AcademicwritingresultsPPT课件

1、1Introduction of Results2Tables and Figures3Text of Results第1页/共37页Introduction of Results第2页/共37页What are the results? When you ask a question that can be answered by collecting samples, or pose a testable hypothesis that can be answered experimentally, you accumulate observations about those pheno

2、mena. Those observations are then analyzed to be an answer to the question. In general, the answer is the key result.第3页/共37页Is the average height of male students the same as female students in a randomly selected groups? 1. collect height data samples. 2. calculate the descriptive statistics.3. pl

3、ot these numbers. You found that male are 12.5 cm taller than the female students.Notice that the outcome of a statistical analysis is not a key result, but rather an analytical tool that helps us understand what is our key result. 第4页/共37页Why the result section is important?The value of a research

4、lies in the value of n its final resultsn the authors interpretation of the results Title and .Materials and methodsDiscussionResultsIntroduction第5页/共37页Function of the results?The function of the Results section is to objectively present your key results, without interpretation, in an orderly and l

5、ogical sequence using both text and illustrative materials (Tables and Figures).nDiagram/Table: Present whole, detailed results with data or curves. nText: Describe the most important results. Explain results shown in diagram/table. Describe the important characteristics in diagrams or tables. 第6页/共

6、37页Possible SubheadsResults Main Results Numerical Results Theoretical Results Experimental Results Simulation Results Measured Performance Lessons Learnt Performance Visual Observation Evaluation of 第7页/共37页Tables and Figures第8页/共37页Tables and FiguresEditors (and readers) look first (and maybe only

7、) at titles, abstracts, and Tables and Figures! Like the abstract, figures and tables should stand alone and tell a complete story.第9页/共37页 Organize the results section based on the sequence of Table and Figures youll include. You must refer to each Table and Figure , and tell the reader the key res

8、ults each of them conveys. Tables and Figures第10页/共37页Some problems to avoid: Do not reiterate each value from a Figure or Table - only the key result or trends that each conveys. Do not report raw data values when they can be summarized as means, percents, etc.Tables and Figures第11页/共37页Table Title

9、sTitles:Identify the specific topic or point of the tableUse the same key terms in the title, the column headings, and the text of the paperKeep it brief第12页/共37页Table FormatsFormat:Model your tables from already published tables! Dont re-invent the wheel!Use three horizontal lines: one above the co

10、lumn headings, one below the column heading, and one below the data第13页/共37页Tables: baseline, descriptive dataTable 1. Base-Line Characteristics of the Women Who Underwent Radical Mastectomy and Those Who Underwent Breast-Conserving Therapy.Veronesi et al. Twenty-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Study

11、 Comparing Breast-Conserving Surgery with Radical Mastectomy for Early Breast Cancer NEJM 347:1227-1232; October 17, 2002Three horizontal lines第14页/共37页FiguresThree varieties of Figures:Primary evidence GraphsDrawings and diagrams第15页/共37页Figures: Primary EvidenceBrief titleExperimental details Defi

12、nitions of symbols or line/bar patternsStatistical information第16页/共37页Figures: Primary Evidence第17页/共37页FiguresGraphsline graphsscatter plotsbar graphsindividual-value bar graphshistograms第18页/共37页Figuresline graphsUsed to show trends over time or ageCan display group means or individuals第19页/共37页F

13、rom: Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial Johnson et al. The Lancet. Volume 361;17 May 2003第20页/共37页Figuresbar graphsUsed to compare groups at one time pointTells a quick visual story第21页/共37页Scientific Writing, HRP 214FIGURE 2- Relationship between BMC

14、of the forearm/heel and time since menarche. *Significantly different than forearm BMC of group 1 ( 1 yr since menarche); BMCA: forearm BMC; BMCH: heel BMC.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2003; 35(5):720-729第22页/共37页Figuresscatter plotsUsed to show relationships between two variablesAllows r

15、eader to see individual data points第23页/共37页Figure 1. The Relation between the Percentage of Body Fat and the Serum Leptin Concentration in 136 Normal-Weight and 139 Obese Subjects.Considine et al. Serum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans NEJM 334: 292; February 1

16、, 1996 第24页/共37页FiguresHistogramsTo show or compare data distributions第25页/共37页80901001101201301401501600510152025PercentPOUNDS85-9595-105105-115115-125125-135135-145145-155155-165第26页/共37页Drawings and DiagramsFigures第27页/共37页Drawings: illustrate cause and effect/relationships Figure 2: Proposed pat

17、hways among disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, and low BMD. Solid lines represent associations suggested by the current study; dashed lines represent associations suggested by previous studies.第28页/共37页第29页/共37页Verb: show, present, display, summarize, depict, illustratee.g.Figure 3 shows the

18、 results obtained from studies of Table 5 presents the data provided by the experiments on This table summarized the data collected during the experiment of The effect of calibration are illustrated in Fig. 7(a) and (b). 第30页/共37页Present result directlyE.g. It is clearly shown in Table 1 that the information desire grows with the development of industry. The information desire grows with the development of industry (Table 1).第31页/共37页Voice: Table I summarizes the ADC performance. The measured output spectrum is shown i