过去分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是动宾关系。其动作先于谓语动作。不定式作宾补：表一个完成的动作或表一个很短时间内看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作。 He didnt

20、notice me waiting. I heard the song sung in English. I saw him opening the window. I saw the window opened. I saw him open the window. I heard her sing the song in English. 四、过去分词作状语过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语时，说明动作发生的背景或情况，其等同于一个状语从句。vt. 过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系，表示被动和完成，vi. 过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。 Worried about the journey

21、, I was unsettled for the first few days. Well-known for their expertise, his parents company . Confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. Exhausted, I slid into the bed and fell fast asleep. Heated, water changes into steam. The professor came in, followed by a group of y

22、oung people.1 作原因状语，等于as/since/because 引导从句 Moved by what she said, we couldnt help crying. = (As we are moved by what she said2 作时间状语，等于when 引导时间从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生，可在分词前加when/while/until 等使时间意义更明确。 When heated, water can be changed into steam. Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.=

23、 (When the park is seen from the hill3 作条件状语等于 if/whether 引导从句 Given more attention , the cabbages could have grown better = (If they have been given more attention . Compared with you , we still have a long way to go = (If we are compared with you 4 作方式或伴随状语 The actress came in, followed by her fan

24、s. She sat by the window, lost in thought.5 作让步状语 Much tired, he still kept on working .（Although he was tired, he6 独立主格结构： 当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时，分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。 The boy rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat. All things considered, your article is of great value tha

25、n hers. United, we stand; divided, we fall. If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided, we will fall.7 过去分词短语与状语从句的转换 Asked what had happened, he told us about it. = When he was asked what had happened, Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures. =Bec

26、ause he was well known for his expert advice, Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.= If we were given more time, Once translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers. = Once it was translated into Chinese, Deeply interested in medicine, she decid

27、ed to become a doctor. = Because she was deeply interested in medicine, Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all.= Although he was left alone at home,8. 现在分词与过去分词作状语区别现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，；而过去分词与其逻辑主语之间则表示被动关系。 Seeing these pictures, I couldnt help thinking of those days when I was in Be

28、ijing. Seen from the top of a thirty storeyed (thirty-storey/thirty storied) building, Beijing looks more magnificent. 注意 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如： Used for a long time, the book looks old. Using the book, I find it useful. 注意:1.过去分词表示主语所处的状态 Lost in thought, he alm

29、ost ran into the car in front of him.(lose) Dressed in white, she looks more beautiful.(dress)用于此类的动词词组还有 be lost in be dressed in be interested in be devoted to be supposed to be caught in the rain be seated in be prepared for be determined to be equipped with 注意2：形容词化的过去分词与现在分词有些动词的过去分词和现在分词已经变成了形

30、容词，这类动词的往往与人的心理感受有关，如：amaze（使吃惊）amazedamazing; excite（使兴奋）excitedexciting; please（使满意）pleasedpleasing; thrill（使紧张）thrilledthrilling等。这类过去分词表示：“感到的（having the feeling of ）”，表示人的感受，例如： The public was shocked at his intention to clone a human. The disappointed parents gave a wry smile.流露出的（showing the

31、feeling of），用来形容人的“表情、眼神”等，常修饰像look, expression, eye等名词，如： The audience wore a bored look on their faces. 现在分词则表示“令人（感到）的（giving the feeling of），主要修饰表示事物的名词，但也不尽然。如： The result is disappointing. They rejoiced at the exciting news. 试比较：the disappointed boy（感到）失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩感到失望）the disappointing boy

32、令人失望的男孩（意思是说这个男孩令人失望） 注意3：不与主语保持一致的固定结构 generally speaking一般说来 strictly/ frankly speaking 严格地说/坦白地说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration全面看来 Judging from his face, he must be ill. Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 注意4：下面的例子中过去分词不表示被动：l Th

33、e ground is covered with fallen leaves. 地上铺满了落叶。l At present China is still less developed than most western countries. 目前中国还没有多数西方国家发达。l Eating boiled eggs will do you good. 吃煮鸡蛋对你的身体有好处。 结论：fall（掉，落下），develop（发展），boil（煮）等动词在上例中是不及物动词，不及物动词是不能表示被动的，它们的过去分词形式只表示“完成”、“过去”。 注意5： 过去分词的否定（not，never等）要放在

