语法知识复习

1、主语从句(Subject Clause) 定义:在复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句. 第一部分：常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语 （1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 （2)连词位于句首不能省略 （3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三单,但也有例外,如例9 （4）主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。例句： （1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an out

2、ing tomorrow remains unknown. （3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet. （4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. （5）What caused the accident remains unknown. （6）Whatever you did is right. （7）Whose watch was lost is unknown. （8）What we need is time. （9）What we need are g

3、ood doctors. 第二部分：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末 （1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句. （2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11. 例句： （1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. （3

4、）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. （4）It is strange that he should do that. （5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting. （6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas. （7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacatio

5、n. （8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. （12）It seems that he

6、 has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film) （13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)第三部分：It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt

7、go to see the film.表语从句1. 定义： 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。位于系动词之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。比较：The problem ispuzzling.主语 连系动词 形容词作表语The problem is when we can get a pay rise.主语连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句2. 系动词的分类（了解哪些词为系动词） 系动词有表示状态的；有表示状态变化的。 表示状态的有：1） be, seem ,appear 等。2） look ,sound ,feel ,taste ,smell 等，由感官动词变化而来。意思为“看（听、摸、尝、

8、闻）起来”。Mr. Li looks quite young. 李先生看起来很年轻。3） stand ,keep ,prove ,remain 等由不及物动词转化而来。The machine has been standing idle. 这台机器一直闲着不用。4） 表示状态变化的：become ,get ,grow, fall, turn等He has fallen ill. 他已经病倒了。三连接表语从句与主句的关系词主要有三类：1. 从属连词：that（无有词义）, whether（是否 ,if （是否）2. 关系代词：who（谁，主格） , whom（谁，宾格）,whose谁的，所有格）

9、 , what（什么）,which（哪个，哪些）3. 关系副词：when（什么时候） where（什么地方）why（为什么）, how（怎样）例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要

10、下雨了。It is because you eat too much那是因为你吃得太多了。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning （当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because）另外，与其他名词从句有所不同的是as, asif/though,because 也可用来引导表语从句.如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。Sheseemsasifshehaddon

11、eagreatthing. 她看起来好像做了一件大事。Itisbecauseyoueattoomuch. 那是因为你吃得太多了。【注意】because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。四 注意事项（重点看）1. 表语从句要用陈述语序。如： That is where the famous scientist was born. This is why she is so happy today2. that和what在引导的表语从句 That本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分；what则表示“所的（人或事）”，在表语从句中充当主语或

12、宾等。如：That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earthssurface is covered by water.What he told you was what had been discussed at the meeting.3. If 与whether 均意为“是否”引导表语从句时，只能用whether, 不能用if。如：The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrowevening.4 语气 1）主语为advice, order, idea,noti

13、on,proposal, suggestion,request等一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词，之后的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。 Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoon aspossible. 我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。 2） As if/though引导的表语从句时，从句谓语多用虚拟语气。 这是因为从句中的情况与事实不相符。 具体

14、来说，如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；如果从句表示与过去事实相反时，谓语动词“had+done”，如果从句表示将来的可能性不大，用would(might ,could )+动词原形，如：Li Lei is now in a new jacket he looks as if he were anAmerican boy. The girl is giving us a vivid description of moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.但是，如果as if ,as though 引导的表语

15、从句所表示的与事实相符，从句则用陈述语气，如：The clouds are gathering. It looks as if is going to rain.5 时态不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. The question is why he cried yesterday.6记住两个句型AThe reason is that BThat is why （because）例如： The reason is that he didnt

16、 catch the bus. 理由是他没有赶上公共汽车。 That is why he came late. 那就是他晚的原因。 That is because he didnt catch the bus. 那是因为他没有赶上公共汽车。 三、宾语从句宾语从句的几个特征：1、定义：在句子中担当谓语动词的宾语内容的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做宾语从句。 2、引导词：thatwhatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere3、语序：宾语从句必须是用陈述语句。 如：I think that you must work harder. 宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。

17、主从复合句常见类型以及引导词时间状语从句when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until ，every time,the minute=the moment=immediately=no sooner than= hardly when =scarcely when地点状语从句where，wherever, anywhere, everywhere比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)the more the more ; just as ， so;A is to B what /as

18、C is to D A对B就像C对D一样; not A so much as B原因状语从句because, since,as, for ， now that既然,in that因为,considering that=seeing that = given考虑到，鉴于让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even thoughas(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 ) 虽然，no matter ， in spite that,whatever=no matter what, whoever= no matter who, wh

19、erever= no matter where, whenever= no matter when, however=no matter how, whichever = no matter which目的状语从句so that, in order that ，lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that,条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless, as/so long as 只要, only if只要(虚拟) if only唯一条件, providing/provided that 假如, supp

20、osing that, in case that, on condition that结果状语从句so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,方式状语从句常用引导词：as 按照, as if, the wayI didnt realize how special my mother wasuntilI became an adult.WhileJohn was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The chil

21、dren ran away from the orchard(果园),the momentthey saw the guard.No soonerhad I arrived home, thanit began to rain.Every timeI listen to your advice, I get into trouble. Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.Wherever the sea is , you w

22、ill find seamen.有海就有海员。My friends dislike mebecauseIm handsome and successful.Now thateverybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmfulin thatit may discourage people from trying to earn more.The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the lettersso thathe could sign themHe got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such a degree was he excite