新目标英语八年级下第10单元知识讲解及随堂练习

1、 Unit 9 Ive had this bike for three years.Teaching Goals:1. Learn and master the new words and phrases: 2. Talk about past experience ( present perfect tense)Important Points of Teaching1. Train the students ability by talking past experience (present perfect tense )2. Train the students listening a

2、bility by listening practice. Difficult Points of Teaching1. The usage of since and for in the present perfect tenseTeaching Methods:1. Talk about fun places to arouse the ss interest in the past experience.2. Asking-and-answering activities to improving the ss speaking Key points:1. since &forsince

3、和for是现在完成时态中常见的表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态的标志词。Since “自从”，for “持续了”。since用来说明动作的开始时间，for用来说明动作延续的时间长度。since +过去的时间点，如：年，月，日，几点等 Since 1989 +时间段+ago since 3 month ago +一般过去时的从句 since you left meIt is+时间段+since+一般过去时的从句It is five years since I came here.2. forfor+一段时间3. since与for的句式转换since+时间段+ago=for+时间段The

4、y havent changed since twenty years ago.=They havent change for twenty years.注意：延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，短暂性动词表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。若现在完成时的句子中含表示时间段的时间状语（如含since,for引导的时间状语），则谓语只能使用延续性动词。持续性动词: 表示动作通常是持续性的，如： live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write,dance, sing,smoke 常与段时间连用。

5、例如：Mr Zhang has lived here for two years.张先生在这儿住了两年了。 He has taught there since 1987.自1987年来他一直在那儿教书。 不与点时间连用(do, have, eat等除外)。例如：Mary has worked at eight. ()She walked at five yesterday. () 瞬间性动词: 表示动作开始即停止，如：open,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start enter,finish,arrive,borrow,buy,break,c

6、lose,come,fall,go,leave,lend,marry, reach,receive , sell,等。 a. 从“开始发生”到 “结束/终止”, 几乎同时或在极短的时间里（如几秒钟/几分钟内）就完，成了“开始结束”的过程，如 “Close the door”, “Open the door” b. 有些瞬间动词的“开始结束的过程” 可能稍微长一些，但也不会很长的，如, “buy sth（买下）”付了款、拿了发票即完成了。 所以，“我买了这块手表5年了”，在汉语中说的通，但英语的表达就不能说： I have bought the watch for five years. buy

7、 sth - have sth (拥有)-have/has + had sth for A: I have had the watch for 5 years. B: It is (has been) five years since I bought the watch. C: I bought it 5 years ago. 同理，“borrow sth” “借书”在办理了相关的登记手续后就 结束了，不可能“借” 几个星期 或好几年的！ 汉语“这本书我已经借用了2星期了。” 的意思是：“我两周前（borrowed it），（在归还前）现在它还在我手里（I still have it or

8、Im still reading it.） Right or Wrong? A: I have borrowed the book for two weeks. . () B: I have had / kept it for two weeks. C: Its 2 weeks since I borrowed it. D: I borrowed it 2 weeks ago. 总结：终止性动词的肯定式是不能持续的，所以不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，而终止性的否定式就可以和表一段时间的状语连用，因为否定本身就是可以延续的。 如：have a cold是持续性动词，表示“状态”，可与表延续性的时

9、间状语连用，不定冠词不能省略。 终止性动词构成的现在完成时，不可以用表示一段时间的状语（如：since 和for引导的短语）来修饰，终止性动词构成的现在完成时，只表示动作发生的因果关系，不能表示动作的延续，因此不能用表示一段时间的状语来修饰。 如可以说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area. 但不可说：The Red Cross has already started for the earthquake-stricken area for three days. 因为start是终止性动词, 它所

10、表示的动作短促, 当红十字会出发时，start这个动作便结束了, 不可能延续两天。 常与点时间连用。例如：She often goes to bed at ten.她经常十点钟睡觉。 不能与段时间连用。例如：He has joined the army for two years. ()She has come here for half an hour. () 此外，终止性动词与延缓性动词在翻译上也不同，很易混淆。就终止性动词与延缓性动词的含义问题 1. 在连词since引导的时间状语从句中， 用终止性动词的过去时或用延缓性动词过去时，其含义是大不相同的。 A. since所引导的时间状语从

11、句中，如果句子谓语是终止性动词的过去时， 则从句表示的时间是从“那一时刻开始”。 eg. He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从他来校以来，一贯努力学习。B. 在since所引导的时间状语从句中，其谓语是延缓性动词的过去时，那么从句所表示的时间是从延缓性动词所表示的动作结束时算起。 eg. I havent heard any noise since I slept. 自从我醒后，没听见任何声音。 2. 介词for引导的时间状语，在翻译时有两种不同的情况： A.介词for引导的时间状语和延缓性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用

12、时，有两种不同的含义。 He has not lived there for six months.他不住在那儿已六个月了（他住在那儿还不到六个月。） B.介词for引导的时间状语和终止性动词的现在完成时的否定式连用，只有一种含义。 eg. Mary has not left here for six months. 玛丽已六个月没有离开过这儿了。 句中含有till 或until 引导的短语或从句，从句中的谓语动词可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的注意两种情况： 1. 如果主句中动词是延续性的动词，动词肯定或否定都可以，只是含义不同。 2. eg. He listened to the radi

13、o until his father came back. 他听无线电一直到他父亲回来为止。 eg. He didnt listen to the radio until his father came back. 直到他父亲回来，他才听无线电。 2. 如果主句中的谓语动词是终止性动词，则只能用否定式。 eg. Mr. Smith didnt marry until he was forty- five. (right) 史密斯先生到四十五岁才结婚。 Mr. Smith married until he was forty-five. (wrong) 1) 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、

14、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。 He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果) Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历) 2) 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才 He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 点才回 来。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10点。 Ive had a cold since my arrival（到达 n.）.

