第一章动名词

1、第一章 动名词动名词是由动词转化而成的名词，其功能介乎动词和名词之间，在句中用作名词使用，但又具有动词的一些特征，如可以有宾语，可以有完成式和被动式。动名词的形式，即一般情况下在动词末尾加-ing。1.1动名词的语法功能 （动名词在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。）1.1.1动名词作主语动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。有些情况下，用代词it作形式主语，而把真正主语动名词置于句尾，这种用法一般出现在It is no good/no use doing sth.这样的习惯表达中，如：It is no fun doing sth.“做某事没有乐趣”；It is a pleasure doing st

2、h.“做某事有乐趣”等。例1;Finding ways to assist this growing homeless populationhas become increasingly difficult.想出办法来帮助这一日益增长的无家可归群体，这已经变得越来越困难。例2：Working with a personal search agentmeans having another set of eyes looking out for you.（真题例句） 使用个人搜索代理意味着有另一双眼睛在帮你留意着。例3：Its no usecrying over spilt milk. 后悔没有

3、用。例4：Its simply a waste of time and moneyseeing that movie. 看那场电影又费钱又费时。例5：It is hard workkeeping vegetables fresh in this season. 在这个季节保持蔬菜新鲜可不容易。1.1.2动名词作宾语 动名词可以作动词和介词的宾语。作动词的宾语例1:John enjoys seeing filmswhile his elder sister enjoyscooking at home.约翰喜欢看电影，而他姐姐却喜欢在家里做饭。例2：Would you mindturning do

4、wn your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点，好吗？作介词的宾语 (动词在介词后面只能用动名词形式作宾语。)例1：You cannot make an omelet withoutbreaking eggs.有所得必有所失。例2:Im looking forward toseeing you again soon.我盼望很快再见到你。 英语中的to有两种基本用法：to用作不定式符号，其后的动词形式为原形； to用作介词，其后的动词形式为动名词。to用作介词的常见表达：adapt to适应 confess to承认 object to反对 be equa

5、l to等于 devote/dedicate to致力于 take to养成习惯，开始喜欢做 be/get used to适应，习惯于 in addition to除了之外，还有be averse to反对 resort to求助 add to起增添作用 due to因为 conform to遵守，符合 see to办理，保证 attach importance to重视be opposed to反对 give rise to引起 look forward to盼望 get round to腾出时间做 reconcile to顺从于 amount to等于，意味着lead to导致 owing

6、 to因为 submit to忍受 be reduced to沦落为 contribute to促进，贡献于swear to断言 have objection to反对 preferto喜欢超过例1:I am accustomed tosleeping with the lights on.我习惯开着灯睡觉。例2：The children are opposed tohaving a party without their uncle.没有叔叔的出席，孩子们就不被允许开晚会。例3：The traditional approachtodealingwith complex problemsis

7、to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.处理复杂问题的传统方法是将其分解为更小、更容易解决的问题。特殊句型 be busy (in) doing sth.忙于做某事例：Wewere busy getting things readyfor the trial production. 我们正忙于准备试生产have trouble/difficulty/a difficult time (in) doing sth.做某事有困难例：The union and the managementarehaving a di

8、fficult time agreeing on a contractfor the forthcoming year. 就来年的合同问题，工会和管理层现在难以达成一致。spend money/time (in) doing sth.花钱（或时间）做某事例：It is certainly no longer necessary for a woman tospend her whole life cooking, cleaning, mending and sewing. 女人当然再也不必一辈子做饭、洗衣、缝缝补补。catch sb. (in the act of) doing sth.发觉某

9、人做某事例：When Icaught him cheatingI stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. 当我发现他在欺骗我时，我就不在那里买东西了，开始和另一家商店打交道。1.1.3动名词作表语 (动名词作表语，对主语进行解释和说明。)例1：Our work isserving the people. 我们的工作是为人民服务。例2：His hobby iscollecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮。例3：Her job iswashing, cleaning and taking care

10、 of the children.她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。1.1.4动名词作定语 (动名词作定语，位置一般是放在它所修饰名词的前面，表示其功能或用途。)例1：The washing machinehas been working properly for over a year. 这台洗衣机已经正常工作了一年多。例3:They had to move from their big house becausethe living costswere too great.因为消费水平太高，他们不得不搬离他们的大房子。作定语的动名词与名词构成的一些常见表达：chewing gum口香糖 di

