自考英语二讲义10

1、讲义十Text A The Campaign for ElectionI.课文内容简介美国的总统竞选每四年一次，获胜者是在共和党和民主党两个大党中产生。因为大党的候选人有着本党忠实信徒支持这一关键的优势。总统候选人的活动讲究战略，候选人想尽力突出表现自己强有力的领导者的形象，但选民们是否接受他们则要看外在的因素而不是他们的个人魅力。候选人的策略受很多因素的影响，最重要的因素是在拥有人口最多的州取胜。Para. 1 The Democratic【democratic ,dem?'kr?tik,-k?ladj. 民主的；民主政治的；大众的】 and the Republican【repub

2、lican ri'p?blik?nadj. 共和国的；共和政体的；共和主义的；拥护共和政体的n. 共和主义者】 parties【parties n. 当事人；聚会；党派；政党机关；同行者（party的复数）】 play an important role in American government.Paras.2 - 6 Strategies【n.策略, 军略 策略】 the candidates【n.候选人, 投考者 选择物，候选(者)】 use in the election are various. 民主党人 the Democrats 共和党人 the Republicans

3、Jimmy Carter（1977 - 1981） Richard Nixon （1969 - 1974）Bill Clinton （1993 - 2001 ） Ronald Reagan （1981 - 1989）John Kerry 2004 VS Bush George Bush （1989 - 1993）George W. Bush （2001-）II.New Words1 election n. 选举；选举权2 presidential a.总统的，总统职务的3 winner n.获胜者，优胜者4 republican a./n.共和国的，共和党的；R-共和党党员5 democrat

4、ic a.民主的，民主主义的6 nominee n.被提名者；被任命者7 vote n./vi.选举，投票8 certainty n.一定；必定9 nomination n.提名，任命10 loyalty n.忠诚，忠心11 decline vi./vt./n.下倾，下降；谢绝，拒绝12 democrat n.民主主义者；D-民主党党员13 voter n.选举人，投票人 14 strategically ad.战略上地，颇具策略地15 pursue vt. 追赶，追求16 impact n./vt.冲击，碰撞；效果，影响17 headquarters n. 司令部，指挥部18 economy

5、 n. 经济；节约19 strategist n.战略家20 rating n.等级，规格21 poll n./vt./vi.选举，投票；民意测验；得到选票22 stir vt./vi.搅拌，搅动23 strategy n.战略，策略24 constitutional a.宪法上规定的，组成的25 provision n.供应，供应品26 electoral a.选举的27 representation n.描写，表现，代表28 congress n.大会，国会29 House n.议院30 district n.区，行政区31 representative n./a.代表，代表人；典型的，有

6、代表性的32 presidency n.总统职务33 overwhelming a.压倒之势的词组：1 to stand no chance没有可能；没有希望2 to identify as把看成3 impact on对之影响be concerned with / about关心，关注词汇精讲：1.election： n. 选举，选举权派生词：elect v. 选举When does the election take place？ 选举什么时候举行？Trade union representatives are chosen by election. 工会代表是通过选举产生的。2.presi

7、dential a.总统的，总统职务的3.winner n. 获胜者，优胜者4.republican a./n. 共和国的，共和党的；R-共和党党员5.democratic a.民主的，民主主义的6.nominee n. 被提名者；被任命者7.vote：n./vi. 选举，投票voter： n. 选举人，选民In some countries women got the vote after World War I. 第一次世界大战以后，在一些国家，妇女赢得了选举权。We called a meeting in order to take a vote on the issue. 我们召集会议

8、就这一问题进行表决。The committee voted on the proposal， and accepted it unanimously.委员会就这一提议进行表决并一致通过。8.certainty n. 一定；必定9.nomination n.提名，任命10.loyalty：n. 忠诚，忠心派生词：loyal a. 忠诚的，忠心的I am convinced of your loyalty to the cause. 我确信你对事业的忠诚。We all have a loyalty to the company. 我们对公司都很忠心。Dogs are loyal to their

