非谓语总结学校材料

1、unit 9非谓语动词总结非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点，也是我们英语学习中所碰到的难点之一。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，v-ing分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和过去分词。一基础知识1.非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语（主语）补足语定语插入语（独立成分）v-ing形式现在分词动名词不定式（to do）过去分词（done）注：常见作独立成分的非谓语动词to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make thing

2、s worse (更糟的是)，not to mention(更不用说)，generally / frankly / roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说)2.非谓语动词的变化形式非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth. 或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never进行式to have doneto have been done完成式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/动名词一般式doingbeing donesb.或sb

3、s doing作主语要用sbs doing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式： sbs not doingsbs not having done完成式having donehaving been done现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加not二 重点难点1.非谓语作表语的重点不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。their job is making wheelch

4、airs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。the music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： this dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征）this dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的心理状态）2.非谓语作宾语补足语的重点1).理解下表中所列的关系非谓语与宾语的逻辑关系与谓语动作的时间关系不定式

5、主动关系在谓语动词后发生不带to的不定式表示动作的全过程现在分词主动关系同时进行过去分词被动关系动作已经完成或表示状态when i came in, i saw her dancing happily. （主动进行）i saw him go to the cinema.（主动，全过程）we heard her singing next door.（主动进行）we heard the song sung by her next door. （被动完成）we heard the song being sung next door. （被动进行）2).下列动词和短语必须以用不定式作宾语补足语wish

6、, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid +宾语+不定式作宾语补足语advise/allow/permit/forbid +动名词作宾语时 i dont allow _ in my office and i dont allow my family _ at all. a. to smokesmoking b. smokingto smoke

7、 c. to smoketo smoke d. smokingsmoking 答案：b3)几个特别的结构have+宾语+do/doing/done “ have + 宾语+ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词the boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。“have +宾语+ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生” 为主动关系，且动作正在进行。dont have the dog barking much, lilin. 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。“ ha

8、ve + 宾语+done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了，被动关系。we had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。he had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。get+宾语+to do/doing/done 三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语+do/doing/done”的意义解释。 he got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。 can you really get that o

9、ld clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？ doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。make + oneself + done oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系he raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。3.非谓语作定语的重点1).理解下表中所列的关系分类形式与被修饰词的逻辑关系与谓语动作的时间关系不定式to do动宾关系在谓语动作后发生“the la

10、st/next/first.” 后常接不定式作定语，表示主谓关系在谓语动作前或者后发生to be done被动关系在谓语动作后发生现在分词doing主动关系与谓语动作同时进行being done被动关系与谓语动作同时进行过去分词done被动关系在谓语动作之前发生存在的状态或情况it is a good chance to practice your spoken english.这是练习你的口语的好机会。he was the last one to leave the office. 他是最后一个离开办公室的。the woman standing over there is our engli

11、sh teacher.站在那边的那个妇女是我们的英语老师。the house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.（将建）the house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.（正在建的）the house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.（已经建成的） i like read

12、ing books written by lu xun.我喜欢读鲁迅写的小说。4.非谓语作状语的重点1.理解下表中所列的关系非谓语与逻辑主语（即句子的主语）的关系与谓语动作的时间关系doing（一般式）作状语主动关系（几乎）与谓语动作同时进行having done（完成式）作状语主动关系先于谓语动作发生having been done（完成被动式）作状语被动关系先于谓语动作发生done（过去分词）作状语被动关系已经在过去发生或是不十分强调时间概念waiting (=when i was waiting) to see the doctor, i met with a friend of min

13、e.having (=because we have) made full preparations, we are sure to be successful.having been shown around(=after we had been shown) the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory.seen (=when the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.locked (=when he was locked) up in the

14、room, he found himself isolated from the outer world.2.tooto, enough to do, only to等结构表示结果 the boy is too young to join the navy.这男孩太小参不了海军。the hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people. 这厅大得足以容纳一千人。they lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet他们搬起石头结果却砸了自己的三独立主格结构的用法详解非谓语动词作状语时, 它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但

15、有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语, 从而在结构上与主语不发生关系, 我们称之为独立主格结构( absolute construction) 。其实, 所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立, 它还是一种从属的结构。1.非谓语动词独立主格结构（1） 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词 being ill,he went home.( as he was very ill, he went home.) 由于生病, 他回家了。winter coming，it gets colder and colder冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 time permitting, we will have a picnic n

16、ext week.( if time permits.)时间允许的话, 我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（2）. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词 the duty completed, he had three months leave. 任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。 more time given，we should have done it much better 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。 everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.考虑到各方面的情况，他

17、们厂迅速提高产量是可能的。 (3) 名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。 here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. 这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。 they agreed on a division of labor, each to translate one-third of the book.他们同意分工干，每人翻译全书的三分之一。 注意：非谓语动词独立结构析比较动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生, 动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束, 动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行

