创意问题解决TRIZ课件

1、創意問題解決創意問題解決TRIZTheory of Inventive Problem Solving 12 目 錄 z 簡介z TRIZ四個特性z 矛盾矩陣z 39項工程參數z 40項發明原則z 8種技術演化類型z 技術系統的演化型態z 創新情境問卷(ISQz z z 相關範例z TRIZ相關文章z TRIZ相關網站簡介 前蘇聯的Genrich Altshuller (1926)，在蘇聯政府認命下，審閱 200,000專利，發現只有2%的專利是真正的首創發明(pioneering inventions)，剩下的皆是使用前人已知想法或概念，加上新奇方法，這也奠下了TRIZ系統化的創意設計方法之

2、基礎 。 TRIZ依其39個參數、40個創新法則、76種標準解答、物質-場分析等分為不同的部份 ，藉此將一個問題系統化，形成實用可行的創意原理，並以快速及效率化的運作流程，解決困難度高的工程或製造方面的問題 TRIZ是解決問題的一種方法，其針對問題點的所在加以分析，並找出矛盾，再將矛盾分為物理矛盾與技術矛盾，進而採取不同的解決方式。 TRIZ是科技起源和科技發展之理論 TRIZ是一種可克服心理慣性(psychological inertia)之技術 TRIZ是一種為了分析、公式化和解決創意問題(inventive problems)之技術 TRIZ可指出結合各種科技知識及設計理念形成之產品功能

3、之未來發展方向 矛盾矩陣 Contradiction Matrix 當試圖改善一個產品或是工程特性時，卻導致另外一個產品或是工程特性惡化。傳統的方法是用妥協的方式，而TRIZ卻是利用消除的方法。 Altshuller分析歸納經常遇到技術矛盾的系統特徵共有三十九個，將其對應解決的法則，整理成矩陣的方式，提供一個快速簡單的方式，幫助你找到解決技術矛盾的法則，這個矩陣為39x39的矩陣，共有1263個元素 。 使用矛盾表時，先從矩陣之縱軸找出欲改善的參數，接著從矩陣之橫軸找出避免惡化的參數，對照到矛盾矩陣表中的元素，元素中的數字就是矛盾矩陣表建議解決此矛盾的創新發明法則。 39項工程參數(六大群組)

4、幾何3.移動件長度4.固定件長度5.移動件面積6.固定件面積7.移動件體積8.固定件體積12.形狀資源19.移動件消耗能量20.固定件消耗能量22.能源浪費23.物質浪費24.資訊喪失25.時間浪費26.物料數量害處30.物體上有害因素31.有害側效應物理1.移動件重量2.固定件重量9.速度10.力量11.張力、壓力17.溫度18.亮度21.動力能力13.物體穩定性14.強度15.移動件耐久性16.固定件重量27.可靠度32.製造性34.可修理性35.適合性39.生產性操控28.量測精確度29.製造精確度33.使用方便性36.裝置複雜性37.控制複雜性38.自動化程度 時間分離：NO.9,10

5、,11,15,16,18,19,20,21,22,29. 空間分離：NO.1,2,3,4,7,17,24,26,30. 構造分離(轉變至上位、次、對立系統)：NO.5,22. 、NO.1,27、NO.25,6. 改變物質形態(相變化) ：NO.13,28,32,35,36,38,39 時間：老花眼鏡及近視眼鏡 空間：老花+近視眼鏡 物質的物理狀態：鏡片使用自動調焦4040項發明原則項發明原則Segmentation 分割 免削鉛筆、組合式沙發、積木、 相容電腦硬體、接起來花園水管2.Extraction 移除照X光、無噪音中央真空吸塵系統、 機場用鳥聲音嚇走小鳥3.Local Quality

6、局部品質水中焊接、鉛筆加橡擦、 低噪音長壽命的複層輪胎4.Asymmetry 非對稱性 輪胎不對稱的紋路、不對稱的爐子、 可旋轉機身的迷你數位相機5.Combining 組合/合併高性能筆記型電腦冷卻系統高性能筆記型電腦冷卻系統6. Universality 通用/普遍性太陽能車的電瓶、沙發床、汽車座位、蓄太陽能發光路標7. Nested 堆疊免削鉛筆、俄羅斯娃娃、CSP封裝8. Counterweight 配重Run-Flat輪胎系統、水翼船9.Prior Counteraction 預先抵銷 加強混合柱、捲線收納器捲線收納器10. Prior Action 預先作用 打石膏前放入鋼條、 免