11、viding line分界线 playing ground运动场stepping stone踏脚石 washing machine洗衣机 reading room阅览室dressing table梳妆台 driving license驾驶执照 living costs消费水平 stumbling block绊脚石 working conditions工作条件dining hall餐厅dancing teacher舞蹈老师 drinking water饮用水 living standard生活水平 starting point起点swimming pool游泳池 smoking room吸烟室1

12、.2动名词的复合结构当句子主语和动名词的行为主体不统一时，动名词就会有一个逻辑主语，从而构成复合结构。动名词复合结构如果在句中作主语，逻辑主语用主格或所有格(人称代词只能用所有格)；如果在句中作宾语，逻辑主语用宾格或所有格。当逻辑主语为施动者，动名词用主动形式；当逻辑主语为承受者，动名词用被动形式。请比较普通动名词和动名词复合结构：1 普通动名词例1：Clint insisted onreading the letter. Clint坚持要看信。例2：He dislikedworking late. 他不喜欢工作很晚。动名词复合结构例1：Clint insisted onmy reading

13、the letter. Clint坚持要我看信。例2：He disliked 他不喜欢他妻子工作到很晚。例3:His refusing to accept the invitationupsets me. 他拒绝了邀请，这让我很沮丧。例4:The noise ofthe desks being opened and closedcan be heard out in the street.在街上都能听到桌子开关的声音。例5:With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor asthey will resentan outs

14、ider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.（真题例句）对于其他听众，你就不能试图插入这种幽默，因为他们不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅和总裁有如此微辞。 动名词复合结构与作后置定语的现在分词短语的区别动名词复合结构的构成“名词或名词所有格+doing”；现在分词短语的构成“名词+doing”。形式上都是“名词+doing”，但本质不同：动名词复合结构可以改成一个名词从句；而现在分词短语可以改成一个定语从句。例1：Children objecting to their parents remarryingha

15、s become a common social problem. 孩子们反对父母再婚，这已成为一个普遍的社会问题。【解析】Children objecting to their parents remarrying是动名词复合结构作主语，可改为名词从句That children object to their parents remarrying，谓语动词要用单数has。例1：The Children objecting to this planstand on the right please.反对这个计划的孩子请站到右边来。【解析】 The children objecting to t

16、his plan是现在分词短语作定语，可改为定语从句The Children, who object to this paln。1.3动名词的时态和语态1.3.1动名词的一般式动名词一般式表示一般性动作（即不指明动作发生的时间），或表示与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的动作。例1：We are interested incollecting stamps. 我们对集邮感兴趣。例2：Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger ofbecoming meaningless.(真题例句) 事实上，有些观察家担

17、心“反科学”这一称号可能变得没有意义。 1.3.2动名词的完成式 (动名词完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。)例1：I regret nothaving taken her advice. 我后悔没有听她的劝告。例2：I was not conscious ofhaving offended him.我没有意识到得罪了他。例3：They live and die without everhaving confronted the fundamental realities of human existence.他们一生都从未面对过人类生存的最根本现实。1.3.3动名词的被动式 (如果动名词的逻

18、辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态。)例1：She cant bearbeing looked down upon by others. 她无法容忍被人瞧不起。例2：You need not be afraid ofbeing punished. 你不必担心会受到处罚。例3：Im sick to death ofbeing blamed for everything that goes wrong. 每件差错都归咎于我，真把我烦死了。1.3.4动名词的被动式和完成式二者合一例1：The car shows no signs ofhaving been repaired; it

19、 looks like a new one. 这辆车没有修理过的迹象，看上去像一辆新车。例2：The scientist has been shocked athaving ever been asked to speculate.（真题例句） 这位科学家对有人竟然要求他作出预测而感到大为震惊。1.3.5特殊用法在表示“需要”的动词need, want, require后接动名词时，习惯上用主动式表被动意义。例1：The outside of the houseneeds painting. 这房子外面需要油漆了。例2：The machinerequires repairing. 这机器需要修

20、理了。在be worth后接动名词时也要用主动式表示被动意义。例1：This mightbe worth thinking about. 这可能值得考虑。例2：The clockishardlyworth repairing. 这台钟简直不值得修理。1.4动名词的习惯表达1.4.1do后接动名词do+动名词表示做笼统的一类事情，动名词前还可以有some, any, the或物主代词。如：do banking办理银行业务 do shopping买东西 do teaching教学do reading看书do interviewing进行面试 do washing洗衣服例1：Its a great

21、pleasuredoing some readingat the fireside on awinter night. 冬夜坐在炉边读读书其乐无穷。例2：The students in the seminars. 在专题研讨中学生进行实际的教学。1.4.2There is no接动名词该句型相当于Its impossible to do something或We cant do sth.“不可能做某事”。例1：There is no tellingwhat will happen tomorrow. 谁也无法预测明天会发生什么。例2：If you fail,there is no descri

