Abstract writing英文摘要写作方法PPT教学课件

1、 A well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety (American National Standards Institute, 1979b). 第2页/共27页第1页/共27页 The

2、Abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. The Abstract should be typed as a single paragraph. 第3页/共27页第2页/共27页 The Abstract should (1) state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation； (2) describe the methods employed

3、； (3) summarize the results； (4) state the principal conclusions. 第4页/共27页第3页/共27页 When writing the Abstract, examine every word carefully. If you can tell your story in 100 words, do not use 200. Most of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, because it refers to work done. The Abstract

4、should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method). Likewise, the Abstract should not include or refer to tables and figures.

5、第5页/共27页第4页/共27页Types of Abstracts Informative abstract (more detailed, and may include quantitative details) 信息性/报道性/资料性摘要 Indicative /descriptive abstract (brief and qualitative, indicating what kind of research has been done) 指示性/说明性/描述性摘要 Informative-indicative abstract 报道-指示性摘要第6页/共27页第5页/共27页2

6、.1 Informative abstract An informative abstract is designed to condense the paper. It can and should briefly state the problem, the method used to study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions. Often, the abstract supplants the need for reading the full paper; without such abstracts, sci

7、entists would not be able to keep up in active areas of research. This is the type of abstract that is used as a “heading” in most journals today.第7页/共27页第6页/共27页 2.2 Indicative abstract (1) Another common type of abstract is the indicative abstract (sometimes called a descriptive abstract). This ty

8、pe of abstract is designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper. However, because of its descriptive rather than substantive nature, it can seldom serve as a substitute for the full paper. 第8页/共27页第7页/共27页 2.2 Indica

9、tive abstract (2) Thus, indicative abstracts should not be used as “heading” abstracts in research papers, but they may be used in other types of publications (review papers, conference reports, the government report literature, etc.); such indicative abstracts are often of great value to reference

10、librarians. 第9页/共27页第8页/共27页 2.3 Informative- indicative abstractAn informative-indicative abstract is a combined form that bears a specific information about the principal findings and results and general information about the rest of the document. This type of abstract offers fewer details, instea

11、d, giving emphasis to the authors chief contribution. 第10页/共27页第9页/共27页The Formalized Structure of AbstractAn abstract usually consists of the following three major parts: topic sentence, supporting sentences and concluding sentences.第11页/共27页第10页/共27页3.1. Topic Sentence The first sentence in an abs

12、tract is usually called the “topic sentence”. By answering the question of “what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforwardly to the subject or the problem and indicate the primary objectives of the paper.第12页/共27页第11页/共27页3.1 Examples (1) The purpose of this paper is The primary goal of this

13、research is The intention of this paper is to survey The overall objective of this study is In this paper, we aim at Our goal has been to provide The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of第13页/共27页第12页/共27页3.1. Examples (2) The authors are now initiating some experimental in

14、vestigation to establish The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of With his many years research, the authors endeavor is to explain why第14页/共27页第13页/共27页3.1. Examples (3) The primary object of this fundam

15、ental research will be to reveal the cause of The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of The author attempted the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena 第15页/共27页第14页/共27

16、页3.1. Examples (4)nThe experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of nThe main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of Experiments on were made in order to measure the amount of The emphasis of this study lies in第16页/共27页第15页/共27页3.2 Supp

17、orting sentences The topic sentence is usually followed by more than one supporting sentences which further specify the subject to be presented. Research methods, experiments, procedures, investigations, calculations, analyses, results, and other significant information item will be provided in this

18、 part.第17页/共27页第16页/共27页3.2 Examples (1) The method used in our study is known as The technique we applied is referred to The procedure they followed can be briefly described as The approach adopted extensively is called Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using第18页/共27页第17页/共27页3.

19、2 Examples (2) The research has recorded valuable data using the newly-developed method This is a working theory which is based on the idea that The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows The theory is characterized by The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in第19页/共27

20、页第18页/共27页3.3 Concluding sentences As the ending part of an abstract, concluding sentences usually analyze the results, explain the application, and point out the significance of the research.第20页/共27页第19页/共27页3.3 Examples (1) In conclusion, we state that To sum up it may be stated that It is conclu

21、ded that The results of the experiment indicate that The studies we have performed showed that The pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated in We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that.第21页/共27页第20页/共27页3.3 Examples (2) The research we have done suggests that The i

22、nvestigation carried out by has revealed that Laboratory studies of did not furnish any information about All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of 第22页/共27页第21页/共27页Expressions for Abstract Writing report, show, demonstrate, model, indicate, suggest, propose, imply, reveal, present, discuss, describe, examine, measure, identify, infer, deal with, cope with, be concerned with, represent, estimate, 第23页