英语国家概况Unit3History1UK

1、unit 3 the history of ukobjectives be familiar with the history before the norman conquest understand the feudal system after the norman conquest learn about the history of the english reformation and renaissance know the english civil war and its consequences know the major advancements in the indu

2、strial revolution be familiar with the victorian age be familiar with the situation of britain in the two world warsa brief timeline of british historyprehistoric britain 55bc roman britain 43 ad anglo saxon britain 450viking britain 793medieval britain 1066tudor britain 1485 stuart britain 1603geor

3、gian britain 1714 victorian britain 1837 modern britain 1902 + romanssaxonsvikingsnormanstudorsvictoriansww ll questions: 1. the earliest known settlers on the british isles were _. 2. the most famous / biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on british isles is _.i. early britain (before 1066)p

4、rehistoric times iberian, celt, stonehengethe best evidence that the primitive people had showntheir own civilization is the stonehenge. (史前巨石柱史前巨石柱) questions:3. christianity was first brought to britain by _.4. the romans left behind on britain three things of value, they are _, the _ and _, espec

5、ially _. roman britain55bc - 410 ad, welsh christianity, roman roads, cities, hadrians wall, roman bathsroman britainroman army, commanded by julius caesar, invade england in 55bc. the invasion marked the beginning of the english recorded history.the successful invasion of england by the roman army,

6、 headed by emperor claudius was in 43ad. they built two great walls (the hadrians wall & the antonine wall) to prevent the picts in scotland. the romans remained in britain from 55 bc to 410 ad, almost four hundred years (four centuries). they imposed their own way of life and culture. and they brou

7、ght christianity to england. the romans left behind on britain three things of value: welsh christianity, the roman roads and cities, especially london.hadrians wall (哈德良长城)hadrians wall, a stone wall barrier built to separate the romans and the picts tribes in scotland 2000 years ago(122 a.d.). it

8、allowed roman soldiers to control the movements of people coming into or leaving roman britain. it was so well built that you can still see parts of it today. how long was hadrians wall?it was 117 kilometers (73 miles) long across the narrow neck of england, from the north sea to the irish sea. roma

9、n civilizationbuilt up baths, temples, amphitheatres, villas and buildings, established network of towns(-ster, -cester, -shire), roads and organized government system;mined iron, lead, tin and manufactured pottery.brought new religion-christianitytreated the britons as slaves and there was no inter

10、marriage.roman bathsquestions:5. the three teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of denmark and low countries (holland, belgium and luxemburg) and settled in britain. the three groups are _, _ and _. from the _ conquerors came the name “england” and “english”. anglo-saxon britain & danish

11、 invasion450, 3 teutonic groups, heptarchy, king arthur and his knights of the round tableviking britain, 793, king alfred, the great the anglo-saxon conquestfrom the middle of the fifth century, three teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of denmark and the low countries (holland, belgiu

12、m and luxemburg) and settled in britain. the three teutonic groups were angles, saxons and jutes. from the anglo-saxon conquerors came the name “england”, meaning the land of anglo-saxons and “english”. anglo-saxon heptarchy (七国时代)the seven principal kingdoms of kent, essex, sussex, wessex, east ang

13、lia, mercia and northumbria have been given the name of heptarchy, having occupied the lowland zones. jutes invasion: in 449, the jutish chief became the king of kent（肯特）;anglo-saxon conquest: saxon : essex（埃塞克斯）, sussex（苏赛克斯）, wessex（威赛克斯）; angles: east anglia（东盎格利亚）, northumbria（诺森布里亚）, mercia （麦西

14、亚）;no possession of scotland, wales and ireland, still by celtsthe legend of king arthur; king arthur and his knights of the round table were romanized celts trying to hold back the advances of the anglo-saxons. the viking britain (793)another wave of germanic invasion came in the eighth century. th

15、ese invaders were known as vikings, the norsemen or danes, who came from scandinavia. in the ninth century they conquered and settled the extreme north and west of scotland, and also some coastal regions of ireland. their conquest of england was halted when they were defeated by king alfred of the s

16、axon kingdom of wessex. this resulted in an agreement in 878 which divided england between wessex in the south and west, and the “danelaw” in the north and east. viking invasionthe name viking comes from my language which is called old norse. it means a pirate raid. alfred the great alfred the great

17、father of british navy; the danelaw (eastern part of england for the danes); established schools and brought churchmen to teach latin; his writings and translations (be gi nni ng of p r o s e literature in england); however, fewer differences existed between anglo-saxons and danes. by the end of the

18、 10th century england was one kingdom with a germanic culture throughout. most of modern-day scotland was also united by this time in a celtic kingdom.the norman conquestfactsthe battle of hastings in 1066 made william, the conqueror the first anglo-norman king of england.significanceit is the last

19、invasion of england by foreigners while english history regards it as a hidden blessing.questions:6. norman conquest, by _, beginning from the year _, established _ in britain.7. king william made a record of each mans property, which was called “_”.8. the great charter signed in _ was made in the i

20、nterest of the _, it had a progressive significance.9. the first parliament was called in 1265 under the leadership of _. ii. medieval britain (1066-1485) doomsday bookking john and the great charter in 1215 and robin hoodking henry iii and the beginning of parliamentsir de montfort and the great co

21、uncil and all estates parliament in 1265edward i and the model parliament in 1295 and william wallace-britain under the norman kings william the conquerorreplaced the english bishops with normans and made himself head of the bishops; completed the establishment of the feudal system in england,sent h

22、is clerks to compile a property record known as domesday book in 1085. (the book stated the extent, value, population and ownership of the land).feudal system kinglordsknights/soldierscommoners/farm-workersinfluenceit has speeded up the development of feudalism in england. feudal aristocracy develop

