专八改错练习

1、【练习一】Humankinds future safety and longevity of life on Earth largely depend on the environment which we live. Keeping the air we _1breathe free of pollution is a major priority towards making this earth a safe place. Other areas of concern are water, land, the ozone layer, and the preservation of fl

2、ora and fauna of the planet.Every country has ecological issues to deal. In South America, _2the rain forests are rapidly disappearing as people burn and cut down trees to make for farmland. Many Middle-Eastern and Asian countries _3have a battle to fight with air, water, and land pollution. Lakes a

3、nd swamps are spread with debris. _4Mass chemical spraying is used to kill pests on trees and plants. Abundant _5use of water in countries as China has caused major water shortage. _6Rivers become polluted by factories and the populations that live on their banks. Global warming is considered a

4、 major factor caused _7the droughts in eastern China, the Sudan, Ethiopia, and northern Kenya.The reduction of the ozone layer is blamed for the global warming trends in variant countries of this globe, and the spread of disease like skin _8cancer. Societies at large need to pay attention to the exi

5、sting problems in order to get of the imminent danger of famine, drought and diseases _9that rise from the damage that pollution causes. _10【答案一】1. whichin此处的介词其实是和live连用的，live in the environment.2. dealwithdeal with是固定搭配，意思是“解决，处理”。3. makeway根据上下文可以断定此处文章要说的是“人们烧，伐树木为的是给开垦农田让路”。make

6、way for something是“给让路”，符合此处需要的意思。4. spreadpolluted/littered这里的关键是要知道debris的意思是“碎片，残骸等”，所以根据上下文这里的意思是“湖泊和湿地被一些碎片残骸所污染或弄得凌乱不堪”才符合逻辑。5. Abundanthe此处不是泛指，而是特指，所以要有定冠词。6. aslike此处是拿中国举例，所以要用介词like“像一样”。7. causecausing此处定于分句是主动的意义。8. variant改为variousvariant是“变体的，变种的”，而various表示“不

7、同的”，符合此处意思。9. getofrid固定搭配get rid of 是“摆脱”的意思。10. risearise【练习二】You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surrounding. What you now see appears to drift upward. You _1are board a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next _2to your starts moving

8、forward. _3For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward. These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the bodyssensors and interpret what must be happening that your train _4might have moved, not the othe

9、r; that downward motion is now _5normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are two kinds. _6Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the

10、 dark, they can detect a candle burnt _7ten miles away. Colorful vision in each eye comes from six to seven _8million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every conecan “see” the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, t

11、he third to _9blue. By monitoring how many wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color” and relay that data brainwork. Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an _10average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve.【答案二】1. surroun

12、dingsurroundingssurroundings作为名词总是以复数形式出现，surrounding是形容词。2. boardaboardboardonbe abroad a train（a ship, a plane）意思是“在火车（船、飞机）上”。board 是名词，可以说be on board.3. youyours物主限定词your不能作介词的宾语，应该用物主代词yours。4. interpretinterpretingInterpret 通过and 和matching并列，所以也应该是进行时。5. mightmust根据上下文，这里必须

13、用表达非常肯定的语气must，而不是不肯定的“might”，而且，后面的not the other也强调了非此即彼的肯定性。6. areof加上介词of作主语补足语表示对主语的某一种性质的描述。7. burntburning如果用过去分词burnt修饰candle，那么是说“十英里之外燃尽的蜡烛”，那是不可能用肉眼看到的，所以应该改成burning，表示“在燃烧的蜡烛”。8. ColorfulColorColorful是指所修饰的事物本身具有明亮的或者不同的颜色，而color作定语是指修饰的事物使别的事物的各种颜色能够展现出来，而不是仅仅看到黑白两色，比如：col

14、or television，color photo，color picture等。9. theathe third 表示顺序排列，和the first，the second 对应，“a third”表示数量上的增加，和one，another相对应。10. thatthosedata这个词是datum的复数形式，所以应该用those修饰。练习三】Act natural! Dont be nervous! Well, thats easier said than done when youre standing in front of a group of people and

15、 delivering what, at that point in time, feels like the most important public appearance youve ever made. Have you dressed right? Is your hair _1all in place? Can you see you sweating? _2Have you heard Winston Churchill? What about Dr. Martin Luther _3King Jr. and Abraham Lincoln? What do all these

16、people have in common? They are famous people who made famous speeches. John F. Kennedy, in his presidential inaugural address said: “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.” We always admire people who are eloquent as that, and _4we all wish we could be so el