18、。the manager looks worried, many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。( 事情还没有处理, 而且是由经理本人来处理, 用不定式to settle) the manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了, 经理看上去很轻松。( 事情已经处理好了, 用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束) the food being cooked, the boy was watching tv. 小孩一边做饭, 一边看电视。( 两个动作同时进行) the food

19、cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了, 小孩去睡了。( 两个动作有先后, 饭已做好, 小孩才去睡觉的) 2、 无动词独立主格结构在含有being 的独立主格结构中, being 往往可以被省去。这种省去being的结构, 称之为无动词独立主格结构。1、 逻辑主语+名词ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛, 年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。( the youngest being a boy of 12 省去了being) 注意：独立主格结构中的be

20、ing在下列两种情况下一般不能省略, 一是在“there being + 名词”结构中, 二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。there being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车, 我们只好走回家。it being sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日, 所有办公室都关门。2、 逻辑主语+形容词he turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。( his eyes being sleepy 省去了being, 等于he turned to me, and his eyes

21、 were sleepy. )he stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里, 嘴张得大大的。( his mouth being wide open，等于he stood there, and his mouth was wide open.)3、 逻辑主语+副词 school over, we all went home. 放学了, 我们都回家了。( school being over，等于= school was over, and we all went home. )he sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁

22、, 没穿鞋子。( his shoes being off，等于he sat at his desk and his shoes were off.)4、 逻辑主语+介词短语 he is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前, 背对着我们。(he was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.)the new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。(t

23、he new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.) the teacher came into the classroom, a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室, 手里拿着一把直尺。(the teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.)提示：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”的独立主格结构里, 如果名词用单数, 可以不用冠词, 同时介词短语里的限定词也可省略。例如：the music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音乐老师站在

24、门口, 手里拿着一把小提琴。( a violin in his hand.) 3.介词引导的独立主格结构 1) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词 last night he was so tired that he fell asleep with the lamp burning.昨晚他十分疲劳，没熄灯就睡着了。 2) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词 she felt nervous, with so many eyes fixed on her.这么多眼睛盯着她，她感到紧张。 3) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词 frank stared at his

25、 friend, with his mouth open. 弗兰克张着嘴凝视着他的朋友。 4) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 副词 he stood before his teacher, with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 5) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式 with him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们队一定能搞好。 6) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语 the old man stood there, with his back

26、 against the wall. 老人背靠着墙站在那里。 7) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 名词 he died, with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世的时候，女儿还是一个小学生。 非谓语动词练习1. ive heard him_ about you often. a. spoke b. speaks c. speak d. to speak 2. im hungry. get me something_. a. eat b. to eat c. eating d. for eating3. there isnt any differenc

27、e between the two. i really dont know_ a. where to choose b. which to choose c. to choose what d. to choose which4, the teacher told them_ make so much noise. a. dont b. not c. will not d. not to5. i saw him_ out of the room. a. go b. had gone c. has gone d. goes6. im going to have my radio_. a. fix

28、ed b. to fix c. fix d. fixing7. the workers want us_ together with them. a. work b. working c. to work d. worked8. the officers narrowly escaped_ in the hot battle. a. have killed b. to kill c. to be killed d. being killed9. _ the letter, he went out to post it. a. writing b. being written c. having

29、 written d. written10. if you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air_ against your face. a. moved b. moving c. moves d. to move11. dont you remember_? a. seeing the man before b. to see the man before c. saw the man before d. to have seen the man before12. people couldnt help_ th

30、e foolish emperor in the procession. a. laugh at b. to laugh at c. laughing at d. laughing on13. whats the language_in germany? a. speaking b. spoken c. be spoken d. to speak14. were looking forward_ the photo exhibition. a. to visiting b. to visit c. to having visited d. visiting15. our headmaster

31、often told us _ things for granted.a. not to have b. not to take c. didnt take d. not to make16. the girl_ under that tree is my sister. a. sitting b. sits c. is sitting d. sat17. _ some officials, napoleon inspected his army. a. followed b. followed by c. being followed d. having been followed by18

32、. do you remember_ me at a party last year? a. meet b. to meet c. meeting d. met19. this sentence needs_ a. an improvement b. improve c. improving d. improved20. what are you going to do this morning? im thinking of_ to visit my aunt. a. go b. going c. having gone d. my going21. _ anything about the

33、 accident ,he went to work as usual. a. not known b. known not c. knowing not d. not knowing22. have you decided when_? yes, tomorrow morning. a. to leave b. to be leaving c. will you leave d. are you leaving23. i really enjoy_ that kind of job. a. do b. doing c. to do d. to be doing24. theres a hol

34、e in your bag. l know. i am going to have it_. a. mend b. mending c. mended d. to be mended25. the next morning she found the man in bed, _ dead. a. lying b. lie c. lay d. laying26. tell him_ the window. a. to shut not b. not to shut c. to not shut d. not shut27. only one of these books is_. a. wort

35、h to read b. worth being read c. wroth of reading d. worth reading28. he had his leg_ in the match yesterday. a. to break b. broken c. break d. breaking29. i cant imagine_ that with them. a. do b. to do c. being done d. doing30. most of the people_ to the party were famous scientists. a. invited b.

