parental expectations, cultural-values orientation ,career decision-making difficulties课件

1、Journal of Vocational BehaviorJournal of Vocational BehaviorS. Alvin Leung a* , Zhi-Jin Hou b , Itamar Gati c , Xixi Li aEffects of parental expectations and cultural-values orientation on career decision-making difficulties of Chinese University students 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reservedparent

2、al expectations and cultural-values orientation career decision-making difficulties of Chinese University studentsEffects of on变量自变量因变量调节变量The Career Decision-Making Difficultiescultural-values conflict Cultural-value orientationparental expectations(perceived parental expectations)The Multidimensio

3、nal Scales of Chinese Individual Traditionality and ModernityMSCIT MSCIM The Living-Up-to Parental Expectation InventoryLPEIThe Career Decision-Making Difficulties QuestionnaireCDDQMainland:武汉北京 Hong KongAbstract研究意义研究意义Theories of career development were developed in Western countries, and they are

4、 limited in their capacity to address indigenous constructs and issues that are salient in other geographic regions西方职业发展理论文化背景局限性Career development research tended to rely on samples that are restricted in cultural and geographic diversity, thereby limiting the generalization of findings across cul

5、tures理论研究取样的局限性there is a need for vocational psychology to integrate cross-cultural and international perspectives into its theory, research, and practice本研究填补了空白Relational considerations and parental expectationsRelational considerations and parental expectationsparents adolescent career developme

6、nt (a) specific parental behaviors (e.g., aspirations and expectations)(b) mechanism(c) most studies used Caucasian samples. 关系 relation 家庭 family Relational considerations and parental expectationsRelational considerations and parental expectationsA relational perspective encompassing the influence

7、 of family on career development is critical in Chinese communitiesFamily-related considerations and expectations could create conflicts and dilemmas and inject vital meanings and support to the individualExamples of qualitative themes on family influences family expectations, family support family

8、obligations family as a safe in-group family expectations of the role of work friction between family and U.S. cultures.Cultural-values conflict and cultural orientationCultural-values conflict and cultural orientationTraditional cultural-valuesConfucianism, Taoism, and Buddhismfulfill parents expec

9、tations show respect to parental figuresmaintain interpersonal harmony through their choicesWestern cultural-valuesencourage individuals to be independent pursue personal goals and career fulfillmentCultural-values Conflictthe co-existence of both traditional and modern values (Yang, 1996, 2003),Cul

10、tural Orientationones preference along the global dimensions of traditionality and modernityCultural-values conflict and cultural orientationCultural-values conflict and cultural orientationTraditionalityModernityCultural-values conflict and cultural orientationCultural-values conflict and cultural

11、orientationTraditionalitysubmission to authorityfilial piety and ancestral worshipconservation and endurancefatalism and defensivenessmale dominanceModernityegalitarianism and open-mindednesssocial isolation and self-relianceoptimism and assertivenessAffective hedonismsex equityMSCITMSCIMCultural-va

12、lues conflict and cultural orientationCultural-values conflict and cultural orientationCareer decision-making difficulties of Chinese university Career decision-making difficulties of Chinese university studentsstudents 大陆1 自身条件：过去，工作包办现在，工作不再包办，需要自己做出职业决策年轻人在做决策方面没什么经验，也得不到长辈的指导2 外部环境：劳动力供需从 统一分配到市

13、场化面临大量的竞争者香港生活在中西方文化交融的背景下享受做出职业决策的自由BUT! 由于经济发展的不稳定性和周边城市发展对其金融商业中心位置的冲击 Career decision-making difficultiesResearch hypothesesResearch hypotheseshigher degrees of cultural-values conflictPerception of high parental expectations（？）（？）perception that one have not performed adequately in the expected

14、 areahigher level of career decision-making difficulties higher level of career decision-making difficulties Perception of high parental expectationsperception that one have not performed adequately in the expected areahigher level of career decision-making difficulties cultural orientationMethodMet

15、hod participantparticipantN=1342 university students香港 644北京 271武汉 427Hong Kong adopted a three-year university education system58.2% of participants were first-year students,19.3% were second year second-year students17.4% were third-year students.The Chinese Mainland adopted a four-year university

16、 system,47.6% of participants were first-year students,29.9% were second-year students14.3% were third-year students 7.9% were fourth-year students. The mean age of participants was 19.62 (SD=2.98).Method Method procedureprocedureMS-CITMS-CIM LPEICDDQDemographic information formparental expectations

17、Cultural-values conflict and cultural orientationCareer decision-making difficulties Method Method instrumentsinstrumentsMS-CITtraditionalityMS-CIM Modernity(short-form)6-point Likert-type rating scale Each have 5 subscales. Each subscale has 10 items The internal consistency Yanget al. (1989) .67 t

18、o .88Zhang et al. (2003) .62 to .87This study .91 to .87Living in city More education Male(short-form)LPEILiving-Up-to Parental Expectation InventoryMethod Method instrumentsinstrumentsWang and Heppner (2002) developed from interviews with Taiwanese students AND review of local literature.6-point Li

19、kert-type rating scale. 32-itemspersonal maturity academic achievementdating concernsFor each item, respondents were asked to respond twice！1-they rated “How strong do you currently perceive this expectation from your parents?” Perceived Parental Expectation scale (PPE; 1=not at all expected, 6 = ve

