状语与状语从句

1、第二十一章 状语与状语从句21.1 概述状语用来修饰与限制动词、形容词，用来说明动作发生或状态存在的时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、伴随状态等。或是对整个句子进行解释说明，表明说话人对事情的看法或态度。状语可以由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、名词词组、复合结构以及从句等充当。副词、介词短语、不定式、分词作状语请参照有关各章。下面我们重点讲一下形容词、名词词组、复合结构、从句充当状语的情况。21.2 形容词或形容词短语作状语表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式或伴随的状态。这个形容词与句子的主语之间往往具有逻辑上的主系表关系。如：Corrupt through and t

2、hrough, he didnt think of the peoples welfare at all.Modest and amiable, he made us feel at home.Hot, the fish is delicious.Happy, he is easy to cooperate with.Helpless, he watched his house destroyed by the storm.Full of energy, he played tennis two hours.He hid himself in the quilt, afraid of the

3、thunder.He sat quiet in front of the house.21.3 名词词组作状语名词词组，或含介词短语、副词、形容词等复杂的名词词组可以作状语表时间、方式、位置、条件、程度、度量等。如：He stayed here two weeks.It weighs five kilos.First thing in the morning he turns on the radio and listens to English programs.We should serve the people heart and soul.He likes to do it his o

4、wn way.We walked a long way to the university.They completed the project two months ahead of time.Im sorry I arrived five minutes late.The food is five days overdue.It measures twelve meters long.He lives a long way from here.There is a stone Bridge called Lugou Bridge thirteen kilometers southwest

5、of Beijing.21.4 复合结构作状语状语可以由一个名词（代词）和另一成分构成复合结构充当，这种结构也叫独立结构。这种结构作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式、伴随状态等。常用的复合结构有以下几种：1. 名词（代词）+分词：Autumn coming, the peasants are busy getting in rice.Weather permitting, we will go out for a travel.Mr. Wang being away on business, I had to deal with it myself.The problem settled

6、, the workers went back home.He lay on the ground, his hands crossed under his head.All things considered, we should stop the program.2. 名词（代词）+形容词：He listened to the teacher carefully, his mouth half open.A patient sat on the chair, his face pale with pain.His dog afraid of thunder, he took it in h

7、is arm.The peaches ripe, they would pick them up to sell in the town.3. 名词（代词）+不定式：Well have two parties in the week, one to be held by Liu Ying, the other by Li Mei.I have published three volumes of this series, the fourth one to come out next month.4.名词（代词）+介词短语：The robber rushed into the bank, ri

8、fle in hand.He sat on the sofa, his hands on his lap.He was walking along the river, a dog behind him.5. 名词（代词）+副词：There are no students in the classroom, all the lights on.He put his coat on, wrong side out.His father away, he stayed at home alone.6. 介词with后面有时也可以跟复合结构作状语，作用相当于独立结构。可以表原因、条件、行为方式、伴随

9、状态等。如：With the teacher beside them, the students concentrated themselves on their study.With the coach leading, the players ran around the playground.With the problem solved, we felt relaxed.With the color lights on, the yard looks more beautiful.She felt nervous with a lot of people staring at her.

10、He rushed into the room, with a book in his hand.21.5 时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的词有：when, while, as, since, after, before, till (until), whenever, once, as soon as, the moment, the instant, the minute, each time (first time, next time), the day (the year, the hour), instantly, immediately, directly, hardly.when

11、 (before), scarcely.when (before), no sooner.than等等。下面讲一讲时间状语从句应注意的地方及一些连词的具体用法。1. 时间状语从句，如果指未来的事情，用一般现在时态表将来。如：As soon as he arrives, Ill let you know.When I come tomorrow, Ill bring you your books.He wont stay at home until his mother returns.2. while, when, as引导的从句：while引导的时间状语从句，动词要用延续性动词，表示“在做.