15、I didnt go to school because I had had a bad cold for days. catch a cold是短暂性动作，表“动态”：它不能和延续性时间状语连用，不定冠词“a”可有可无，catch可用take,get代替。 Put on your coat,or youll catch/take/get a cold. Take care not to get cold. 但是，若cold前有形容词修饰时，则不定冠词不能省。 如：Brown has taken a slight cold. 注意下列句子： I have caught a cold for o

16、ver a week.() I have had a cold for over a week.(对) 延续性动词常不能和表示一个短暂具体的时间状语连用；这类动词如用于进行时态，则可以和表示一个短暂具体的时刻连用。 He worked at eight yesterday afternoon.() He was working at eight yesterday afternoon.(对) 瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如可说“He has left.”但不能说“He has left for three years.” 如 果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几

17、种表达法： 1、 用ago,使用一般过去时。 He left here three years ago. 二、用“It is +一段时间since 一般过去时从句 ” It is three years since he left here. 三、用“ 一段时间have/ has passed + since + 一般过去时从句” Three years have passed since he left here. 以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。 另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的动词或者表状态的be+名词形容词或副词介词短语等。 I

18、have bought this book for three months. 1. 直接转化成延续性动词 buy catch (get) a cold borrow/lend come/go /become 常见的瞬间动词变为延续性动词：borrow-keep die-be dead buy- have come back-be back go out-be out join/take part in-be in/ be a member of begin-be on leave- be away from become- be fall asleep-be asleep catch a c

19、old-have a cold end/finish-be over 例句： 1、 他买了这本书两年了。 误：He has bought the book for two years. 正：He bought the book two years ago. 2、 他们认识5年了。 误：They have got to know each other for five years. 正：They have known each other for five years. 3、他父亲死了五年了。 误：His father has died for two years.正：His father ha

20、s been dead for two 4、 汤姆参军4年了。 误：Tom has joined the army for four years.正：It is (has been) four years since Tom joined the army. arrivebe here begin(start)be on die be dead fall ill(sick,asleep)be ill(sick,asleep) get upbe up go out be out finish be over put on wear 或be on open be open join be in或

21、be a member of close be closed go to schoolbe a student borrow keep buy have catch(a cold) have(a cold) get to know know begin to studystudy come to workwork get upbe up等 如： 1. He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。 2. His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。 3. The film has been on f

22、or ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。 4.We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了短暂性动词可以转化成延续性动词直接换成延续性动词 buy 买-have 有 borrow借- keep保留 put on 穿-wear 穿着come/go/become来/去/变成-be在/是转换成be+名词join the army 参军-be a soldierjoin the Party入党-be a Party membergo to school去上学-be a student 是学生转换成be+形容词/副词die死亡-b

23、e dead 是死亡的begin开始-be on在上映转换成be+介词短语go to school去上学-be in school 在上学2. Jeffs family is having a yard sale.sale用作名词，意为“出售，销售”，on sale意为“出售，上市”；for sale意为“待售，供出售”，尤指从主人手里出售。e.g. Chickens are on sale in the market. 小鸡在市场上出售。 Im sorry, its not for sale. 抱歉，它不出售。3. 3. Amy thinks its hard to sell her old

24、 things.艾米认为卖掉她的旧东西很难。 Its +adj. (+for sb.) to do sth. 意为“（对某人来说）做某事时的”，it 是形式主语，真正主语是后面的动词不定式。e.g. Its important for un to learn English well. 学好英语对于我们来说是很重要的。4. Amy wants to keep her old things because they bring back sweet memories.艾米想保留她的旧东西，因为它们勾起她的甜蜜回忆。memory n. ，意为“记忆；回忆”，复数形式为memories，动词为mem

25、orize，意为“记忆，背诵”。e.g. She has a good memory. 她记忆力好。5. Ive had this magazine for a couple of months. 这本杂志我买了几个月了。a couple of 表示具体的数量“两个”，指两个相同的人或物体; 表示数量不定的“少数几个”，作这种虚指的用法时，具体意思往往视上下文和具体的语境而决定，例如：You have to wait for a couple of hours for the clothes to dry completely. 你得等上一两个小时让这些衣服完全晾干。6. The storie

26、s inside may be a bit old, but theyre still interesting.a bit 意为“一点儿，稍微”，修饰形容词或副词，相当于 a little； a bit of +不可数名词，a little直接加不可数名词。 e.g. There is a bit of/a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有点儿水。not a bit =not at all 意为“一点也不” not a little =very 意为“非常” e,g. She is not a bit happy. 她一点儿也不快乐。 He is not a l

27、ittle tired.=He is very tired. 他非常累。7. And check out these soft toys and board games for younger kids.check用作及物动词，意为“检查，审查”，短语check out，意为“察看，观察”。e.g. If you finish it，check it by yourself first. 如果你完成了，就自己先检查一下。Check out all the books for children. 察看一下所有的儿童书籍。 8. We have already cleared out a lot

28、of things from our bedrooms. clear v. 清理；清除 clear out 清理；丢掉 e.g. Ill clear out that closet for you. 我要替你把那个小衣橱清理出来。9. We have decided to each sell five things that we no longer use. no longer 意为“不再；不复”，有时可用 not any longer 或 not anymore 替换。如：He no longer lives here. (= He doesnt live here anymore/any longer.) 他不再住这儿了。10. My daughter was more understanding, although she also felt sad to part with certain toys.1) certain adj. 意为“某种；某事；某人”。e.g. He