9、owners. 狗对主人很忠诚。11.decline：v. / n. 谢绝，拒绝；下降I had to decline his invitation because I had another appointment.我不得不谢绝他的邀请，因为我另有约会。His health has notably declined. 他的健康状况明显下降。His hearing sensitivity declines with age. 他的听力因年老而衰退。12.democrat n. 民主主义者；D-民主党党员13.voter n. 选举人，投票人14.strategically ad. 战略上地，颇

10、具策略地15.pursue：vt. 追赶，追求派生词：pursuit n. 追赶The police pursued the wrong car. 警察追错了一辆汽车。I dont want to pursue that question now. 我现在不想继续讨论那个问题。He has made up his mind to pursue studies for a masters degree. 他已决心攻读硕士研究生。16.impact n./vt. 冲击，碰撞；效果，影响17.headquarters n. 司令部，指挥部18.economy： n. 经济 ， 节省派生词：econo

11、mic a. 经济的；economical a. 经济的，节俭的19.strategist n.战略家20.rating n. 等级，规格21.poll n./vt./vi. 选举，投票；民意测验；得到选票22.stir：v. 搅动，激发The story stirred the boys imagination. 这个故事激发了那男孩的想象力。She was stirring at her coffee. 她当时在搅咖啡。The return of Hong Kong created a great stir in all countries of the world.香港回归在世界各地引起

12、了很大的震动。23.strategy： n. 策略，战略派生词：strategist n. 战略家；strategically ad. 战略上地A competentadj.有能力的, 胜任的 general is skilled in strategy. 一个称职的将军是善于制定战略的。By careful strategy， she obtained a considerable pay rise.在精心策划之后，她获得了大幅度的加薪。24.constitutional a. 宪法上规定的，组成的25.provision n. 供应，供应品26.electoral a. 选举的27.rep

13、resentation n. 描写，表现，代表28.congress n. 大会，国会29.House n.议院30.district n. 区，行政区31.representative：n./ a 代表，代表人；典型的，有代表性的派生词：represent v. 代表 representation n.表现，代表Many representatives of the older generation were there. 老一辈的各类代表都在那里。Is a questionnaire answered by 500 people truly representative of nation

14、al opinion？一份有500 人作答的调查问卷是否能真正代表全国人民的意见？32.presidency n. 总统职务33.overwhelming a. 压倒之势的词组 ：phrases1.to stand no chance 没有可能，没有希望He stands no chance of winning the election. 他没有希望在选举中获胜。to stand a chance 有可能，有希望He stands a good chance of passing the examination. 他考试及格很有希望。2.to identify as： 把 看成，确认He a

15、lways identifies himself as one of the commoners.他总是把自己看成是普通大众的一员。Do you identify yourself as an optimist or a pessimist？你把自己看成是乐观主义者还是悲观主义者？I identified the stolen recorder as mine. 我认为那个被偷的录音机是我的。3.impact on： 对的影响The book made a great impact on its readers.这本书对读者产生了很大的影响。The invention and applicat

16、ion of computer exert a great impact on modern industry.电脑的发明和应用对现代工业产生了巨大影响。III.课文精讲The Campaign for ElectionAlthough presidential elections occur every 4 years， many people feel that they do not have a true understanding of how presidential campaigns operate.The winner in the November general elec

17、tion【n.大选】 is almost certain to be either the Republican or the Democratic nominee【n.被提名的人, 被任命者】.A minor-party or independent candidate【n.候选人, 投考者 选择物，候选(者)】， such as George Wallace in 1968， John Anderson in 1980， or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996， can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but

18、 stands almost no chance of defeating them.1.此句中，be certain to do sth. 表示“一定会做某事”。例：He is certain to agree with the plan. 他肯定会同意这个计划的。“either or”表示“或者或者”。此句的意思：“11月大选的获胜者几乎可以肯定不是共和党就是民主党提名的候选人。”2.在本句中，“draw away from ”表示“把从拉走；吸引开”例如：The on-going performance outside the classroom drew the students at