12、的期间”，且常用进行时态。如：While we were talking, he was playing with his playmates.While she was going shopping, her mother helped her take care of her baby.如果表示主句和从句的动作进行的时间一样长，还可以用as long as。如：My mother worked as long as I played. 注意：while除了引导时间状语从句之外，还引导让步状语从句，相当于although;或引导条件状语从句，相当于as long as，这时，从句一般放在句首

13、。如：While I admit that those problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cant be solved.While there is life, there is hope.when引导的从句，动词可以用瞬间动词，也可以用延续性动词，可以表示主句和从句的动作同时进行，也可以表示从句的动作与主句的动作先后发生。如：When he was doing his homework, his friend came and asked him to play.When he came in, I was listening to

14、 the radio.I was about to go to work when he telephoned me.When he came to the office, I made tea for him.as引导的从句，动词可以用延续性动词，也可以用瞬间动词，表从句和主句动作同时发生。如：As I was wandering in the street, I met her.He was singing songs as he was working in the field.As ice is heated, it changes into water.3. since引导的时间状语

15、从句：主句一般用现在完成时态，从句用过去时态。从句用非延续性动词时，表示自从这个动作发生以来；从句是延续性动词时，表示自从这个动作结束以来。如：He has taught in the university since he graduated from university.Mary has lived in China since she left her motherland in 1980.Mr. Wang has worked in the company since he lived in Shanghai.（自从他离开上海以来）Lily has been a secretary

16、in the company since she stayed with us.（自从离开我们以来）如果用延续性动词，要表示动作开始以来，从句可以用现在完成时态表示。如：Mr. Wang has worked in the company since he has lived in Shanghai.（自从住在上海以来）Lily has been a secretary in the company since she has stayed with us.（自从和我们住在一起以来）如果主句只表示延续的时间，可以不用现在完成时态，用一般现在时态。如：It is five years since

17、 he joined the army.（他参军已经五年了）It is five years since he was in the army.（他离开军队已经五年了）4. until (till)引导的时间状语从句，主句是延续性动词用肯定形式，主句是非延续性动词用否定形式。He will wait until we arrive.I was reading newspapers until my mother came back from shopping.The meeting didnt begin until he turned up.We wont leave until you a

18、rrive.如果主句是否定形式，从句提到主句的前面时，否定词not也要提前，主句要用部分倒装的形式。如：Not until I send my daughter away will I get down to the work.Not until he came did I go home.在强调结构中，强调从句，否定词not也要一起强调。如：It is not until I send my daughter away that I will get down to the work.It was not until he came that I went home. 5. no soone

19、r.than, hardly.when/before, scarcely.when/before表示“一.就.”，往往表示过去的时间，前面用过去完成时态，后面用过去时态。如果no sooner, hardly, scarcely提到句首，用部分倒装的形式。如：He had no sooner arrived than he began to work.No sooner had he arrived than he began to work.He had hardly taken up the official post when he got down to the program.Har

20、dly had he taken up the official post when he got down to the program.21.6 地点状语从句地点状语从句用where, wherever等引导，往往用一般现在时表将来。如：Where there is a will, there is a way.The city lies where the two rivers meet.Make a mark where you have any problems.Wherever you go, Ill follow you.I will go wherever I can find

21、 a job.21.7 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的词有because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that等。如：I was absent from the meeting because I wasnt informed of it.I couldnt go to Beijing on business as my mother was ill.Since none of us have different opinions, well carry out the plan.Seeing that he needs a c

22、omputer badly, his parents decide to buy one for him.Considering that he is a new comer, I often give him some help.有些形容词后面的从句也是表原因的，也可以说是原因状语从句。如：Im glad that he has gotten the first place in the competition.I felt proud that Chinese players achieved great successes in the Olympic Games.He was disa

23、ppointed that he lost the chance to be promoted.21.8 目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的词有that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等。如：He went early that he could sit in the front.They asked me to be on guard so that they could set their minds at ease.He sent the letters by air mail in order that it mi

24、ght arrive a little early.Please take an umbrella in case it rains.He wore a thick coat for fear that he should catch a cold.21.9 结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的词有that, so.that, such.that等。如：Whats happened that he hasnt returned yet?He ran so fast that we couldnt keep up with him.She spoke English so clearly that a