17、oquent ourselves.Have you ever drew special attention to other people speaking _5in the public? _6What are qualities that a person needs in order to make a great _7speech? There is an old Chinese saying that went, “A man is good _8because of his mouth, and a horse is good because of its legs.”Humans

18、 has the ability to communicate through speech, and in speech _9We have a special opportunity to make impact. Sometimes, its a _10lasting one.【答案三】1. HaveAredress “某人着装，穿衣”的用法是 somebody be dressed/get dressed.2. Can youthey根据上下文可以看出这里是说在公众面前演讲你会注意你在公众面前的形象，穿得是否得体，头发是否整齐，比人会不会看出你正紧张得出汗等问题。所

19、以此处的人称代词应该是“他们（别人，公众）”，而不是指“你自己”。3. heardof/about这里意思是说“你听说过吗？"4. aslike这里用like 表示“像一样”，意义上才合理。As作为介词时意思是“作为”。5. drewpaid根据上下文，这里是说你有没有注意到其他在公众场合讲演的人，而不是说你引起什么人的注意。6. the/; intothe public 是指人，“公众，民众”，所以可以说speak to the public。In public 是固定用法，指“公开的，公然”。7. qualitiesthe qua

20、lities后面紧跟着限定性定语从句，所以是特指，前面需要加定冠词。8. went改为goes这里是时态保持一致的问题。此处的前后都是用的一般现在时，所以这里也要用一般现在时。9. has改为havehumans是可数名词复数，所以后面的谓语动词要和主语保持一致。10. impactanimpact 作“影响”解时，是可数名词，通常都用单数形式，所以impact前面需要一个不定冠词an，此处“产生影响”是make an impact.后面的it's a lasting one 已经给了我们解题的线索，a lasting one 就是指 a lasting

21、impact。【练习四】The growth of the worlds population and its pressure to resources _1threaten to change the quality of life as we know it. It takes _2100,000 years of human existence for the world to reach its 1997population of 5.85 billion people. The increase of 80 million peoplein 1996 alone is the eq

22、uivalent of a new U.S population every 3.4years or new Canadian population every 138 days. The UN population Fund predicts that by the year 2050, the world population have _3exploded to 10 billion people. This would double in less than a century the already bulging population who existed when it rea

23、ched _45 billion in 1987. The chemicals we spew into the air also cause disease.For example, they attack the Earths ozone layer, which helps shield the Earth away the Suns deadly ultraviolet rays. It is well established _5that the ozone layer has thinned considerably during recent decades. Concomita

24、ntly, the rate of new cases of the dead skin cancer, _6melanoma, has grown dramatically from 1,168 of each 100,000 _7Americans to 3,650. This 213 percent increase means that 40,300 Americans diagnosed with melanoma in 1997 and 3,650 died of the _8disease. There are some scientists who believe that p

25、ollution is even threatening the ability of humans to produce. Chemicals which are _9used to make pesticides, plastic, and other products are finding their ways into the human food chain through fish and even through _10breast milk.【答案四】1. toon“给造成的压力”应表述为 ones pressure on something，名次pressure通

26、知和介词on搭配。2. takestook句中的时间所指是1997年，所以必须用一般过去时。3. popular-will这是一个时态问题。时间状语by the year 2050 是一个非常重要的信息，它表示将来的某一个时间点，这时主句应该用“将来完成体”will have done.4. whothat/which关系分句的先行词是population，尽管population的意思是“人口”，但是它的概念并不是somebody，而是something，所以关系代词应该用that或者which。5. awayfromshield something

27、from something 的意思是“遮挡使得不受的侵害”。6. deaddeadly deadly 表“致命的”。7. eachevery表示频率“每中有”，这里应该用every，而不能用each，例如：once every week，不能说 once each week。8. diagnosedwere diagnose（诊断）是一个及物动词，可以说be diagnose with/as.例如：The child has been diagnosed as having flu.9. producereproduce produce 的意思是“生产

28、，制造”，reproduce的意思是“生殖，繁殖”。10. wayswayfind ones way into something 意思是“（设法）走进，进入”。在这个表达中，way只以单数形式出现。这样的词组还有：push ones way into, work ones way into, elbow ones way into等。Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to

29、the bad _1influence of this or that individual writers. But an effect can become _2a cause, reinforce the original cause and producing the same effect _3in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take drink _4because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the most _5

