cloning基因重组克隆技术PPT课件

1、Teaching Objectives1. Enlarge vocabulary2. Talk about the advantages and disadvantages cloning brings to us 3. Learn to identify the writers purpose4. Learn to write a letter of thanks第1页/共104页SectionsSection A Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning Section B Who Will Take Advantage of Human Clonin

2、g? Section C Twins Six Years Apart第2页/共104页Section A Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning第3页/共104页Table of Contents Background Information Warming-up Activities Text Analysis Vocabulary and Structure Vocabulary Test Writing 第4页/共104页 There are different types of cloning, and cloning technologies

3、can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. The three types of cloning technologies are: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning（基因重组克隆技术）, (2) reproductive cloning（再生克隆技术）, and (3) therapeutic cloning（干细胞疗法克隆技术）. What is cloning ?第5页/共104页 Dolly, the

4、 first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection on Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Celebrity Sheep Dolly (1)第6页/共104页 Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examina

5、tion of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years Celebrity Sheep Dolly (2)prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashioned way. 第7页/共104页 Sci

6、entists have been cloning animals for many years. In 1952, the first animal, a tadpole, was cloned. Before the creation of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal, clones were created from embryonic cells. Since Dolly, researchers have cloned a number of large and small anima

7、ls including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur. All these clones were created using nuclear transfer technology（细胞核移植技术）. What animals have been cloned? (1)第8页/共104页Dolly Cloned monkeys First cloned mule What animals have been cloned? (2)第9页/共104页Cloned twin goats First clone

8、d horse First cloned cat第10页/共104页 Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals t

9、end to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. What are the risks of cloning? (1) 第11页/共104页 Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early. About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died young,

10、and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to generate good data about how clones age. Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long term survival. Clones have been known to die mysteriously.What are the risks of cloning?(2

11、) 第12页/共104页Group Discussions (1)1. As far as you know, what are the advantages and disadvantages that cloning brings to us? Some fatal diseases can be cured with the application of cloning; the rate of success in organ transplant will be greatly improved; and the infertile couples are hopeful to ha

12、ve their own babies, etc. However, it may bring confusion and fear to us; it will threaten human society and dignity; and those clones may feel miserable if they are treated as organ donors instead of independent human beings. 第13页/共104页Group Discussions (2) 2. Should Humans be cloned? Due to the in

13、efficiency of animal cloning and the lack of understanding about this technology, Im strongly against it. Not only do most attempts to clone mammals fail, several cloned animals have died prematurely from infections. Moreover, we dont know how cloning could impact mental development, which is crucia

14、l for the development of healthy humans. With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning, the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and ethically irresponsible. 第14页/共104页Comprehension of the Text (1)How did the world react to the first successfully cloned sh

15、eep?第15页/共104页Comprehension of the Text (2)2. What are the two broad categories human cloning situations often fall into?第16页/共104页Comprehension of the Text (3)3. According to the author, why are twins more alike than clones? 第17页/共104页Comprehension of the Text (4)4. Biologically speaking, what is t

16、he only possible major difference between a clone and the original?第18页/共104页Comprehension of the Text (5)5. Why do some parents want to save their fatally ill child through cloning?6. Could cloned animals be used as organ donors?第19页/共104页Comprehension of the Text (6)7. How did Judith Martin sugges

17、t referring to ones DNA donors?8. What is the gravest concern about human cloning for society?第20页/共104页Main idea of the text When a world with human clones was suddenly within reach, peoples reactions to it were strong and varied. They puzzled over a number of questions about the legal and moral im

18、plications that had arisen from cloning.Text Analysis (1)第21页/共104页Text Analysis (2)Main Ideas of Each PartPart I (Para. 1)Part II (Paras. 2-3)Part III (Paras. 4-18)Part IV (Paras.19)With the success of cloning an adult mammal, the world was suddenly brought into the reality of human cloning.This pa

19、rt is about the worlds strong and immediate responses in the wake of Wilmuts announcement.This part offers complete or partial answers, from the up-to-date knowledge, to the six questions on the legal and moral implications of cloning.This part is intended to reaffirm the authors opinion that, altho

20、ugh the list of questions could go on, people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning.第22页/共104页implicationprohibitmountresembleminorfataldeliberateclassify word that/of succeed in doing draft guidelines for fall into in theory be identical to/with in terms of be con

21、cerned about be comparable/similar toWords and Expressions第23页/共104页Structures1. Typical patterns for advancing ones arguments2. Typical patterns for comparison and contrast3. Typical patterns for showing sb.s reactions to sth.第24页/共104页implication n. sth. that is suggested or sth. that is not openl

22、y stated 含义，暗示 He smiled, but the implication was that he didnt believe me. 他微微一笑,但这一笑暗示着他不相信我的话。2. involving or being involved, esp. in a crime 牵连，卷入 The implication of the general manager in the criminal case further complicated the whole situation. 总经理卷入这件刑事诉讼案使整个形势进一步复杂化了。第25页/共104页prohibit vt.