20、ry strongly expected). 2-they rated “How well are you performing in this area?” Perceived Self-Performance scale (PSP, 1=could never do well,6=could always do well).LPE= PSPPPEinternal consistency reliability: Wang and Heppner this study:Three scale of PPE .91, .85, .85 .86, .89,.86,Three scale of P

21、SP .87, .81, .76 .74 .83, .82Since the concern of this study was on both perceived levels of parental expectations and perceived self-performance, both the PPE and PSP scores were used instead of just the LPE(=PSP-PPE)CDDQCareer Decision-making Difficulties QuestionnaireMethod Method instrumentsinst

22、ruments9-point Likert-type rating scale34-items. Each of the items was related to a decision-making situationIn the last item, participants were asked to rate the overall severity of their difficulties in the career decision-makingthree major clusters:Lack of Readiness Lack of InformationInconsisten

23、t InformationBack-translationEnglish version Chinese version 123internal consistency reliability Gati et al. (1996) .71, .91, .93.Leung and Hou (2002) .65, .93, .89This study .53, .92, .83ResultsResults Regional Regional and gender differences in career decision-making difficultiesand gender differe

24、nces in career decision-making difficultiesANOVA (analysis of variance)MANOVA (multiple analysis of variance )多元方差分析examine if there were gender and regional (Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong) differences on the CDDQ scores. The main effect for gender was not significant,The main effect for region was

25、 significant (Wilks lambda=0.98, F (3, 1336)=9.70, p.001, Partial Eta Squared=.021).ResultsResults Regional and gender differences in career decision-making difficultiesRegional and gender differences in career decision-making difficulties因变量自变量ResultsResults Cultural Cultural conflicts and career d

26、ecision-making difficultiesconflicts and career decision-making difficultiesMANOVAcultural-values conflict(high, medium, and low)CDDQLack of Readiness Lack of InformationInconsistent InformationMainland(Wilks lambda=.98, F (6, 1386)=2.44, p.05, Partial Eta Squared=.010) HK(Wilks lambda=.98, F (6, 12

27、78)=1.69, p.05)ResultsResults Cultural Cultural conflicts and career decision-making difficultiesconflicts and career decision-making difficulties自变量因变量ResultsResults Cultural Cultural conflicts and career decision-making conflicts and career decision-making difficultiesdifficultiesparticipants with

28、 high cultural-values conflict had significantly higher scores on the Readiness (F (2,1386)=4.87, p.01, Partial Eta Squared=.014) Inconsistent Information (F (2, 1386)=4.22,p .05, Partial Eta Squared=.012) higher degrees of cultural-values conflicthigher level of career decision-making difficulties

29、However！ the support was found only for Chinese Mainland university students but not for Hong Kong studentsHypotheses 1ResultsResults Effects Effects of parental expectations and cultural orientation on career decision-making difficultiesof parental expectations and cultural orientation on career de

30、cision-making difficultiesResultsResults Effects Effects of parental expectations and cultural orientation on career decision-making difficultiesof parental expectations and cultural orientation on career decision-making difficultiesPSPPPEPSPPPEpersonal maturityacademic achievementdating concernsPPE

31、 PSPpersonal maturityacademic achievementdating concernsPPE PSP Each have 5 subscalesResultsResults Effects Effects of parental expectations and cultural orientation on career decision-making difficultiesof parental expectations and cultural orientation on career decision-making difficultiesPercepti

32、on of high parental expectationsperception that one have not performed adequately in the expectedhigher level of career decision-making difficulties cultural orientation23Hypotheses 2+3DiscussionDiscussionMainland HKHigh TraditionalityHigh Modernity High cultural-values conflict High career decision

33、-making difficulties High TraditionalityHigh Modernity 融合Cultural Conflict career decision-making difficulties parental expectations career decision-making difficultiesDiscussionDiscussionCultural orientationLPE 的两个角度：PSP（对自己实现父母期望的能力感知）PPE（对父母期望的感知）没有很好的给出解释！LPE 的三个维度：personal maturity academic ach

34、ievement dating concerns This study provided some initial support on the importance of studying cultural-values conflict among Chinese university students. This study showed empirically the impact of parental expectations on career choice and development, using an indigenous instrument (LPEI) that c

35、onceptualize expectations as having multiple dimensions (i.e., academic achievement, personal maturity, and dating and courtship). This study used mostly indigenous measures that were developed in Chinese regionsDiscussionDiscussion Theoretical Theoretical and future research implicationsand future

36、research implicationsDiscussionDiscussion Career Career counseling implicationscounseling implications Goal : respond to various forms of social expectations pursue career and education directions that would meet their individual needs.FOUR TIPS:1 to increase self-awareness and self-understanding2 t

37、he coordination of self with significant others3 to use multiple conflict resolution methods that could deal with conflicts without disrupting interpersonal harmony,4 to manage unmet personal needs and distressDiscussionDiscussion LimitationsLimitations1The classification of students into three cate

38、gories of cultural-value conflict is somewhat arbitrary However，the arbitrariness was minimized as the selection of participants into the high and low conflict groups was done via using percentile scores of the T and M scales of the MS-CIT and MS-CIM 2Similar to many previous research studies on the influence of family on career development, this research study employed a “deficit” lens and it examined how parental expectations and cultural-value conflict might hinder ca