22、binghow helpless you feel.如果你失败了，那种无助的感觉很难形容。例3：Theres no denyingthe fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life. 没有人能否认这一事实：教育是人生最重要的一方面。相关句型列举：There is no bearing无法忍受 There is no describing无法描述There is no knowing无从知道There is no mistaking不可能认错（或误解）There is no saying很难说，说不

23、准1.4.3There be的动名词形式There being这种动名词形式多用于介词后面。例1：No one would have dreamed ofthere being such a good place. 没人想到会有这么美丽的地方。例2：No one had told Mr. Smith aboutthere being a lecture the following day.没有人告诉Smith先生第二天会有一场报告。例3：Ann never dreams ofthere being a chance for her to be sent abroad very soon. An

24、n从来没有想过很快就会有机会把她派到国外去。1.5动名词练习题Translate each of the following sentences into Chinese.1. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can betime-consuming and inefficient. (2004-阅读-1-4)2. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone

25、 understands social and cultural patterns. (1997-阅读-2-5)3. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. (2004-阅读-1-5)4. Rather,it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentratingas much on technique as on outcome.(2007-阅读-1

26、-4)5. That doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. (2001-阅读-2-4)6.The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. (2003-阅读-1-2)7. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be i

27、mpossible. (2004-阅读-3-4)8. Having a successful marriage takes efforts and patience, and communication is the key.9. As Ill be away for at least a year, Idappreciatehearing from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.10. By the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of t

28、hem as just “mental noise”.(2005-阅读-3-1)11. If properly handled, a history of long and effortless success may become a driving force. (2000-阅读-1-1)12. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act. 第二章 动词不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种。在句中，它除了不能作谓语外，可以担当其它任何成分：主语

29、、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语，起到名词、形容词和副词的作用。动词不定式由不定式符号to接动词原形构成，也有个别情况不带to，只用动词原形。2.1动词不定式的语法功能2.1.1不定式作主语当不定式作主语时，尤其当不定式较长的时候，经常置于句尾，用it在句首作形式主语。例1：To seeis to believe. 百闻不如一见（眼见为实）。例2:To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.要完全理解这种情况需要给予比到目前为止更多的思考 例3：It is im

30、portant for usto express our opinions. 对于我们来说表达我们的意见是很重要的。例4:It is surely not wrongto live in the present rather than in the past or future. 生活在当前而不是过去或者将来，这当然不是错误的。2.1.2不定式作宾语有些动词，要求其后作宾语的动词用不定式的形式。如果作动词宾语的不定式带有补语，不定式应置于补语后，用it作形式宾语。例1：The driver failedto see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。例2：

31、Our teacher promisedto see the movie with us.我们老师答应和我们一起看电影。例3：he theory provedto be correct at last. 最后这个理论证明是正确的。例4：We think it importantto obey the laws. 我们认为遵守法律是十分重要的。例5：I make it a ruleto keep records on every experiment. 我记录下每次实验，这已经成为习惯。 后接不定式作宾语的动词包括：afford买得起，负担得起 bother费心 claim声称 decline拒

32、绝desire渴望 happen (偶然)发生 manage设法做到 plot打算，策划 resolve决心 arrange安排，布置 strive努力 undertake争取 aim目的在于 aspire渴望 care愿意 consent同意 demand要求 endeavor力图 hesitate犹豫 offer表示愿意 pretend假装 seek试图 struggle竭力 venture敢于 appear似乎，好像 attempt试图 choose选择，情愿 dare敢于 deserve应受，应得fear担心 long渴望 pledge保证 proceed开始 swear发誓tend趋

33、向 volunteer自愿接动名词或不定式作宾语皆可，但意义差别很大的动词：cant help doing sth.禁不住做某事 forget doing sth.忘记做过某事go on doing sth.继续做同一件事 leave off doing sth.停止做某事mean doing sth.意味着做某事 regret doing sth.后悔做过某事remember doing sth.记得做过某事 stop doing sth.停止做某事try doing sth.试着做某事 cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事forget to do sth.忘记去做某事 g

34、o on to do sth.接下去做另一件事leave off to do sth.停下来去做另一件事 mean to do sth.打算做某事regret to say/ tell/ inform遗憾地说或告诉、通知remember to do sth.记着去做某事 stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事try to do sth.设法、试图做某事2.1.3不定式作表语不定式做表语表示具体动作或将来动作例1：To do two things at a time isto do neither.一次做两件事等于未做。例2：Perhaps the most urgent proble

