英语写作手册教案

1、 part 1 paragraph development by listing一、授课时间：feb.22- feb.25二、授课类型：理论课三、授课题目：paragraph development by listing四、教学目的和要求：to make the students know how to develop paragraphs by listing五教学重点及难点：the structure of a listing paragraph六、教学方法、基本内容与步骤讲授法、讨论法、师生互动step i greetingsstep ii introduction to tem4ste

2、p iii presentation focus:listing is probably the most common way to develop a paragraph the structure of a listing paragraphnotessamples and analyseslisting is an extremely common way to develop paragraphs. it can be used to analyze causes and effects, to state the importance of something, to list t

3、he shortcomings or benefits. it can also be used to refute opponents ideas, or to state personal opinions.5.1 the structuremost often listing paragraph starts with a general statement and proceeds to details. in other words, the paragraph starts with a topic sentence that states a point of view and

4、then provides discussions usually ordered from the most important idea to the least important, or vice versa.the following formats show how paragraph can be built up by listing.1. the importance of english cannot be overemphasized. first, . second,.third,. finally, .2. this book will have a major im

5、pact on both politics and economics in china. in politics,    in economics, .3. reading extensively is obviously of great benefit in learning a new language.for one thing, . for another, . in the end, 4. the negative effects of the infections disease on service businesses were obvious in t

6、he first few months. firstly/ for example, . secondly, . thirdly, . lastly, .5.2 notesthere are several points that are worth our attention when we build a paragraph by listing:first, arrange the supporting ideas in a logical order. it is true that we should arrange the supporting ideas in a logical

7、 order in everything we write for other people; otherwise, paragraphs are not effective or cannot be best followed by readers. chinese students, when writing in english, tend to focus all their attention on expressing ideas, and thus ignore the arrangement of the ideas.for example:teachers of foreig

8、n languages should be extremely well-qualified in order to carry out their duties properly. interest in teaching, social skills to deal with all kinds of students, mastery of modern audio-lingual techniques and competence in the target language are four basic requirements of language teachersif the

9、paragraph goes on from this topic sentence, the paragraph will not be quite effective as the supporting ideas are not arranged in an effective order. “competence in the target language” is the most important idea among the four; therefore, it should be placed first. when the idea to be developed are

10、 placed in order of importance, the argument will be stronger.the second point we should pay attention to when we develop a listing paragraph is the correct use of listing expressions. figure 1 shows the possible expressions used for listing.figure 1 possible expressions for listingthe first pointot

11、her pointsthe last pointfirst,firstly,first of all,to begin with,primarily,initially,for one thingsecond,secondly,next,the nextthen,moreover,furthermore,in addition,for the other,another,the other,more importantlylast,the lastlastly,in the end,finally,the finalmost importantlywhen we use these expre

12、ssions, we should follow these rules:1. dont mix sets of listing expressions chinese writers tend to mix sets of expressions used for listing. it is not good style to do so. be consistent when using the following two basic sets of expressions used for listing:first      firs

13、tly       firstlysecondly       second secondlythirdly third thirdlyfinally,   finally    finally2. distinguish “first” and “at first” “first” is a listing word, but “at first” is not. “at first” indicates a change.

14、 compare the following two sentences.first, you should be frank.at first he was a little shy in class, but now he acts more natural.“at first” is often used as the following: after a whileat first but now . later then;e.g. at first he had one small shop; now he is the owner of a vast business with m

15、any branches.3. distinguish “lastly” and “at last”“lastly” is a listing word, but “at last” is not. “at last” indicate that something happens after a long expectation. for example:lastly, i would like summarize the points of my argument.we waited and waited, still at last, after a three-hour delay,

16、the train arrived in the station.5.3 samples and analyses sample paragraph 1: sentence functions in paragraph development the sentence in the most well written paragraphs has one of four common functions. first, there are paragraph introducers, which are sentences that establish the topic focus of t

17、he paragraph as a whole. second, there are several paragraph developers, which present examples or details of various kinds that support the ideas set forth by the paragraph introducers. third, there are viewpoint or context modulators, which are sentences that provide a smooth transition between di

18、fferent sets of ideas. fourth, there are paragraph terminators, which logically conclude the ideas discussed in the paragraph in a psychologically satisfying manner. not all pieces of writing will conform to this analysis; however, most successful paragraphs usually contain some combination of these

19、 four sentence types.analysis:     this is a typical paragraph developed by listing and also a very unified and coherent paragraph.七、作业、讨论题、思考题write a paragraph by listing八、课后小结:九、参考资料:cheryal pavlik，写作通，辽宁教育出版社，2005 陈会军，中国人英语写作全攻略技巧与训练，外文出版社，2004吕煦，实用英语修辞，清华大学出版社，2005part 2 para