23、fobid, esp. by law or rule; prevent; make impossible 禁止，使不可能，阻止 Smoking is strictly prohibited in the process of handling explosive materials. 在处理易爆物时, 严格禁止吸烟。 The loudness of the music prohibits serious conversation in most nightclubs. 大多数夜总会里音乐声很响，没法进行严肃的谈话。第26页/共104页mount vi./vt. (1)vi. increase

24、gradually esp. in a way that makes a situation worse 增加，上升Four days after the accident, the death toll continued to mount. 事故发生的四天之后，死亡人数在继续上升。I really feel sorry for the old lady when I find she can mount the stairs only with difficulty. 当我发现这位老妇人上楼梯十分艰难时感到十分难过。vt. 1. go up or on to 登上第27页/共104页mou

25、nt vi./vt. (2)vt. 2. prepare and produce, organize 准备并进 行，组织The united opponent parties are getting ready to mount a powerful attack on the government. 联合起来的反对党正准备向政府发动有力的攻势。第28页/共104页resemble vt. look or be like; be similar, esp. in appearance to (sb./sth.) 像，类似 She resembles her mother in the way

26、she moves her hands when she talks. 她说话时打手势的动作像她妈妈。 We have produced a cloth made of pineapple fiber, closely resembling cotton but stronger. 我们生产出了一块由菠萝纤维制成的衣料，很像棉布但质地更结实。第29页/共104页minor a./n.a. smaller or lesser in degree, size,numbers or importance when compared with others 较小的，较少的；低级的，次要的 The im

27、portant thing is to finish it quickly; cost is only a relatively minor consideration. 重要的是尽快完成，相对而言，费用是次要考虑的事。n. a person who is below the age at which he or she becomes an adult legally 未成年人 In Britain you are a minor until you are eighteen. 在英国，你不满十八岁就是未成年人。第30页/共104页fatal a. a. very serious and h

28、aving an important bad effect in the future or (of illness, accidents, etc.) causing death 决定命运的，致命的 Global warming is fatal to the world and therefore scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. 全球变暖对于世界的影响是灾难性的，因此科学家们不断呼吁我们要警惕日益严重的全球变暖的危险。 It is f

29、atal to drive after drinking alcohol and exceed the speed limit. Such driving habits can lead to fatal accidents. 酒后驾车和超速驾驶会带来严重后果。这些驾驶恶习会导致致命的车祸。第31页/共104页deliberate a./vi./vt. (1)a. 1. planned 故意的，蓄意的 He is the very witness who testifies under oath that the fire which had broken out in the company

30、 was deliberate. 他就是那个证人，他发誓证明公司发生的火灾是有人蓄意放的。 2. moving, acting, or thinking slowly and usu. carefully 谨慎的，慎重的 When confronted with such a d e l i c a t e s i t u a t i o n , y o u a r e s u p p o s e d to t a ke d e l i b e r a t e actions. 面临如此微妙的局面，你应该采取谨慎的行动。第32页/共104页deliberate a./vi./vt. (2)vt

31、./vi. think or talk seriously and carefully about 认真考虑，研讨The senate has been deliberating the question for three days.三天来参议院一直在仔细斟酌这个问题。They met to deliberate on possible solutions to the problem. 他们开会仔细研讨解决问题的办法。第33页/共104页classify vt. divide things into groups according to type 分类，归类 The books in t

32、he library are classified by/according to subject. 图书馆里的书籍是按题材分类的。 Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment? 你认为她的小说属于“严肃文学”类，还是“纯娱乐”类？第34页/共104页word that/of 关于关于的消息的消息关于食品价格即将大幅上涨的消息在街关于食品价格即将大幅上涨的消息在街上传得很快。上传得很快。Word that there would be great increase in food pr

33、ices has beenspread fast on the streets.第35页/共104页succeed in doing sth. 成功地做成功地做了某事了某事如果他们成功地达成了停火协议，联合国将派驻维和部队。If they succeed in establishing a cease-fire, the UN will send in peace-keeping forces.第36页/共104页draft guidelines for 为为起起草指导方针草指导方针 她正忙着为下月的演讲比赛起草演讲她正忙着为下月的演讲比赛起草演讲稿。稿。 She was busy draft