30、completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccuratebecause our thoughts are foolish, but the sloven of our language _6makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that theprocess is irreversible. Modern

31、English, especially written English, _7is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can beavoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one getsrid of these habits one can think more clearly, and think clearly is a _8necessary first step towards political regeneration: so

32、that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concerning _9of professional writers. I will come back to this present, and I hope _10that by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer.【答案】1. economicaleconomiceconomical的意思是“节约的，经济的

33、，省钱的”，而此处应选择economic表示“经济的，有关经济的”。2. writerswriterthis or that后面应接单数名词，因为从意思上来看应是二选一的，所以是单数。3. reinforcereinforcing“an effect can become a cause”和“reinforce the original cause”两个分句并不是并列的关系，应该说是主句和从句的关系，应该将reinforce变为-ing形式，这也与后面的“producing the same effect”保持形式上的一致。4. taketotake to 表示“

34、养成习惯，沉湎于”。5. mostmoreall the more 表示“更加”，如：The living room is decorated in pale colors which make it all he more airy.6. slovenslovenlinesssloven作名词表示“懒散的人，散漫的人”，这里显然语义不对，所以应改为slovenliness表示“懒散，邋遢”。7. irreversiblereversiblereversible（可逆的），irreversible（不可逆的）如上文所述，语言和思维的关系是相互影响的；由于我们思想的

35、愚蠢，我们的语言变得丑陋，不准确；同时我们的语言的不精确也使我们的思维变得更加愚蠢。所以这个过程是能倒退的。8. thinkto动词原形本身无法作主语，必须将它变成-ing形式或不定式，由于这里有将要发生的含义，所以选用不定式 to think。9. concerningconcernconcern本身既可以做动词也可以作名次。10. presentpresentlypresently表示“不久，一会儿”。present在这里讲不通【练习六】Changes in climate that had already taken place are manifested

36、 _1from the decrease in extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice, perma- _2frost thawing, coastal erosion, changes in ice sheets and iceshelves, altered distribution and abundance of species. _3Nowadays snows melt earlier in the springtime. Lakes, riversand bogs freeze much more later in the autumn. R

37、eindeer herding _4becomes more difficult so the ice is weak and may give way. _5Nowadays winters are much colder than they used to be. _6Occasionally during winter time it rains. We never expected this;we could not be ready for this. It is very strange. The cycle of theyearly calendar has been distu

38、rbed greatly.Warming over northern land areas has been very greater than elsewhere in the world. The _7changes are due to human modification of the concentration of greenhouse gases during the 20th century, leading quite directly to the projections the Artic will warm by several times as much during

39、 the _821st century as it did during the 20th century. The amplified warming in Arctic, in turn, directly contributes to overall global warming, as _9well as cause changes that create impacts over the rest of the globe. _10【答案六】1. hadhave这里没有语境表明这个动作或者状态发生在过去某个时间点以前，所以用过去完成体不合适。2. frominma

40、nifest something in something 意思是“在方面表现出来”。例如：His frustration manifested itself in his silence and inactiveness.3. alteredand这里要看出并列的几个名次词组是 extend and thickness、permafrost thawing、coastal erosion、changes in ice sheets and ice shelves、altered distribution and abundance of species，三个斜体的and并不是连接这

41、几个并列项的，所以必须在最后一项altered distribution and abundance of species前加上并列连词and。4. more/later本身已经是比较级，不用再加more。5. soas/since这里要理清主从句的因果关系，从上下文看，应该说“冰层变薄”是因，“放牧驯鹿变得困难”是果，所以应该把so 改成as或since。6. colderwarmer文章谈的是气候变暖问题。“冬季变冷”显然是与整个文章的逻辑不符。7. very/ very不修饰形容词或者副词的比较级。（这里把very 改为much 也没问题）8.&#

42、160;projectionsthatprojections后面的从句是同位语从句，同位语从句的引导词that不可以省略。9. Arcticthe “北极”Arctic前要加定冠词。10. causecausingas well as相当于介词，其后不直接跟动词，应该是名次或动词-ing分词。Dinosaurs, saber-tooth tigers and the dodo bird are famous examples _1of animals that have become extinct. In case of the dinosaurs, it _2

43、seems likely that a catastrophic event alters the global climate _3enough to lead to their disappearance. More recent extinctionsand near-extinctionssuch as the blue whales, tiger, panda, and _4North American bisonhave been the direct result of human activity. By the early 1990s, species were becomi