35、m isto provide enough food.也许最为迫切的问题是提供足够的食物。例3：An important function of the World Health Organization is.世界卫生组织的一项重要功能就是，改善全世界病人和穷人的健康以及生活条件。 只能用不定式作表语的特例(不定式和动名词作表语，在很多时候没有差别，但下列两种情况只能用不定式：)当主语是purpose, plan, goal, hope, wish, aim等词时，用不定式作表语，表示具体的动作或将来的动作。例1：His purpose isto discover who is the mo

36、st faithful of his friends. 他的目的是发现在他的朋友中谁是最忠诚的。例2：The goal of science isto explain why things happen.科学的目的是解释事物发生的原因。当句式是“主语+系动词+表语”时，如果作主语的动词使用不定式的形式，作表语的动词也使用不定式的形式，以使句子前后对称。例1：To control noise is to demand much self-discipline.要控制噪音就得要求很大程度的自我约束。例2：To argue in favor of absolute freedom isto argu

37、e in favor of anarchy. 主张绝对自由就是主张无政府状态。2.1.4不定式作定语不定式与其所修饰的名词是主谓关系例1：He loves work; he is always the firstto comeand the lastto leave. 他喜欢工作，总是第一个来，最后一个走。例2：The trainto arrivewas from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。不定式与所修饰的名词或代词是动宾关系例1：Hurry up! We have little timeto spare.快点！我们没有多少时间了。例2：There will be many

38、difficult problemsto deal with. 将会有许多问题需要处理。例3：No bank keeps enough cashto pay all its depositors in full at one time. 没有哪家银行保留足够的现金一次性全额支付给所有储户。有些名词，尤其是抽象名词，要求用动词的不定式作其定语例1：This is anopportunity to give people more leisure. 这是一个给予人们更多休闲的机会。例2：Thefreedom to go where you pleaseis perhaps the greatest

39、 advantage of the car. 随意可以去哪里的自由或许是汽车最大的好处。例3：Without good mothering, in the first year of life, thecapability to surviveis seriously affected. 没有母亲的良好照管，尤其是在生命的最初一年，生存的能力会受到严重影响。2.1.5不定式作状语不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语时需要注意以下几个问题：当动词表示目的时，应使用不定式，而不能说for doing sth.，因为该表达表示用途。不定式表示目的，也可以用in order to或so as to。当不定

40、式在主句之后时，不要用逗号将不定式与主句隔开；当不定式位于主句之前时，习惯用逗号将不定式与主句隔开。例1：To become a teacher in the university, it is necessary to have at least a masters degree. 想在大学里当教师，至少要有硕士学位。例2：Some sites design their agentsto tempt job hunters to return.（真题例句） 一些网站为了吸引求职者再次访问而设计自己的搜索代理。例3：Technology provides the tools and techn

41、iquesfor lengthening life spans and reducing death rates. 科学提供了延长生命、减少死亡率的设备和技术。例4：He gave lots of examplesin order to get the difficult points in the text fully explained.为了把课文中的难点解释清楚，他举了很多例子。例5：Tom kept quiet about the accidentso asnot to lose his job. 汤姆为了不丢掉这份工作，对事故缄口不言。例6：They did everything t

42、hey couldto save the workers life.他们尽其所能拯救工人的生命。例7：In order to achieve these objectives, we must work harder.为了实现这些目标，我们必须更加努力工作。不定式作结果状语 一般应用例1：He woke upto find everybody gone.他醒了过来，结果发现大家都走了。例2：He livedto see the liberation of his hometown.他活到了看见家乡的解放。tooto，表示“太以至于不能”。例1：Its nevertoolateto mend.改

43、过不嫌晚。例2：He istooyoungto be able to discern between right and wrong.他年龄太小，不能辨清是非。例3：The microscope is an optical device used to view materials that aretoosmallto be seen by the unaided eye. 显微镜是一种光学仪器，用于观察小得连肉眼都看不见的材料。enough to，表示“足以”，也可以用enough的近义词，如ample, sufficient等。例1：We should be confident. 我们应该

44、有足够的信心应对新的挑战。例2：Some molecules are largeenough to be seen under the electronic microscope. 有些分子很大，足以在电子显微镜下看清楚。例3：The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations are more thanample to destroy every city in the world several times over.今天掌握在各国手里的5万枚核武器足以摧毁世界上的每座城市好几次。only to，表示“结