34、ing her speech for next months speech contest.第37页/共104页fall into 可分成；属于可分成；属于 物以类聚，人以群分。物以类聚，人以群分。 Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into a group.第38页/共104页in theory 在理论上在理论上 你的计划理论上听起来不错，但我你的计划理论上听起来不错，但我不知道实际上是否行得通。不知道实际上是否行得通。Your plan sounds fine in theory, but I dont know i

35、f it will work in practice.第39页/共104页be identical to / with 与与一一模一样；就等于模一样；就等于 他的意见似乎和我的一样，这真的是我没有料想到的。他的意见似乎和我的一样，这真的是我没有料想到的。It seems that his opinion is identical to mine, which is really out of my expectation. 第40页/共104页in terms of 从从方面（来说）；方面（来说）； 根据；按照根据；按照 令我大为吃惊的是，现在他考令我大为吃惊的是，现在他考虑任何事情都从金钱的

36、角度出虑任何事情都从金钱的角度出发。发。To my great surprise, he thinks of everything in terms of money now.第41页/共104页be concerned about / over 担心，担心，担忧担忧 作为成年人，我们应该关注非洲儿童的健康成长问题。作为成年人，我们应该关注非洲儿童的健康成长问题。As adults, we should be deeply concerned about the healthy growth of the children in Africa.第42页/共104页be comparable /

37、 similar to 可可与与相比；类似于相比；类似于 在一些人眼里，爱情就像是个迷宫，充满了诱惑和陷阱。在一些人眼里，爱情就像是个迷宫，充满了诱惑和陷阱。In the eyes of some people, love is comparable to a maze, full of lures and traps.第43页/共104页1. Typical patterns for advancing ones arguments 原句原句: If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, we wouldnt have to worry

38、about cloning twins for transplants. (L. 48)如果把克隆的动物用作如果把克隆的动物用作器官捐赠，器官捐赠，那我们就那我们就不必考虑不必考虑为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了。为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了。句型提炼If sb. / sth. could be / do sth., we wouldnt have to worry about (doing) sth. else. 假如某人 / 某物可能是 / 做某事，我们不必担心第44页/共104页 应用应用：如果每个人都能够认识到自然资源并如果每个人都能够认识到自然资源并非取之尽，那我们就不必再担心非取之尽，那我们就

39、不必再担心人们对资源的人们对资源的盲目开发了。盲目开发了。If everyone could realize natural resources are not inexhaustible, we wouldnt have to worry about any blind exploitation of them.第45页/共104页2. Typical patterns for comparison and contrast (1) 原句原句: :Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first s

40、pace flight, Dollys appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers. (L. 11) 第46页/共104页 Like sth. else, the appearance / arrival / birth / invention of sth. new generates / produces / makes 像某些事像某些事/ 物物一样，某事一样，某事 / 物的出现物的出现/ 诞生诞生 / 发明产生发明产生 / 带

41、来了带来了句型提炼应用：就像历史上的任何一场战争一样，伊拉克战争给世界带来了一长串的战 后难题。Like any other wars in history, the Iraq war has generated a long list of difficult postwar problems for the world第47页/共104页3. Typical patterns for showing sb.s reactions to sth. 原句原句: :In the wake of Wilmuts announcement, governments hurried to draft

42、guidelines for the unknown, a future filled with incredible possibilities. (L. 6)句型提炼In the wake of sth., sb. hurries / begins to 在某事之后，某人急着 / 开始第48页/共104页 应用：应用：那次失败以后，他急着寻找机会重新证明自己。那次失败以后，他急着寻找机会重新证明自己。In the wake of that failure, he hurried to look for chances of reproving himself.第49页/共104页Vocab

43、ulary Test Directions: For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. 1. To understand the _ of a situation, we have to know something about the kind of situation. A. passages B. relations C. implications D. findings 第50页/共1

44、04页2. The tension _ as the guest of honor was about to announce the winner. A. climbed B. raised C. descended D. mounted 3. I suspect this is _ attempt to discredit their critics. A. an intentional B. a deliberate C. a purposeful D. a considered 4. Salaries for _ positions seem to be higher than for

45、 permanent ones. A. legal B. optional C. voluntary D. temporary第51页/共104页5.Research universities have to keep up w i t h t h e l a t e s t c o m p u t e r a n d scientific hardware _ price. A . o n a c c o u n t of B . regardless of C. in addition to D. not to mention6. The ships generator broke dow

46、n, and the pumps had to be operated _ instead of mechanically. A. manually B. artificially C. automatically D. synthetically7.First published in 1927, the charts remain an _ source for researches. A. identical B. indispensable C. intelligent D. inevitable 第52页/共104页8. Harry _ his pants at the seams

47、(接缝) when he bent over. A. sliced B. split C. cracked D. broke9. The boy cycling in the street was knocked down by a minibus and received _ injuries. A. fatal B. excessive C. radical D. exaggerated10.Remember that customers dont _ about prices in that city. A. debate B. consult C. dispute D. bargain