44、ng extinct at a rate of three per hour, or 27,000 every day a figure quoted by the American biologist Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University, based on hismost conservative estimates. This rate of extinctions carries withit some terrible consequences. Each plant that becomes extinct, for example, may

45、 take with it as much as 30 insects and animals _5that depend on it for food. Habitat loss is one of the most important causes of extinction. For rising populations in many countries _6lead to the clearing of more land, habitats such as raining forest _7and grasslands disappear.In the East Africa, o

46、nce renowned for its wildlife, few wild animals _8remain living outside the boundaries of national parks and game _9reserves. In other parts of the world, coastal ecosystems are clearing _10for development. Wetland areas are drying out as a result of water extraction to support farming and tourism.

47、Bird species are amongthe worst affected by the loss of wetlands.【答案】1. saber-toothsaber-toothed如果是“形容词+名词”作前置修饰语，那么名词要加-ed。2. casethein case of 和 in the case of 的意思是不同的，前者的意思是“万一”，后者的意思是“在的情况中”。3. altersaltered这里谈的是恐龙灭绝的时期，所以时间是过去。4. whaleswhale定冠词可数名词的复数 是特指，所以the blue whales是特

48、指，但是上下文并没有提及特定的蓝鲸，所以从整个句子的意思来看，这里是指物种，是类指，所以应该用“定冠词可数名词单数”形式。5. muchmanyinsects and animals 是可数名词，所以应该说as many as。6. ForAs/Since尽管for作为连词可以引导原因状语分句，但是它一般不放在句首。7. rainingrainrain forest，指热带雨林。8. the去掉East Africa是专有名词。9. livingaliveremain是系动词，后面的形容词是主语补足语，living不能作主语补足语。10.

49、60;clearingcleared这里需要用被动语态。Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society haschanged peoples natural relations, loosed their responsibilities _1to kins（亲戚）and neighbors, and substituted in their place _2for superficial relationships w

50、ith passing acquaintances. _3However, in recent years a growing body of research hasrevealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are acity resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of yourneighbors than you if you are a resident of a smaller community. _4But, for the most pa

51、rt, this fact has a few significant consequences. _5It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of yourneighbors you will know no one else.Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties withinsmall, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality ofmeaningful relationship

52、 do not differ between more and less urban _6people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than do big _7city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism mayproduce a different style of life, but the qua

53、lity of life does notdiffer between town and city. Or are residents of large communities _8any likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation _9than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust for strange

54、rs. _10【答案】1. loosed改为loosened尽管loose也可作及物动词，但它的含义是“松开，解开，发射，释放”等具象的含义，在这里语义不符，而loosen则往往与tie、control、discipline、restriction这样的词连用表示抽象含义。2. kins改为kinkin是集体名词，用单数表达复数概念，相当于relatives，另外，kin作主语的话，谓语动词也应用复数形式。3. 去掉for在substitute A for B 的用法中，for引导的是被代替项而不是代替项。4.（than you） do两个比较分句如果谓语部分相同

55、则可以省略后一个分句的谓语，或者用do来代替。5. 去掉a6. relationship改为relationshipsRelationship既可以作可数名词又可以作不可数名词。由于前面有 the number of 这样分词修饰，这里relationship应该当作可数名词。7. do改为are两个比较分句的谓语动词应该同是be involved，如果将后一个比较分句里的动词部分省略，保留下来的也应该是be动词，而不是do。8. or改为nor前句话是否定结尾的，本句也应是否定的含义。9. likely改为likelier由于有than出现，

56、这里是一个比较句。10. for 改为ofdistrust 后往往跟of，不跟for，如：a distrust of the media。 It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of yourneighbors you will know no one else.这话初看有点别扭。follow有这么个意思，必然是的后果，必然有后果，所以这里大概意思是：不认识什么邻居并不意味着你也不认识其他人。例如：He is good，it does not follow that he is wise.There are three

57、 main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral.Great numbers of animal oil come from whales, those enormous _1creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick cover of fat called

58、 blubber. When the _2whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either board the ship or on shore. It produces a great quantity of oil which _3can be made into food for human consumption. A few other creatures yield oil, and none so much as the whale. The livers of the cod and _4the halibut, two kinds of fish, yield nourishing oil.Both cod liver oil and halibut liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who need certain vitamins. These oils may be bought at any chemist. Vegeta