7、用電池與電燈泡之手電筒免用電池與電燈泡之手電筒11. Beforehand cushioning 預先緩衝 賽車旁的輪胎稻草、 圖書館的磁片、自清式抽油煙機排風罩自清式抽油煙機排風罩12.Equipotentiality 均衡潛能 在地下坑內引擎換機油、 特殊車輛搬動大水管13.Inversion 反向 利用振動法去掉表面的清潔、 汽機車的測試的運動14.Spheroidality 球體化 利用圓形跑道取代直線、 電腦滑鼠球的運動改變為平面15.Dynamics 動態性三組輪子的汽車過凸塊16.Partial or excessive actions 部份或過量作動 漆滴在圓柱上，旋轉圓柱17

8、.Another dimension 移至新的空間 凸透鏡讓房間照明提高、垂直放置木頭18.Mechanical vibration 機械振動 超音波振動清洗機械元件、鑄件的振動19. Periodic action 週期性動作噴水灑草、煙囪冒煙、扳手用力、警示閃燈20.Continuity of useful action 利用動作連續性 折斷鐵絲、懶惰蘇珊21. Skipping 急衝 切割薄的圓塑膠管，高速切下22. Convert Harm into Benefit 轉變害處為利處 沙用在雪地、高頻率電流會使金屬表面加熱， 用作表面處理23. Feedback 回饋 主動避震控制、主動

9、噪音控制24.Intermediary (Mediator) 媒介 影印碳粉25. Self-service 自我服務錐形混泥土的霸26. Copying 複製 利用影子量高樓、 利用拍照方式量樹頭尺寸27. Dispose 丟棄 紙尿布、紙褲28.Mechanics substitution 置換機械系統 監聽工具機狀態29.Pneumatics and hydraulics 氣壓或液壓構造 載貨車箱用氣球充空間、 包裝用汽包、汽車安全汽囊30.Flexible shells and thin films 可撓性薄板或薄膜 用薄膜分隔在不同液體的油罐車31. Porous Materials

10、 多孔性材料 印表機墨水盒的海綿、人工腎臟32.Color changes 改變顏色 鋼廠用布幕保護工人的熱度、 汽車隔熱紙、電池充電與否33. Homogeneity 均質性 利用氧的蒸汽器熔化固態氧34.Discarding and recovering 去除且重新產生零件 子彈的彈殼、發射衛星的援助筒35.Transformation of Properties 改變物質特性 轉換物體之物理、化學狀態36. Phase Transition 相變化波浪狀的管、液態瓦斯37. Thermal expansion 熱膨脹 雙金屬38. Accelerated Oxidation 加速氧化 增

11、加爐火，加氧39.Inert Environment 隔絕環境 滅火器、啞焊隔離氧40. Composite Material 複合材料飛機、自76種標準解答 七項系統進化的規則，對於整個工程品質及系統的改善，將有一個明確的進展目標。 進化S曲線 理想性目標 和諧性運作 動態性控制 複雜與簡化 節律調和 增加使用能量領域 增加理想性類型（2）演化階段類型（3）系統元件非均衡發展類型（4）增加動態與可控制性類型（5）增加複雜性再簡單化（6）部份耦合與非耦合類型（7）過渡至微觀水準與利用場觀念（8）減少人之交互作用增加自動化 一個設計或製程發展，從某一起始點向最後理想結果之演進，一般稱為理想性 理

12、想性(I)利益/( 成本+損失 ) 消除原系統缺點。 保留原系統之優點。 不會使系統複雜化(利用免費或可利用 資源) 。 不導入新的缺點。 任何物品能執行某種機能者，一般稱為技術系統。 任何技術系統可能由一個或多個次系統構成。 最簡單的技術系統是由兩元件所組成，而必須有一種能量從一元件作用到那一元件。 一系統中兩個子系統間之衝突。 在某一子系統建立有利功能，引起另一子系統產生有害功能。 在某一子系統消除有害功能，引起另一子系統有用功能之損 壞。 強化有用功能或減少有害功能，引起另一子系統或全體系統產生無法接受之併發症。 為某一目的，必須增加技術系統某參數狀態如溫度，同時為某一目的，必須降低技術

13、系統該參數狀態。創新系統的資料與環境系統名稱、主要功能、系統結構、子系統與元件交互作用、環境可利用的資源物質、場、功能性、資訊性、時間、空間、資源改變問題情況的資料改進、消除缺點、缺點發生的機制、問題的歷史改變的系統系統容許改變、限制操作環境資源需求主要有利功能相關有害效應理想結果找出技術性之衝突把多個無法解決技術性之衝突轉化為物理性之衝突輸入：以功能方式描述相關之有利或有害之功能及兩者關係輸出：問題之敘述問題敘述將以下列三種方式分類：解決問題之重要性改善系統之重要性問題太一般化而不被考慮四確認適當發明原則對每一問題敘述依技術衝突表確認適當發明原則五確認與提出所有可能解題概念 利用發明原則提出