34、过去分词前面。如：l Not given enough time, I had to give up halfway. 由于没有给我足够的时间，我只得中途放弃。 注意5：修饰分词的副词一般置于分词的前面。如：l Greatly encouraged by the story, we are determined to do our best for the country. 在这个故事的鼓舞下，我们决心全心全意为祖国服务。 注意 6： 过去分词还可以与其它词组成合成形容词。(1) 副词过去分词：well-educated（受过良好教育的），ill-treated（受到恶劣对待的），overus

35、ed（被滥用的），homemade（家制的）(2) 名词过去分词：hand-made（手工制作的），man-made（人造的）(3) 另还有，形容词（或名词）名词ed的形式：kind-hearted（心地善良的），absent-minded（心不在焉的），warm-blooded（温血的）五、图解分词（分词各种形式的比较）在多数情况下，现在分词表示“主动”、“进行”的含义； 过去分词表示“被动”、“完成”的含义；如果是“被动”但又是“进行”，那么就用“现在分词的被动式”，“现在分词的被动式”一般用作定语。如果是“主动”但又是“完成”，那么就用“现在分词的完成式”，“现在分词的完成式”用作状语。

36、如下图： 现在分词的被动式 the bridge being built 正在（被）兴建的桥主动 进行 现在分词 the workers building the bridge 正在建桥的工人被动 完成 过去分词 the bridge built 已（被）建成的桥现在分词的完成式 Having built the bridge, the workers were allowed some days leave. 建完了桥后，（二）情态动词表推测能用于表推测的情态动词：must, can, could, will, would, may, might, should, ought to （一）情

37、态动词表推测的三种句式 1. 在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might / could（也许，或许）。 （1）He must/may/might know the answer to this question? （2）It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。 2. 否定句中用cant / couldnt(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。 （1）It cant/couldnt be the headmaster. He has go

38、ne to America. 这不可能是校长，他去美国了。 （2）He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。 3. 疑问句中用can/could (能?)。 （1）Could he have finished the task? （2）Can he be at home now? 注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。 （二）情态动词表推测的三种时态 1.对将来情况的推测，用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。 （1）She must /

39、 may / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。 （2）She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone. 2. 对现在或一般情况的推测，用 “情态动词 + be”，对正在的推测, 用 “情态动词 +be doing” （1）He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. （2）He cant ( couldnt ) / may ( might

40、 ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。 （3）Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ? 布什先生一向准时，这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢？ 3.对过去情况的推测，用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。 （1）It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet. 地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。 （2）Th

41、e door was locked. He can (could) not / may (might) not have been at home. 门锁着，他不可能/可能不在家。 （3）Can / Could he have gotten the book？ 难道他找到书了吗？ 注：情态动词 should /ought to表推测时，意为“想必会，理应”但与“have +过去分词”连用时，则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。例如： （4）Its seven oclock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment. 现在七点钟了，杰克理应

42、随时到达。（推测） （5）She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look after her mother in hospital. （虚拟） 她本该出席你的生日晚会的，可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。 （6）Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm. （虚拟） 汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密，可是他并无恶意。补充强调：推测的句型特点（对某一次的推测句型有两部分：语气和时态）（1）语气部分：（

43、以下情态动词语气由强至弱） 肯定句：must、may、might（=could） 否定句：cant（=couldnt）、maynt、mightnt 疑问句：can、could（语气更加委婉不确定）（2）时态部分： be表示对现在的推测 have done表示对过去的推测 be doing表示对正在进行的推测u 语气部分写在前时态部分写在后，组合在一起就是推测。（三）几组表推测的情态动词用法“情态动词完成时” 既需要掌握这一结构的基本用法，又应该仔细体会题干所提供的语言信息，准确理解语言环境和说话人的含义，尤其要注意题干中时态给予的暗示。1. must have done 表示对已经发生的事情的

44、推测，意为“一定，想必”, 句子中表示的是一种肯定的推测。这种结构一般只用于肯定句，其否定形式是cant （couldnt）have done ，表示“不可能，肯定不会”。例如：He didnt hear the phone . He must have been asleep. 他没有听到电话响，他肯定是已经睡着了。He must have been to Shanghai. 他一定去过上海。They cant have gone out , because the light is on . 他们不可能出去，因为灯亮着。2. can（could）have done表示对过去的时间内可能发生

