平江四中2012年下期高一语法专题-定语从句-学生版Word版

1、平江四中2012年下期高一语法专题 -定语从句目标和任务:掌握了下面几点你就掌握了定语从句：1、什么是定语从句/什么是先行词/ 什么是关系代词/什么是关系副词2、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别（逗号）：3、定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面/(如没能紧跟其后则叫)分隔定语从句：4、关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略(在非限定从句中除外即不能省略)：5、区分：A.如何选用关系代词与关系副词B. 如何选用 that 与 whichC. 如何选用 that 与 whoD. 如何选用 who 与. whom E. 如何选用 which 与 as6、介词常可以提前(结构紧密的短语除外)7、whose

2、的用法：作定语（表人或物）8、定语从句的谓语与先行词保持人称和数的一致。9、同位语从句与定语从句的区别：具体知识讲解：一：概念：在复合句中充当_语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于_词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫_，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系_和关系_两种。二：关系代词引导的定语从句：引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that , whose等。它们用来连接定语从句，并分别在从句中代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表

3、语或定语。关系代词用法一览表关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分_人主语、宾语、表语Whom人_语Which_主语、宾语That人或物主语、宾语、表语whose人或物_语1 / 9e.g. The trees are behind the office building. They have lost their leaves. The trees _that_are behind the office building have lost their leaves. (主语)He always buys some books. He never read them. He always buy

4、s some books _he never read. (宾语)It used to be a small town. It is no longer a small town.It is no longer the small town _ it used to be. (表语)She has a brother. I cant remember his name. She has a brother _ name I cant remember. (定语)注意点：1.） 定语从句一般直接跟在先行词的后面：e.g. The man who lives next door sells veg

5、etables. ( ) The man sells vegetables who lives next door. ( ) The car which my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake. ( ) The car was destroyed in the earthquake which my uncle just bought. ( )2）关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略：e.g. The young man ( who ) you saw was our manager. There is something ( th

6、at ) we must keep in mind. 3).who和whom都可以作从句的宾语，但从句的介词提前时，不能用who.This is the person who/whom I borrowed the book from.This is the person from _ I borrowed the book.4.) 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，但介词提前时， 关系代词只能用which 或 whome.g. The man is a famous runner. You talked to him just now.The man to _ you talk

7、 just now is a famous runner.The chair is made of wood. He is sitting on it now. The chair on _he is sitting now is made of wood.有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般还是放在动语之后，不提前.若将定语从句中搭配极为固定的短语中的介词提前,其中的短语可能会失去它们本身的意义或可能使句子产生歧义, （如look after, look for, depend on, go in for (迷恋), take care of等短语. ）He was the b

8、oy after whom the woman had looked for many years. ( )He was the boy whom the woman had looked after for many years ( )He is the student. / The teachers are looking for him. He is the student who the teachers are looking for. ( )He is the student for whom the teachers are looking. ( )5).介词关系代词前还可以用：

9、some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词、名词或数词等构成复杂介词，如：His sons, both of whom loved music very much, spent most of their money on CDs.6). whose 的用法：关系代词与其后的名词构成所有格，即“.的”时，它既可以修饰指人的先行词，也可以修饰指物的先行词。e.g. The girl is my daughter. / Her work got the first prize.The girl whose work

10、got the first prize is my daughter.三：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：1、限制性定语从句：主句和从句_能隔开，从句_能省略，否则就会失掉意义不能成立。He is reading a book which is too difficult for him.Here is the boy who damaged the glass.2、非限制性定语从句：主句和从句用_号隔开，从句对修饰的部分起到进一步说明的作用，拿掉后其它部分的语意仍保持完整。e.g. The book is written by Guo Jinming, who is only 19 yea

11、rs old. Bobs father, who was an engineer, spent 4 years in Egypt. 注意点：1）在非限制性定语从句中关系代词不能省略。2）非限制性定语从句不能用that引导.e.g. She is very fond of French, which indeed she speaks quite well. 3）which还可以用来指代上文中的一件事情.e.g. Their house is washed away by the floods, which made them very sad. He lost his job finally,

12、 which was exactly what we wanted. 四、关系副引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where或 why等。when, where, why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。关系副词用法一览表关系副词指代的先行词充当从句的成分When表_时间状语Where表地点_状语_ 表原因原因状语1、当先行词是表示时间的名词，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语，这时一般可以用介词which来代替:e.g. I will never forget the day./ I went to unive