14、解題概念六評估解題概念擬定標準確認理想解題概念工程計算工程設計原型製作系統、產品測試一七實施理想解題概念名 稱二擬定問題內 容 說 明確認並說明問題步 驟三問題敘述之分類ARIZ-85CNoSTEPTRIZ method1Identify and Formulate the problemUse Innovative Situation Questionnaire (ISQ)2Make S-Field Models of the system partsthat have problemUse S-Field model3Formulate an Ideal final result (IFR

15、)and define idealityDefine IFR and ideality4Make a list of the available resources(of the system, subsystems and thesupersystem)List the available resources5Look into database of examples and findan analogous solutionLook up the examples from the database ofinventive solutions for the trend ofevolut

16、ion that is applicable for your systemthe knowledge-base of Effects the knowledge-base of Standards8Implement solutions by using only thefree available resources of the system9Analyze the modified system to verifythat no new drawbacks appearResolve Technical or physicalcontradiction by using inventi

17、ve orseparation principles6Use Contradiction Matrix and Inventiveprinciples to resolve technicalcontradictions or use inventive separationprinciples to resolve physical contradictions7Starting from the S-Field model,Generate several solution concepts using 假如沒有吊車，如何將重達一噸的變壓器從一公尺高的磚台搬運至地上呢？答案可能是出乎你預料

18、的簡單。運用冰，將變壓器移至用冰塊堆疊起與磚台等高的平台，冰會融化，變壓器便會逐漸下降。怎樣才能加倍皮帶的工作時間而不用增加皮帶的長度呢？答案是Mobius Strip。拿一條紙，扭轉這紙條的一端一百八十度，再黏貼這條紙的兩端成為一個環日本三洋公司開發的超音波洗衣機，每分鐘可以產生5000萬個微細氣泡，氣泡破裂的衝擊波，內含每秒震動20000次以上的超音波，相當於每秒洗衣20000次。超音波微細氣泡能夠深入纖維內部，強化洗淨能力，使得洗衣劑用量減少一半，洗淨能力提高50%，而且衣物使用壽命增加兩倍。馬桶為日常生活中的重要用品，而馬桶用水大約佔一般家庭用水的40%，所以馬桶最需要改善的環境效率特

19、性為水的使用量，即 減少商品和服務的原料密集度，一種可以重複使用數十次的公文信封套，在大同公司已經使用了數十年，這種信封兩面印有數十個欄位的空白格子，可以書寫收發雙方的姓名和單位信箱號碼，收件者可將目前收發者的資料畫掉，繼續使用下一個空格發送文件。111) Object Pluralization Method1) Object Pluralization Method(3) Function Distribution Method(3) Function Distribution Method a. Eliminate a. Reassign to a different Object b.

20、 Multiply into 2, 3, ., inf. b. Divide the compound Functions c. Divide into 1/2, 1/3, ., 1/inf. and assign them separately d. Unify c. Unify multiple Functions e. Introduce or modify d. Introduce a new Function f. Introduce from the Environment. e. Vary the Function in space, g. From solid to powde

21、r/liquid/gas use space-related Functions. f. Vary the Function in time.(2) Attribute Dimensionality Method(2) Attribute Dimensionality Method g. Detection/measurement Function. h. Enhance adapting/coordination/control a. Deactivate a harmful i. With a different physical principle b. Activate a usefu

22、l c. Enhance a useful or suppress a harmful(4) Solution Combination Method(4) Solution Combination Method d. Introduce a spatial attribute or vary in space a. Combine functionally e. Introduce a temporal attribute or b. Combine spatially vary in time c. Combine temporally f. Change the phase or the

23、inner-structure d. Combine structurally g. Attributes at the micro level e. Combine at the principle level. h. Properties of the system as a whole f. Combine at the super-system level(5) Solution Generalization Method(5) Solution Generalization Method a. Generalize/specify b. Hierarchical system of

24、solutions(1)ObjectPluralizationMethodOperate on each Object to Pluralize it. Plural, in the sense of English language, means any number except 1; hence, 0, 2, 3, ., ?, 1/2, 1/3, ., 1/?, etc. Besides, introduce a new/modified Object.1a)EliminatetheObject(into0).(Simplification,Trimming) Eliminate the

25、 (subsidiary) Object in the system and reassign the Functions in the simplified system.(1b)MultiplytheObject(into2,3,.,?).Multiply the Object into 2, 3, . , and infinitely many, then modify the properties of the Objects (slightly or largely), and use them together.(1c)DividetheObject(into1/2,1/3,.,1

26、/?). Divide the Object into multiple parts (1/2, 1/3, ., 1/?), modify the parts (slightly, or differently for different parts), and combine them for using together in the system.(1d)UnifymultipleObjectsintoone. Combine multiple inter-related Objects in the system and turn them into one Object with u

27、nified structure and functionality.(1e)Introduceanew/modifiedObject. Modify the present Object in its properties or structure, or else introduce a new-type of Object having new properties and functionality, so as to achieve desirable effects and functionality.(1f)IntroduceanObjectfromtheEnvironment.