45、果却”。例1：The mother loves her children and lets them have their wayonly to spoil them. 母亲很爱孩子，对孩子放任自流，结果反而宠坏了他们。例2：Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,only to find it locked.我非常不安，冲向公寓，推了推门，结果发现门是锁着的。soas to或suchas to，表示“如此以至于”，so接形容词或副词，such接名词。例1：He is so exaggeratedas nev

46、er to be believed.他言过其实，无法相信。例2：Constant practice hassuchan effect on memoryas to lead to skillful performance on the piano. 不断的练习会对记忆产生这样大的影响，使人能够技法娴熟地演奏钢琴。不定式作原因状语不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句子末尾。例1：He shudderedto think of his bitter past.他每当想起辛酸的过去就不寒而栗。例2：She cant help bursting into laughterto see his funny a

47、ction.看到他的滑稽举动，她忍不住大笑起来。例3：We are proudto be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。不定式固定词组作状语(在句中作独立成分，表明说话人的立场或态度。)例1：To tell you the truth, I have never been to Beijing. 说实话，我从没到过北京。例2：To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the worlds population is in sight.

48、 更糟糕的是，迄今为止，世界人口的增长还没有迹象表明放慢速度在望。例3：To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years. 首先，在未来30年，世界的食品供应将不断趋于紧张。这些固定词组包括：to conclude总而言之 to be brief简而言之 to be frank坦率地讲needless to say 不用说 so to speak 打个比方 to be sure诚然to put it simply简单地说 to say the l

49、east至少可以说 to illustrate举例说明 to be exact确切地说not to speak of更不用说 strange to say说来奇怪not to mention更不用说 to name a few举几个例子 to mention提到 to be fair说句公道话 to sum up概括地讲 sad to say很遗憾 to tell the truth说实话to put it another way换言之 to say nothing of更不用说2.1.6不定式作补语不定式作主语补足语，出现在被动语态之后。例1：This view is thoughtto b

50、e wrong. 通常认为这个观点是错误的。例2：Students are requiredto solve problems in groups. 学生们被要求以小组的形式解决问题。例3：The bank is reported in the local newspaperto have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.据当地报纸报道，昨天银行在光天化日下被抢。不定式作主语补足语，出现在形容词之后。例1：The possible effects of some scientific fields aredifficult toimagine.某

51、些科学领域的可能作用是难以想象的。例2：His scientific works are not thathard to understand with a little study.他的科学论著稍加研究是不难懂的。例3：Einstein was neverafraidto admit mistakeswhen facts proved his theories wrong.当事实证明他的理论是错误的时候，爱因斯坦从不害怕承认错误。不定式作宾语补足语例1：Television allows oneto follow the latest developments in science and

52、politics. 电视使人随时了解科学和政治方面的最新发展。例1：Many professors encourage studentsto question and challenge their ideas. 很多教授鼓励学生对他们的看法提出质疑和挑战。2.2不定式的复合结构在不定式中，当需要出现不定式动词的施动者时，用介词for或of引出，置于不定式之前，构成一种复合结构。2.2.1不定式复合结构作主语 (用it作形式主语较多，也可以用不定式复合结构直接作主语。)例1：For the work to be done at onceis necessary.有必要马上做这项工作。例2：It

53、 is high timefor all of us to take this message to heart.是我们大家牢记这句话的时候了。例3：It seemed selfishof him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：不能说这样的句子：sb. is convenient to do sth.，因为形容词convenient是对事情的评价，而不是对人的描述；只有当描写人的时候才用该句式，如：sb. is glad to do sth.，所以应改为It is convenient for sb. to do sth.。2.2

54、.2不定式复合结构作宾语不定式复合结构作宾语时，一般带有补语，而且用it作形式宾语，复合结构置于补语之后。例1：His few personal belongings make it possiblefor him to move from place to place with ease. 他的个人物品不多，使他可以轻松地到处搬家。例2：Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it impossiblefor there to be an end to the big cities. 或许交

55、通和通讯手段已经真正使得大城市没有了边缘。2.2.3不定式复合结构作表语例1：The trend isfor such groups to disappear. 趋势就是这样的群体会消失。例2：All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause isfor good people to do nothing.（真题例句） 被误导的事业要得逞，所需要的就是好人无所作为。2.2.4不定式复合结构作定语例1：Walking is one of the best waysfor a person to stay healthy.散步是一个人保持健康的最佳方式之一。例2：The orderfor them to climb the mountainwas given. 让他们登山的命令已经发出。2.2.5不定式复合结构作状语例1：She waved the red flagfor the car to stop. 她挥动红旗让车停下来。