36、to invite c. being invited d. inviting31. the squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. a. catching b. to be caught c. being caught d. to catch32. though he had often made his little sister_, today he was made_ by his little sister. a. cry; to cry b. crying; crying c. cry; cry d. to cry; cry33. they

37、 would not allow him_ across the enemy line. a. to risk going b. risking to go c. for risk to go d. risk going34. she didnt remember_ him before. a. having met b. have met c. to meet d. to having met35. they knew her very well. they had seen her_ up from childhood. a. grow b. grew c. was growing d.

38、to grow36. do you know the boy_ under the big tree? a. lay b. lain c. laying d. lying37. go on_ the other exercise after you have finished this one. a. to do b. doing c. with d. to be doing38.there was terrible noise_ the sudden burst of light. a. followed b. following c. to be followed d. being fol

39、lowed39. what do you think of the book? oh, excellent. its worth_ a second time. a. to read b. to be read c. reading d. being read40. she pretended_ me when i passed by. a. not to see b. not seeing c. to not see d. having not seen41. good morning. can i help you? id like to have this package_, madam

40、.a. be weighed b. to be weighed c. to weigh d. weighed42. _ your coat at once. we must hurry. a. wearb. wearing c. put on d. putting on43. most of the artists_ to the party were from south africa.a. invited b. to invite c. being invited d. had been invited44. _ more attention, the trees could have g

41、rown better.a. given b. to give c. giving d. having given45. she reached the top of the hill and stopped_ on a big rock by the side of the path.a. to have rested b. resting c. to rest d. rest46. last summer i took a course on_.a. how to make dresses b. how dresses be made c. how to be made dresses d

42、. how dresses to be made47. the murderer was brought in, with his hands_ behind his back. a. being tied b. having tied c. to be tied d. tied48. the secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president. a. to prepare b. preparing c. prepared d. was preparing49. i can hardly imagine

43、 peter_ across the atlantic ocean in five days. a. sail b. to sail c. sailing d. to have sailed50. -the light in the office is still on. -oh, i forgot_ a. turning it off b. turn it off c. to turn it off d. having turned it off51. john was made_ the truck for a week as a punishment. a. to wash b. was

44、hing c. wash d. to be washing52. little jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. a. to be taken b. to take c. being taken d. taking53. -i usually go there by train. -why not_ by boat for a change. a. to try going b. trying to go c. to try and go d. try going54. i would appreciate_ back this af

45、ternoon. a. you to call b. you call c. your calling d. youre calling55. therere so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that i cant make up my mind_ to buy. a. what b. which c. how d. where56._ a reply, he decided to write again. a. not receiving b. receiving not c. not having received d. having no

46、t received57, cant you read? mary said_ to the notice,a. angrily pointing b. and point angrily c .angrily pointed d. and angrily pointing58.how about the two of us_ a walk down the garden? a. to take b. take c. taking d. to be taking59. the computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the stu

47、dents in this school. a. open b. opening c. having opened d. opened60. charles babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. a. to invent b. inventing c. to have invented d. having invented61. -i must apologize for_ ahead of time. -thats all right. a. letting you not know b. not letting you

48、know c. letting you know not d. letting not you know62, the missing boys were last seen_ near the river. a. playing b. to be playing c. play d. to play63.the visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. a. having added b. to add c. adding d. added

49、64. the first textbooks_ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. a. having written b. to be written c. being written d. written 65.-you were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -well, now i regret_ that. a. to do b. to be doing c. to have done d. having

50、done66. paul doesnt have to be made_. he always works hard. a. learn b. to learn c. learned d. learning67. we agreed_ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. a. having met b. meeting c. to meet d. to have met68. the patient was warned_ oily food after the operation. a. to eat not b. eating not c. n

51、ot to eat d. not eating69. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. a. losing b. having lost c. lost d. to lose70. i would love_ to the party last night but i had to work extra hours to finish a report. a. to go b. to have gone c. going d. having gone71. the olympic games, _ in 776

52、b. c., did not include women players until 1912. a. first playing b. to be first played c. first played d. to be first playing72. - alice, why didnt you come yesterday? - i_, but i had an unexpected, visitor. a. had b. would c. was going to d. did73. the fire spread through the hotel very quickly bu

53、t everyone_ get out. a. had to b. would c. could d. was able to74. _ it with me and ill see what i can do. a. when left b. leaving c. if you leave d. leave75. cleaning women in big cities usually get_ by the hour. a. pay b. paying c. paid d. to pay76the weather_fine, they decided to go out for a walk. a. were b. was c. is d. being 77. the composition given by the teacher_ , alice went to watch tv. a.