28、 Environment here means anything which is around the present system and is available easily and inexpensively. (Though this is pointed out in (1e) as the resource for obtaining an Object for modification and newly introduction, the use of the Environment is apt to be overlooked but important.)(1g)Re

29、placeasolidObjectwithapowder/fluid/liquid/gaseousObject. Replace a solid Object in the system with powder Object, and further with fluid/liquid/gaseous Object, which may introduce characteristic properties such as fluidity, flexibility, operability, reactivity, etc. In relation to the replacement, a

30、 different kind of substance (or material) and a different mechanism of operation are often needed. Note: This submethod (1g) may be regarded as an extension of submethod (1c) division of Objects, but is noted here because of the necessity of rather large change in the Object and in Functions.(2)Att

31、ributeDimensionalityMethod Each Object (or substance) has different kinds of properties (where each category of properties is called Attribute); thus we consider to newly use/stop using/enhance/fully use such properties. Especially, it is important to distribute/vary useful properties in space (incl

32、uding the inner structure) and in time in an effective way. Improving the properties of the whole system is an important target, too.(2a)Deactivate/makeirrelevanttheharmfulAttribute. Find any harmful properties in the system, and do not use them/make them irrelevant/turn them harmless/turn them into

33、 useful properties in the system.(2b)Activate/involveanewusefulAttribute. In the Object present in the system, start utilizing the Attribute (properties) (which has not been used yet) or introduce a new Attribute by modifying the Object. Further, if appropriate, replace the present Object with a new

34、 Object (or material) having such a useful Atribute and introduce a new function (or Field) which make the new properties effective. There are different sorts of Attributes. Consider the following types of Attributes:(2c)EnhancetheusefulAttributeorsuppresstheharmfulAttribute.Enhance the useful but i

35、nsufficient Attribute or suppress the harmful/excessive Attribute. The same kinds of Attrributes are handled as used in the previous submethod (2b).(2d)Introduce/enhanceaspatialAttributeordistribute/varyinspaceaharmful/usefulAttributeorAttributesvalue. Introduce or enhance an Attribute related to th

36、e space, or activate an Attribute (or vary the Attributes value) depending on different places in space (or different parts of an Object).(2e)Introduce/enhanceatemporalAttributeordistribute/varyintimeaharmful/usefulAttributeorAttributesvalue. Introduce/enhance the temporal Attribute(s) related to th

37、e operational phases, duration of operations, time frequency, etc. of the system, and depending on such temporal conditions activate different Attributes or vary the values of the Attributes in time.(2f)Changethephase,utilizethephasechange,orchangetheinner-structureoftheObject. Change the phase (i.e

38、. state of condensation) of Object(s) , utilize the phase change, or introduce/change the inner structure at the micro level for using various Attributes thus activated/enhanced.(2g)UtilizeAttribute(s)/propertiesatthemicrolevel. Consider/design the structure/properties/interactions of Object(s) at t

39、he micrometer or nanometer (or even smaller) scale, and solve the problem from the micro-level principles.(2h)Improvetheproperties/performanceofthesystemasawhole. (Besides the Attributes and Functions of the Objects as the components of the system,) consider the properties (or Attributes) and Functi

40、ons of the system as a whole and improve them by designing/implementing/improving the system and its components.(3)FunctionDistributionMethod For the purpose of achieving/improving the principal useful Function of the system, distribute/rearrange various useful Functions (and some harmful Functions

41、subsequently appearing) among the Objects which are already present, modified, or newly introduced into the system. Various Functions need to be transferred, divided, unified, or introduced. It is necessary to distribute/vary the Functions in a suitable way in space and in time, and further for bett

42、er working of the system it is the key to utilize higher-level Functions for adapting/controlling etc.(3a)ReassigntheFunctiontoadifferentObject. Reassign (or transfer) the present Function to a more suitable different Object which are already present or newly introduced in the system.3b)Dividethecom