48、 第53页/共104页 Directions: Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.1. I didnt know the word. I had to _ a dictionary. 2. Airport security was extra tight _ yesterdays bomb attacks.succeed in doing work for within reach regardless of be identical to fall intoprov

49、ide for in the wake of refer to in terms of be concerned about as well refer toin the wake of第54页/共104页3. The astronauts _ returning from the moon to the earth according to the plan.4. He went ahead _ all warnings about the danger of his mission.5. He has never _ what other people think of him.succe

50、ed in doing work for within reach regardless of be identical to fall intoprovide for in the wake of refer to in terms of be concerned about as well succeeded in regardless ofbeen concerned about第55页/共104页succeed in doing work for within reach regardless of be identical to fall intoprovide for in the

51、 wake of refer to in terms of be concerned about as well 6. _ customer satisfaction, the policy cannot be criticized.7. His behavior _ betraying us.8. The rules of safe driving _ everyone.9. Hes grown so much that now even the top of shelf is _.10. This book _ the class of modern fiction.In terms of

52、is identical towork forwithin (his) reachfalls into第56页/共104页Writing 感谢信 Letter of Thanks 写作方法 参考范文第57页/共104页appreciate 感激 appropriate 恰当的beyond words 难以言表 convey 传达awesome 棒极了 be obliged to 感激的 considerate 体贴的 indebted 感恩的 generous 慷慨的 grateful 感激的gratitude 感激之情 heartfelt 衷心的hospitality 好客，热情款待 tha

53、nkful 感谢的 kindness 好意 thoughtful 考虑周到的understanding 善解人意的unselfish assistance 无私的帮助make lasting impressions 留下永久的记忆 cherish/ treasure 珍藏，珍视extend heartfelt thanks 表达衷心的感谢Useful words and phrases第58页/共104页Useful Sentence Patterns1. I am grateful to you for. 我非常感激你的 2. I am greatly indebted to you for

54、 all you have done for me. 我十分感激你为我所做的一切。 3. I take this opportunity to express to you my deep appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me. 我借此机会对你所给予我的帮助表示深深的谢意。 4. Many thanks for your kindness and hospitality. 多谢你的好意和好客。 5. Words fail to convey my gratitude to you. 感激之情，难以言表。 第59页/共104页U

55、seful Sentence Patterns6. Thanks so much for the gift you sent me. Its one of the most wonderful gifts I got on my birthday. 非常感谢你送给我的礼物 , 这是我生日时收到的最好的礼物之一。7. Nothing will be able to erase our fond memories, and we will nurture them forever. 没有什么能抹掉我们美好的记忆，我们会永远铭记在心。第60页/共104页Writing ProcessOpening1

56、. State the purpose of your letter.表明写信目的。2. Express sincere gratitude to the receiver.向收信人表示诚挚的感谢。第61页/共104页Writing ProcessBody1. Recall the happy minute /event.回忆快乐时光 ( 事件 ) 。2. Highly praise the past favor.高度评价 ( 赞赏 ) 收信人的帮助 。3. List the reasons why you are grateful to the recipient.列举为何对收信人心存感激。

57、4. Express your feeling. 表达你的感受 ( 感情 )。第62页/共104页Writing ProcessEnding1. Restate your great appreciation for the favor and help rendered to you. 再次表达你对收信人的帮助的谢意。2. Express your wish to have the opportunity to reciprocate /repay the past favor. 希望有机会回报收信人的好意和帮助。第63页/共104页Writing Practice A Letter of

58、Thanks1.1.向对方邀请自己到家里做客表示感谢。在对方家庭度周末的快乐时光。款待的谢意。第64页/共104页Writing Practice1. 首先，在引言部分，应表明自己的写信目的，并向对方表示诚挚的感谢 。2. 接着，在正文部分，回忆在对方家庭度周末的快乐时光 。可以从以下两点切入：1）描写对方的热情款待 2）表达自己心中的感受。3. 最后，在结尾部分，应再次表达对对方款待的谢意，并表达希望有机会回报对方的好意和帮助的心情。 第65页/共104页Reference Model Dear Mr. Ng, It is a pleasure to write this letter be

59、cause it gives me an opportunity to tell you how much I enjoyed your hospitality last weekend. It was my first visit to an American family and, at first, I was very anxious about my limited English and my knowledge of American customs. Then I saw you and your children waiting for me at the station w

60、ith warm smiles of welcome and your wonderful family put me at ease right away.第66页/共104页Reference Model There are many happy memories of the weekend that I will keep with me forever. I will remember that you made me feel at home. There were so many new and different things for me to see and do. I p