25、ll of us could understand her.I am reading such an interesting book that I cant stop until I come to the end.有时so.that与such.that可以互换。如： She is so careless that her teacher often criticizes her. Her carelessness is such that her teacher often criticizes her. I saw such a moving film that I couldnt he

26、lp bursting into tears. I saw so moving a film that I couldnt help bursting into tears.有时还可以用倒装语序。如：Such is her kindness that I wont forget it.So quickly did he speak that I couldnt understand.21.10 条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的词有if, unless, suppose/supposing (that), in case, as long as, so far as, on condition (

27、that), provided (that), granted that等。往往用一般现在时表将来。如：If you need any help, please telephone me.As long as we stick to it, we can overcome any difficulty to achieve our goal.Granted that he doesnt help us, we can also finish it.Ill lend the book to you on condition that you return it on time.21.11 让步状

28、语从句引导让步状语从句的词有：although, though, as, even though, however, no matter wh-等。用一般现在时表将来。如：Although（Though）I gave him some advice, he didnt take it.Although it was getting dark, the farmers had to work in the field by the lights of tractors.如果从句表示的是一种臆想时，只能用though。如：Though all the people were against me,

29、 I should stick to my opinion.Though everyone dislikes you, I will not.Though引导的从句可以用倒装语序，把从句的表语、宾语或状语提前。though用倒装语序的时候，可以用as代替。如：Hard though/as he studied, he failed the exam.Difficult though the problem was, I managed to work it out.Child though he is, he is a good help to me.（句首的child不能用冠词a）whate

30、ver, whoever, however.等引导的从句只有作状语的时候，才等于no matter wh-.如： Whatever you do, Ill support you. No matter what you may do, Ill support you. Whoever you may be, I wont let you in. No matter who you may be, I wont let you in.However difficult it may be, well overcome it.由no matter., wh-ever引导的让步状语从句，有时候可以用

31、倒装结构代替，此结构中的谓语常常带有will, would, might等。如：Do what he might, he would try his best to do it.Come what may, you must keep calm.21.12 比较状语从句比较状语从句用than, as, the more.the more.等引导，也可用一般现在时表将来。如：He studies as hard as you do.Tom runs as fast as Mike does.They did it better than we had expected.He looks heal

32、thier than when I met him last.The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.The harder you study, the better your grades will be.21.13 方式状语从句方式状语从句可以用as, as if, rather than, according as等引导。如：Ill do as you suggested.I can remember all the things in my childhood as if they happened yesterda

33、y.He spoke to us as if he was our teacher.I should take care of you rather than that you take care of me.He shouldnt go far according as you said.在(just)as.so这一结构中前半部分也是方式状语，意思是“正如同.，也.”Just as a mouse meets a cat, so he meets his teacher.有时候so也可以引起倒装。如：Just as a leader speaks to us, so did he speak

34、 to us that way.21.14 评注性状语（或独立成分）评注性状语时用来对整个句子进行解释或说明，表明说话人对话语的看法或态度，有的也把它叫做独立成分，通常位于句首，用逗号隔开。一些副词、不定式、现在分词、介词短语、形容词、从句等可以用于评注性状语。1. 副词：Luckily, his step-mother was very kind to him.Briefly, we couldnt accept your demand.试比较：Happily, he recovered and went to work.（高兴的是他恢复了健康，上班去了。评注性状 语）He went to

35、work happily.（他高兴地上班去了。修饰性状语）Personally, he wont interview you.（个人认为，他不会见你。评注性状语）He wont interview you personally.（他不会亲自见你。修饰性状语）2. 不定式To be sure, some of them are against us.To tell you the truth, Im not very interested in playing tennis.可以作评注性状语的不定式短语（也就是不定式的惯用法）有to sum up, to be frank, to be sure

36、, to tell you the truth, to be gin (start) with, to make matters worse等。3. 分词：Generally speaking, it is hot in summer in Guangdong.Considering her age, she looks young.Judging from his accent, he came from North-east China.可以作评注性状语的分词有generally (frankly, strictly, roughly) speaking, speaking of., pu