20、graph development by classification一、授课时间：mar.l - mar.3二、授课类型：理论课三、授课题目：paragraph development by classification四、教学目的和要求：to make the students know how to develop paragraphs by classification五教学重点及难点：the structure of a classification paragraph六、教学方法、基本内容与步骤讲授法、讨论法、师生互动step i greetingsstep ii check of

21、 homeworkstep iii presentation focus:expressions for classificationorganization of a classifying paragraphsamples and analysesnote: parallel classificationclassification is one of the most useful methods for explaining an object or idea. we break a general class down and group the parts into categor

22、ies whose members share similar characteristics. with this method, we create order out of confusion and provide a clear overview of the information we offer.6.1 expressions for classification expressions in the following table are common words used for classification. they are in two groups:verbs

23、60;                  nounsfall into                 classdivideinto           &#

24、160; groupgo             sortsortinto               kind                 

25、0;      category                        label                   &

26、#160;    typein practice, to avoid sounding repetitions, writers often use a variety of classification words rather than just stick to only one word.6.2 organizationlike other standard paragraphs, a classification paragraph may also consist of a topic introducer to introduce the subje

27、ct to be classified, a topic sentence to provide the controlling idea, supporting details to clarify the nature of the classification and a concluding sentence to end the paragraph. sometimes the topic introducer and the concluding sentence are unnecessary.topic sentenceif a paragraph starts with on

28、ly a topic sentence, apart from a clear topic, the topic sentence for a classifying paragraph should indicate the criterion of classification and the number of smaller groups into which our topic group is broken. fro example:1.            &

29、#160;          there are different kinds of people in society.2.                       any good library should contain three basic type

30、s of materials.sentence 1 is not a good topic sentence, as it does not indicate the criterion by which the classification is made. the second sentence is a good topic sentence as it contains the topic “any good library,” and the controlling idea should contain three basic types of materials. the cri

31、terion is “basic types” and the number “three”.note: the criterion of classification may also be clearly indicated in each support.supporting detailsthe supporting items in a classifying paragraph are parallel and are presented by listing. therefore, generally speaking, the classifying paragraph is

32、also a listing paragraph. we make a list of the items and discuss them one by one. we achieve coherence by using listing words.6.3 samples and analysessample 1the classification of paragraphsindividual paragraphsthe building blocks of essays, articles, chapters, and other longer papersmay be classif

33、ied in a variety of ways. at the essay level, paragraphs may be sorted into functional groups such as introductory, developmental, transitional, and the like. depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer, particular paragraphs may be thought of as aiming to persuade, inform, argue, or excite.

34、paragraphs may also be classified according to such techniques of development as comparison, contrast, and definition. another developmental device might also be the classification paragraph, which organized items or ideas to be discussed into relatively homogeneous groups. such classifications make

35、 it possible to talk about a large number of paragraphs by grouping them into a small number of classes.       -author unknownanalysis:this is a well-written classifying paragraph. it is unified. the topic sentence presents the topic “paragraphs” and the controllin

36、g idea “can be classified in a variety of ways”. the word “classified” indicates the type of the paragraph and “a variety of ways” is the controlling idea to be developed. the specific criteria for classification are clearly stated in each supporting item. at the end, the writer makes a personal com

37、ment on the classification in the paragraph, thus binding the whole paragraph together. there are no sentences that are unrelated.this paragraph is also a coherent paragraph. the structure itself prompts coherence. furthermore, repetitions of the key word “paragraph” plays an important role in bindi

38、ng all the details together.sample:hotelhotels are found in every country and city of the world. generally, they can be classified into three large groups based on location. first, airport hotels are located near airports. their guests include passengers of short stay-overs or canceled flights and t

39、ravelers who are on business. the second type is downtown hotels, also called commercial hotels. these hotels are near large office complexes and retail stores in the major metropolitan areas. they are attractive to people attending meetings and conventions, and to many tourists as well. third, ther

40、e are also resort hotels located near beaches or mountains. resort hotels accommodate vacationers and recreation-minded people. though there may be a few other areas where hotels are found, such as along highways, most of them are located near airports, in downtown areas, and in resort areas.analysi

41、s:this is a unified and coherent paragraph developed by classification. it is different from sample paragraph 1 in that the paragraph begins with the topic introducer and the topic sentence e instead of the topic sentence only.the topic sentence of this paragraph is a very good topic sentence. not o

42、nly does it indicate the type of the paragraph by the word “classify”, but it also presents the controlling idea “classify into three groups based on location”. the number of categories is made clear (“three”) and the criterion of classification is also stated (“location”).the mention of exceptions

43、to the classification gives the writer an air of accuracy and thoroughness. the summary in the concluding sentence binds the supporting details together and thus ends the paragraph satisfactorily.major cohesive devices the writer uses include effective organization of the paragraph, transitional exp