19、tention away from their books. 教室外面正在进行的表演把学生的注意力从书本上吸引开了。此句意思：“小党派或独立候选人，如1968年的乔治·华莱士、1980年的约翰·安德森，或者1992年和1996年的罗斯·佩罗等，可能会从大党的提名人那里拉走一些选票，但几乎没有人可能战胜他们。”“stand almost no chance of 。”表示“几乎没有可能”。A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful. Earli

20、er in the twentieth century， this support was so firm and steady【adj.稳固的, 稳定的, 坚定的, 扎实的, 坚定不移的v.(使)稳定, (使)稳固【修】稳定】 that the victory【victory 'viktrin. 胜利；克服；成功】 of the stronger partys candidate was almost a certainty. Warren G. Harding accepted the 1920 Republican nomination【n.任命】 at his Ohio hom

21、e， stayed there throughout most of the campaign， and won a full victory simply because most of the voters【voters n. 投票者列表；选民，投票人（voter的复数）】 of his time were Republicans. Party loyalty【n.忠诚, 忠心】 has declined【vi.下倾, 下降, 下垂v.拒绝, 衰落n.下倾, 下降, 下垂, 斜面, 斜坡, 衰败, 衰落】 in recent【recent 'ri:sntadj. 最近的；近代的】

22、decades【n.十年, 十】， but more than two-thirds of the nations voters still identify【identify ai'dentifaivt. 识别；确定；使参与；把看成一样vi. 认同；一致；确定】 themselves as Democrats or Republicans， and most of them support their partys presidential candidate【校长候选人】. Even Democrat George McGovern， who had the lowest leve

23、l of party support among recent nominees， was backed in 1972 by nearly 60 percent of his partys voters.3.这是由三个并列谓语加一个原因状语从句构成的复合句。沃伦·G·哈定在他俄亥俄州的家中接受了1920年共和党的提名，而且竞选期间他多数时间是呆在家里。他最终大获全胜仅仅是因为那个时期多数选民是共和党成员。Presidential candidates act strategically【adv.战略上】. In deciding whether to pursue【pur

24、sue p'sju:, -'su:vt. 从事；追赶；继续；纠缠vi. 追赶；继续进行】 a course of action【做法，行动过程；一连串行动】， they try to estimate【estimate 'estimeitvi. 估计，估价n. 估计，估价；判断，看法vt. 估计，估量；判断，评价】 its likely impact on the voters. During the 1992 campaign， a sign on the wall of Clintons headquarters【headquarters ,hed'kw:t

25、zn. 总部；司令部；指挥部】 in Little Rock read， “The Economy， Stupid.” The slogan【slogan 'slunn. 标语；呐喊声】 was the idea of James Carville， Clintons chief strategist【n.战略家】， and was meant as a reminder【reminder ri'maindn. 暗示；提醒的人/物；催单】 to the candidate and the staff【staff st:f, stæfn. 职员；支撑；参谋；棒adj.

26、行政工作的；职员的vt. 供给人员；给配备职员vi. 雇用工作人员】 to keep the campaign focused on【集中】 the nations slow-moving economy【economy i'knmin. 节约；经济；理财】， which ultimately【ultimately adv. 最后；根本；基本上】 was the issue【issue 'iju:, 'isju:n. 流出；发行物；问题；期号vt. 发行，发布；放出，排出；发给vi. 发行；流出；造成结果；传下】 that defeated Bush. As in 19

27、80， when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough【tough tfadj. 坚韧的，牢固的；艰苦的，困难的；强壮的，结实的；坚强的，不屈不挠的n. 恶棍vt. 忍受，忍耐；坚持adv. 强硬地，顽强地】 economic times， the voters were motivated【motivated 'mutiveitidadj. 有动机的；有积极性的v. 使产生动机；激发的积极性（motivate的过去式和过去分词）】 largely by a desire for change.4.在本句中，deciding 作

28、介词in 的宾语；in deciding作时间状语，表示：“在做某事的过程中”whether to pursue a course of action是一个带疑问词的不定式短语，作动名词deciding 的宾语；表示：“在决定是否遵循某一行动方针时”。to estimate its likely impact on the voters 是不定式短语作try 的宾语，其中impact on 是一个名词词组，意为“对的影响”。全句意思：“在决定是否遵循某一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对选民可能具有的影响。”5.该句是由and 连接两个并列谓语加上一个定语从句构成的复合句。which 引