43、pound/multipleFunctionsandassignthemtodifferentObjectsordifferentpartsofanObject.Divide the compound/multiple Functions present in the system and reassign the divided Functions to different Objects (already present or newly introduced) or different parts of Objects.(3c)UnifymultipleFunctionsandassig

44、ntheunifiedFunctiontoanObject. Unify multiple Functions of multiple Objects and assign the unified Function to one Object.(3d)IntroduceanewFunctiontoassigntoanObject. In order to achieve the target of the system or to solve the problem, introduce a new Function and assign it to an Object either pres

45、ent/modified or newly introduced.(3e)Distribute/varytheFunctioninspaceorutilizethespatialdistribution/motion/vibrationFunction. Distribute/arrange the Function(s) in some spatial order/structure and increase the degree of spatial freedom. Utilize/enhance the spatial Function(s) of distributing/movin

46、g/vibrating the Object(s) (or the Attribute(s) of Object(s).(3f)Distribute/varytheFunctionintime. Set the time (or timing) of operation of the Function(s) in an appropriate way. Set the timing of operation of a Function, in the sense of time period of operation (such as triggering event, operational

47、 conditions, etc.), temporal variation in the long time range, and temporal variation in the short time range (e.g., in pulses, in cycles, frequency, etc.), and also set the timing of multiple Functions in the sense of the sequential order, the relative timing of operations, etc.(3g)Realizethedetect

48、ion/measurementFunction. Perform the detection/measurement Function as simply and quickly as possible (especially, make the detection/measurement itself unnecessary, if possible) and by using Attributes sensitive and accurate for detection/measurement. See (3h) also.(3h)Introduce/enhancetheadapting/

49、coordination/controlFunction.Introduce/enhance Function(s) for adapting/coordinating/controlling the system and make the system higher and more intelligent.(3i)AchievetheFunctionwithdifferentphysicalprinciple.In place of the present Function (especially the one achieved by gravitational or mechanica

50、l principles), achieve the similar Function in a more effective and controllable way on the basis of a different physical principle(4)SolutionCombinationMethod Combine multiple solutions (or multiple elements of solutions) in various ways (such as functionally, spatially, temporally, structurally, a

51、t the principle level, etc.) so as to form a new solution which enhances the strong points, complements the drawbacks, and overcomes the contradictions. Also solve the problem by transferring to the super-system level.(4a)Combinesolutionsfunctionally.Combine multiple solutions by linking their Funct

52、ions. Especially, combine multiple solutions by linking Functions which are related in causal relationships or by combining Functions which are complementary or contrary with one another.(4b)Combinesolutionsspatially. Combine multiple solutions in respect to the spatial positions to apply; for insta

53、nce, at different places (for avoiding the mutual interferrence), at distributed places, side by side, in front and back (in sequence), on top and bottom, at the same place alternatively, inside of the other, as an inner-structure of the other, etc.(4c)Combinesolutionstemporally. Combine multiple so

54、lutions in respect to time to apply; for instance, in sequence (one after another), beforehand of the other, simultaneously (in parallel), afterwards of the other, in the reverse order, alternatively, in pulses, periodically, from time to time, interrupting/switching corresponding to the situations,

55、 etc.(4d)Combinesolutionsstructurally. Combine multiple solutions by forming a (hierarchical) functional structure in such a way that the solutions are performed alternatively under different conditions or performed at different levles.4e)Combinesolutionsattheprinciplelevel. Combine multiple solutio

56、ns based on different principles and form a solution in various ways; for instance, as a temporary solution in the transient stage, in a hybrid system, in a compromise, to back-up the other, to perform on a background of the other, etc.(4f)Combinesolutionsatthesuper-systemlevel. Consider the higher-

57、level purpose or principal function which should be performed by the system in the problem and solve the current problem by combining/coordinating the present system with the neighboring system(s) and forming/improving the higher-level system (i.e. the super-system).(5)SolutionGeneralizationMethod R

58、epresent a solution in a more general way, form a solution template, and obtain concepts of solutions in the associative manner. Also generate a hierarchical system of solutions.(5a)Generalize/specifythesolutionforassociativethinking. Replace the technical/specific terms in a solution with plain/gen

59、eric terms, form a plain solution template, and then obtain new specific conceptual solutions in an associative way.(5b)Constructahierarchicalsystemofsolutions. Classify a number of solutions obtained so far, make a hierachical system of solutions with respect to the levels of generalization, consid

60、er the overall view of the solution space, and try a comprehensive search of solutions.NotesofSymbolsforIllustrations: Objects:Oval: Object, especially Target Object which is affected by the Function. Rectangles: Objects, especially Tool Objects which act with the Function. Attributes: Attributes ar