44、ressions and repetition of the key word “hotels”sample 3three types of parentsall parents throughout the world love their children whole heartedly, and so do chinese parents. i know parents in china fall into three categories based on their attitude to the only child in the family. first is the sati

45、sfying. i havent traveled much, but in my experience satisfying parents are all alike no matter where they live. they make every effort to meet all, even unreasonable demands made by the child. second is the authoritative. from ive read in the newspapers, authoritative parents think they are right a

46、ll the time, so they want to the child to obey. the child should always be ready to do what they want him to do. third are friend-like parents. they want to be and are the childs friends and will discuss things with the child. i dont think i fit any of these categories, but you can place most parent

47、s in china into one of these three groups.-studentanalysis:this paragraph, the sentence “but i know peoples political views fall into only three categories” tells that this is also a classifying paragraph. although this is a unified and coherent paragraph, several expressions in this paragraph indic

48、ate that the classification in this paragraph is based on limited experience. these expressions include “i know”, “i havent traveled much, but in my experience”, “from what ive read in the newspapers” and “in my opinion”. such expressions make the writing rather informal, a style should be avoided i

49、n academic writing. a formal style of exposition is likely to lead to greater success in school as well as in ones professional career. it may be characterized as an academic style. in academic writing, personal indicators like “i”, “in my opinion”, “as far as i am concerned” should be used as littl

50、e as possible.6.4 note: parallel classificationin classification, we should pay attention to two points:first, parallelism is essential to a good classification. if we classify types of writing, we may mention narration, description, exposition and argumentation. if writings are classified into nove

51、ls, dramas, description, cause $ effect, comparison $ contrast, and argumentation, the classification is not good because the types classified are not parallel: as what the tree in fig. 14-1 illustrates, description and argumentation are general categories; novels and dramas are particular literary

52、genres, while cause & effect, comparison & contrast are specific forms of exposition. in a word, in a good classification, the parts must be parallel, and they should add up to a whole.second, the criteria used for classification should be consistent. for example, if we classify paragraphs i

53、nto argumentative, informative, cause & effect and comparison &contrast, we are using different criteria. thus, the classification cannot be logically sound. we should apply one criterion in one classification.七、作业、讨论题、思考题write a paragraph by classification八、课后小结:九、参考资料:cheryal pavlik，写作通，辽宁

54、教育出版社，2005 陈会军，中国人英语写作全攻略技巧与训练，外文出版社，2004吕煦，实用英语修辞，清华大学出版社，2005祁寿华，西方写作理论、教学与实践，上海教育出版社, 2000part 3 paragraph development by comparison or contrast一、授课时间：mar.8 - mar.10二、授课类型：理论课三、授课题目：paragraph development by comparison or contrast四、教学目的和要求：to make the students know how to develop paragraphs by com

55、parison or contrast五教学重点及难点：the structure of a comparison or contrast paragraph六、教学方法、基本内容与步骤讲授法、讨论法、师生互动step i greetingsstep ii check of homeworkstep iii presentation focus:comparison or contrast indicatorsindicators of comparisonindicators of contrastorganization of a comparison or contrast paragr

56、aphtopic sentencepoints of comparison or contrastemphasis in comparison or contrastsupporting detailsitems to be compared or contrasted should be comparablepatterns of organizationconcluding sentencesamples and analysescomparison or contrast paragraphs are used to show similarities or differences be

57、tween two things. a comparison paragraph focuses on similarities, while a contrast paragraph on differences. a paragraph usually concentrates only on similarities or differences, not both at the same time. with comparison and contrast, the purpose is not just to point out similarities and difference

58、s or advantages and disadvantages, but to present information about something unfamiliar by comparing it with something familiar, or to show the superiority of one thing by comparing it with another, or to show the similarities or differences of two things to help the reader evaluate them.comparison

59、 or contrast paragraphs use indicators to link similarities or differences.7.1 comparison or contrast indicators7.1.1 indicators of comparisonthere are several similarities between a and b.a and b have the same view of the world.a and b have a lot in common.in common with a, b prefers meat to fish.a

60、 resembles b in that a is also interested in collecting stamps.both a and b have long hair.both a and b are interested in shopping.a likes fishing, b likes fishing, too.a likes swimming, so does b.just as a likes to be quiet, b likes to stay alone.like a, b likes outdoor sports.a likes swimming. the

61、 same with a, b also likes swimming.a and b are the same in that they both like swimming in the sea.a and b have the same interests.a likes swimming in a pond; similarly, b likes swimming in the sea.7.1.2 indicators of contrast (表示对照的词语)unlike a, b likes outdoor sports.in contrast to a, b likes outdoor sports.different from a, b likes outdoor sports.co