13、rsity on that day.I will never forget the day when/ on which I went to university.He still remember the morning. / The earthquake happened on that morning.He still remember the morning when/ on which the earthquake happened.2、 当先行词是表示地点的名词，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语，这时一般可以用介词which来代替:e.g. This is the house

14、. / He used to live in the house.This is the house where/ in which he used to live.I know of a place. / We can swim in that place.I know of a place where/ in which we can swim.3、先行词是表示原因的名词，即reason，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语，这时一般可以用for which来代替:e.g. I dont know the reason. / He did it for this reason.I dont

15、know the reason why/ for which he did it.The reason was not clear. / He was fired for it.The reason why/ for which he was fired was not clear. 注意点：1）当表示时间、地点和原因的名词在从句中不是作状语，而是在从句中作主语或宾语时，还是应用which/ thate.g. This is the date _ were proud of.This is the date _ he was born.I will never forget the time

16、_ we spent together.This is the factory _ my mother works.This is the factory _ we visited last week. Is this factory you visit last week?A. the one B. where C. which D. thatI dont believe the reason _ he gave for his decision.Another reason _ he made this decision is that he had to consider the fee

17、lings of others. 五、关系词的选择1、只用that的情况（选学内容）1).当先行词是不定代词，如all, everything, anything, something, nothing, much, few, little, none, the one等All that can be done has been done.I didnt mean this one; I mean the one that was bought yesterday.2).先行词（指物的）前面有any, only, few, much , one of, some , little, no, a

18、ll, every, very等词修饰时Theres no difficulty that we cant overcome.Ive read all the books that can be borrowed here.3).先行词被序数词first, last, next等或形容词的最高级修饰时This is the first letter that Ive written in Japanese.She is the most careful girl that Ive ever known.4).当先行词既有人又有物时They talked about the teachers a

19、nd schools that they had visited.The speaker talked of some writers and books that were unknown to us.5).当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时China isnt the country that she used to be 50 years ago.He is no longer the man that he used to be.Its a book that will help you a great deal.6)当主句是以who, which或what开头的

20、特殊疑问句时Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop?Which is the car that overtook us yesterday?7). 当主句以There be结构开头时，或关系代词在there be结构中作实义主语，先行项为物There is a seat in the corner that is still free.There are two tickets of the film that are for you.The 9.15 is the fastest train that there has ever bee

21、n.8). 当先行词是what时What did you hear that made you so angry?9).当先行词是基数词时Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive.2、只用which的情况（选学内容）1). 在非限制性定语从句中充当主语或定语They have three houses, which are built of stone.2). 当关系代词前有介词时This is the factory in

22、 which we once worked.We study in the classroom of which the doors face south.3)当先行词本身that是时Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?4). 当关系代词后面带有插入语时Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.Ive bought you some books which I think may interest yo

23、u.3、只用who不用that的情况（选学内容）1）先行词是one, ones或anyone时One who does not work hard will never succeed.Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.2）先行词为those 或被those修饰，指人时Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.3）

24、在以there be的句子中，先行词为人时There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.4）当定语从句中又有定语从句，且先行项都为人时The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.5）当指人的先行项被一些指物的名词修饰时There s only one student in the school who I want to see.Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is wor

25、king in the fields?6） 在非限制性定语从句中指人I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.7）定语从句中有插入语时, 并不影响关系代词和副词的选择。Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.He won another award, which I think is the result of his hard work. 4、 as 与which的比较在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句或句中某个部分，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语如从句在

26、主句之后，两者皆可用They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.用as的几种情况1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放在句首、句中和句尾。e.g. He is an American, as/which we know from his accent. As we know from his accent, he is

27、 an American. He, as we know from his accent, is an American. 2）如从句在主句之前，用as (如as is well known众所周知 ;as often happens这种情况经常发生;as is often the case情况常常这样;as is supposed如所预料的 ;as has been pointed out如所指出的 ;as has been said before如前所说;as is usual（某人）通常会)As we all know, his parents were killed in this war.As is known to all, the earth travels around the sun.3）如关系代词代表主句全句意思，有正如就象之意时，用asWe won the match, as we had expected.He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.4）当先行项被the same, such, so修饰时，用asHe bought the same diamond as I lost two years b