45、的事情的猜测，can have done 一般只用于否定句和疑问句。could have done 还可以用于肯定句，常用来表示本来可能完成而实际未完成的动作，也可以表示主观猜测：即对已经发生动作或已经存在的状态作出主观上的猜测，通常可译为“可能（已经)”，有时需根据具体语境来翻译。如： Tom could have taken the money; he was here alone yesterday. 有可能是汤姆把钱拿走了，昨天他单独一个人在这里呆过。 We knew he couldnt have paid for it, because he had no money. 我们知道不

46、可能是他付了这笔钱，因为他没钱。 Can he have left already? 他会已经离开了吗？ They cant have gone out because the lights on. 他们不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。 He cant have finished the work so soon. 这项工作他不可能完成得这样快。 We could have walked to the station, it was so near. 我们本来是可以走到车站去的，路很近。3. may（might）have done （1）表示对已经发生的事情的不太肯定的推测，意为“可能已经，或许已

47、经”。（2）虚拟用法表示本可以做，但却没做（表示很委屈地责备）If we had taken the other road , we might have arrived earlier. 如果我们选择另一条路，我们可能会到得早一些。He might have given you more help, he was very busy. 他本来是可以给你更多帮助的，尽管他很忙。4. neednt have done 指实际上做了本来不必要做的事，意为“本来不必”。例如：There was plenty of time. She neednt have hurried. 时间很充裕，她本不必匆忙

48、。You neednt have told him the news. 他本来不必把这个消息告诉他。5. should （ought to）have done 指本该做而实际未做的事，意为“本来应该”。其否定式shouldnt（oughtnt）have done 则表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。例如：You should have started earlier, but you didnt. 你本应该早一点出发，但是你没有。You ought to have helped him （but you didnt ）. 你本应该帮助他。We shouldnt have waited for h

49、er because she never came. 我们本不应该等她，因为她根本不会来。6. Would have done 本想做（却没做）wouldnt have done 本不想做（却做了）I would have helped you, but I was too busy. 我本想帮你，但我太忙了。（三）情态动词复习一、基本含义：请划出例句中体现情态动词用法的部分，并把其用法总结在表格里。如第一个例句已给出需划线的部分。情态动词用法例句can, could表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。= be able toCan you lift this heavy box?表示请求和允许-C

50、an I go now? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could, might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。This hall can hold 500 people at least.表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。Can this be true?This cannot be your pen.He cannot have been to that town.“can/could + have done”用于虚拟语气，

51、本能够做某事而实际上并未做某事。You could have come 5 minutes earlier.Can 可以表示某人或某物一时的特点，可以翻译为“有可能，有时会”。It can be very warm in this area 。这个地区有时可能非常暖和.Be able to 表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”Although he cant swim, yet he was able to cross the river.may, might表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用cant或mustnt，表示“不可以，禁止”。- May/Mig

52、ht I take this book out of the room?- Yes, you can. (No, you cant / mustnt.)用于祈使句，表示祝愿。May you succeed!表示推测、可能性（表示此意时，不用于疑问句）。might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。Your mother may /might not know the truth.Without the heavy traffic, we might have caught the train.习惯用法：may / might as well + do “不妨”习惯用法：may / migh

53、t as well + do “不妨”Must/have to表示必须、必要。在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustnt（禁止，不准），而用neednt, dont have to（不必）.must是说话人的主观看法， 而have to则强调客观需要。- Must we hand in our exercise books today?- Yes, you must.- No, you dont have to / you neednt.I had to work when I was your age.表示推测、可能性（只用于肯定的陈述句）Your mother must be w

54、aiting for you now.It must have rained yesterday, didnt it?“偏偏”We were going to see a movie, but it must rain yesterday.dare, needdare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为daredHe darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。- Need I finish the work today?- Yes, you must. / No, you neednt.“neednt + have done”表示虚拟语气，本不必做某事而事实上却做了。ou neednt have waited for me.shall, shall 用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。What shall we do this evening?shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。You shall fail if you dont work har