37、tting it mildly (说轻点), judging from., seeing that, provided that, concerning, considering等。4. 介词短语：In my opinion, we should go to the south of China for the holidays.By the way, please tell Kate I am going to see her.In other words, we need to be much more careful.这样的介词短语还有in conclusion, as a result

38、, to ones surprise, in a word, in all等。5. 形容词：Sure enough, he came again the next day.Important of all, we were encouraged by his words.Worse still, he became an orphan after the earthquake.6. 从句：If I may say so, he is not fit for the job.What is more, the production has been increased.What is more

39、remarkable, he rode a bike here. 练习十五 状语从句选择正确的答案填入相应的空格中:1. Much I admire him as a leader, I dont like him as a husband.a. althoughb. thoughc. thatd. such2. I was about to go to bed I heard a knock at the door.a. asb. whilec. whend. as soon as3. They stopped talking and fighting they saw the teache

40、r appear.a. as long asb. asc. whiled. as soon as4. had he arrived home than the telephone rang.a. Hardlyb. Scarcelyc. No soonerd. If5. Hawai is an interesting city to visit I want to travel there as soon as possible.a. so.thatb. such.thatc. hardly.whend. no sooner.than6. he is in your grade, you oug

41、ht to be able to know him.a. Ifb. Seeing thatc. Althoughd. Just as7. I am sure that we can overcome the difficulties we are closely united.a. so thatb. in order thatc. just asd. as long as8. Beijing is the capital of our country, Chengdu is the capital of Sichuan province.a. Just as.sob. Hardly.when

42、c. Because.sod. Though.but9. You have a lot of chances to be promoted, you are still young.a. so thatb. considering thatc. such thatd. in that10. is the expense of car not many people will be able to afford it.a. So.thatb. As.thatc. Such.thatd. Such.as11. She made such a great contribution to her co

43、untry one of the cities was named after her.a. thatb. asc. whend. because12. All of the students gave the teacher stormy applause he appeared in the classroom.a. the momentb. a momentc. in a momentd. at a moment13. Dont watch TV you are studying.a. whileb. untilc. sinced. as soon as14. Id like to go

44、 for a leave, I cant go right now.a. Much sob. As muchc. Much asd. So much15. she is a new teacher and inexperienced, she has done quite a good job.a. Being thatb. Given thatc. Suppose thatd. Considering that16. You will be late you hurry.a. expectb. withoutc. unlessd. besides17. Dont go out you hav

45、e tidied your bed.a. since b. thenc. afterd. until18. He will go to Tibet how hard the journey is.a. anywayb. consideringc. no matterd. because19. Strike the iron is hot.a. whenb. asc. whiled. since20. Im glad to do you want me to do.a. thatb. no matter whatc. no matter howd. whatever21. She is that

46、 all of us like her.a. such lovely a girlb. so lovely a girlc. so a lovely girld. as lovely a girl22. He doesnt know the value of the friendship he has lost it.a. untilb. sincec. whend. as23. on a travel, I always have some books to read.a. Duringb. In case ofc. In time ofd. while24. You should not

47、stay here any longer the rain is over.a. whenb. now thatc. as ford. that25. He had to work several years for money he could continue his studies.a. beforeb. whenc. whiled. as26. we admit ones good points, we should see his shortcoming.a. Ifb. Whilec. Whend. Now that27. While walking in the dark, he

48、didnt have any money with him he be robbed.a. so thatb. in order thatc. such thatd. for fear that28. People see things differently they have different experiences.a. just asb. so thatc. according tod. according as29. may happen, I will be on your side.a. No matter howb. Howeverc. Whatd. Whatever30.

49、your son has graduated from university, you no longer have anything to worry about.a. As soon asb. Whenc. Untild. Now that31. Trees must be planted there is a lot of sunlight.a. thatb. whichc. whered. in which32. I left him a note he wanted to know where we were.a. in caseb. so thatc. thatd. if33. he worked all night, he could