23、ed and resulted in the appearance of noble titles.this sophisticated medieval form of government was handed over to the normans and grew stronger. the doomsday book (末日审判书) exemplifies the practical codification. tower of london (the white tower) served as the administration of justice. witan was re

24、placed by the great council led by the head of bishops. the norman vs. anglo-saxon relation became that of the master vs. servant.england was civilized by norman way of living, particularly reflected by the language.it is a bi-linguistic period with french as the official language, latin as the chur

25、ch language while the middle english, as that of the lower class. however english regained the position of dominant speech by the end of 14th century.king henry ii and his reforms henry house of plantagenet （金雀花王朝）（金雀花王朝） henry ii reformed the courts and the laws:introduced the jury system (陪审团制度陪审团

26、制度)institutionalized common law great councilwilliam iroberthenrywilliamiimatildastephenhenry iirichardikingjohnhenryiiiedwardiedwardiiroyal line richard irichard i succeeded henry ii in 1189.known as richard the lion- heart （狮心王）（狮心王）even before his accession, because of his reputation as a great m

27、ilitary leader and warrior.while he spoke very little english and spent very little time in england (he lived in the southwest of france). he was busy with the crusade（十字军东征） in his lifetime. he remains one of the very few kings of england remembered as an enduring, iconic figure in england. robin h

28、oodwhile king richard i was fighting in the crusades, england was governed by his brother john, who imposed all the taxes. robin hood lived with his band of “merry men” in sherwood forest, stealing from the rich and giving to the poor. decline of feudalism the greater charter (1215)beginning of parl

29、iament（1265）the hundred years war (1337-1453) the black death ( 1348-1349) the wars of the roses (1455-1485) ) king john was demanding more feudal taxes and army service, and then an army of angry lords marched to london. king john was forced to sign the charter the lords had prepared in 1215.the gr

30、eat charter (the magna carta)大宪章contents:no tax should be made without the approval of the councilno freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the landif the king attempted to free himself from law, the vassals(封臣) had the right to force the king to obey it.significance the great

31、 charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords, great and small. it had a progress significance. it granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government. the merchants and craftsmen in england appeared for the first time as a new political force.beginning of parliamenthenry iii he

32、avily taxed the lords to pay tributes to the pope to defeat the lords.simon de montfort, defender of the great charter, reformed the great council with two knights each county and two representatives each town. it later developed into the house of lords （上院）and the house of commons.（下院） the earliest

33、 english parliament (all estates parliament) was summoned in 1265 in westminster after the capture of henry iii.in 1295, king edward i summoned the “all estates parliament” more than 400 hundred members in all. as that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “model parl

34、iament”.edward i was also famous for his invasion of scotland fighting with william wallace in the first war of scottish independence.the hundred years war (13371453) joan of arc (1412-1431), the leader of the french peasants against the english. she was later tried for heresy（异端邪说） and sorcery（巫术）

35、and was burned at the stake in rouen. result of the war:by the time the war was concluded, the english had lost all the territories they had gained during the war except the french port of calais. consequence of the war:the war accelerated the breakdown of feudal society and put the money class, the

36、 new bourgeoisie in a more important position in britain.theblackdeath(1348-50):killed nearly half of the european population consequence of the black deaththe lords was in shortage of the laborwage labor demanded higher wages and greater freedom.the paradox led to the hatred and conflict between th

37、e two classes. wars of the rosesthe wars of the roses (14551485) were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of england between adherents of the house of lancaster （兰开斯特）（(feudal landowner) and the house of york（约克） (commercial- minded). both houses were branches of the plantagenet royal hous

38、e, tracing descent from king edward iii.the name wars of the roses has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the red rose of lancaster and the white rose of york. questions:10. the _ monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.11. in 1533, henry viii r

39、epudiated papal supremacy over english church and declared himself _ of the church of england by the act of supremacy.12. during the renaissance period, the greatest of the english humanist was sir thomas more, with his classical work _.13. the greatest dramatist _ lived in the age of elisabeth i.14

40、. the “glorious revolution” was so called because it was _.the tudor britain (1485 1603), henry vii and the tudor rose, henry iii and the reformation, elizabeth i and the renaissance and the maritime war and the foundation of the british empire the stuart (1603 ) and the civil war (1642 1646) and th

41、e restoration in 1660 and the glorious revolution in 1688iii.transition to the modern age(1485-1688)renaissance:the renaissance began in italy in the early 14th century, with leonardo da vinci as its representative figure.in england, the renaissance began with the accession of the house of tudor to

42、the throne in 1485. the date was close to that of the introduction of printing into england by william caxton.self portrait of leonardo da vincimona lisathe last supper reformation and renaissance england under the tudors (1485-1603)henry vii gained the throne when he won over the war of the roses a

43、nd created the tudor rose, containing both the white rose of york and the red rose of lancaster. it symbolized the end of a struggle between york and lancaster england became a national state with an efficient centralized government. it was in the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism. it

44、reformed church in england and tolerated enclosures. america was discovered and the renaissance spread into england. it stimulated english commercial and maritime enterprise. henry viii (reigned 1509-1547) he is one of the most well-known monarchs in english history. he had six wives. it was during

45、his reign that the reformation took place. henry had six wives because. he had the first wife because he was betrothed to her by his father.he had the second wife because he fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir. he had the third wife because he still needed a male heir. he had the fourth wife because of diplomatic reasons. he had the fifth wife because he fell in love again. he had the sixth wife because he was old and sick and needed a companion and nurse who wouldnt give him too much trouble.henrys six wives fate was like the order of divorce, being beheaded, death, d