29、导的定语从句修饰economy ， 属非限制性定语从句，只起补充说明作用。that 引导限制性定语从句，修饰the issue此句意思：“这一口号是克林顿的总战略家詹姆斯·卡维尔的主意，其用意是想提醒候选人及总部人员始终把竞选的注意力集中在本国缓慢发展的经济上。而这一点正是最终击败布什的问题。”6.在此句中 as in 1980 是时间状语，as 的意思是“正如”。when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times 是非限制性定语从句，修饰1980.正如1980年在经济艰难时期吉米·卡特败与

30、罗纳德·里根时那样，选民很大程度上是被他们想变革的欲望调动起来的。Candidates try to project a strong leadership【leadership 'li:dip. 领导阶层；领导能力】 image. Whether voters accept this image， however， depends more on external factors【外界因素】 than on a candidates personal characteristics. In 1991， after the Gulf War， Bushs approval r

31、ating reached 91 percent， the highest level recorded【已记录的】 since polling【polling 'pulin. 投票；轮询v. 获得票（poll的ing形式）】 began in the 1930s. A year later， with the nations economy in trouble， Bushs approval【approval 'pru:vln. 赞成；批准；认可】 rating【rating n. 等级；等级评定；额定功率v. 对评价（rate的ing形式）】 dropped below

32、40 percent. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war， but voters remained concerned about the economy. 7.本句是一个主从复合句，“whether voters accept this image” 是主语从句作主语。此句意思：“然而选民们是否接受这一形象则更取决于外在因素而不是候选人的个人特征。”8.句中the highest level recorded since polling began in the 1930s 是91 percent 的同

33、位语。recorded 是过去分词作后置定语修饰the highest level.此句意思：“1991年海湾战争以后，布什的支持率达到91%，这是自20世纪30年代开始民意测验以来的最高记录。”9.句中with the nations economy in trouble.作伴随状语“一年以后，随着国家经济陷入困境，布什的支持率则下降到40%以下。”“ with + 名词 + 介词词组/形容词/分词 ”结构常在句中作状语，表示伴随条件或原因等举例： with + 名词+ 动词现在分词He didnt take part in the party， with his mother being

34、ill. 因为他妈妈病了，所以他没有参加晚会。with +名词+动词过去分词With all the housework done， she went shopping. 干完了所有的家务后，她便去购物。with + 名词+形容词With the window open， he fell asleep. 他开着窗户睡着了。with + 名词+ 介词The lecturer walked in with a file under his arm. 演讲者掖下夹着一个文件走了进来。He went out with no hat on. 他没戴帽子出去了。10.句中remained是系动词，conc

35、erned about the economy 是表语。“布什试图重振其战争期间强有力的领导者形象，但选民们始终关心的是经济。”The candidates strategies are shaped【vbl.成形,发展】 by many considerations， including the constitutional【constitutional ,knsti'tju:nladj. 宪法的；体质上的；本质的；保健的n. 保健散步；保健运动】 provision that each state shall have electoral【electoral i'lektr

36、ladj. 选举的；选举人的】 votes equal in number to its representation【representation ,reprizen'teinn. 表现；陈述；表示法；代表】 in Congress. Each state thus【thus ðsadv. 因此；这样；从而；如此conj. 因此n. 乳香】 gets two electoral votes for its Senate【senate 'senitn. 参议院，上院；（古罗马的）元老院】 representation and a varying number of e

37、lectoral votes depending on its House representation. Altogether， there are 538 electoral votes （including three for the District of Columbia， even though it has no voting representatives in Congress【congress 'kres, kn'resn. 国会；会议；代表大会；社交】）。 To win the presidency【n.任期】， a candidate must rece

38、ive at least 270 votes【votes v. 投票；提倡（vote的第三人称单数形式）n. 选票；选举；得票数（vote的复数形式）】， an electoral majority【majority m'dritin. 多数；律成年】. 11.including the constitutional【constitutional ,knsti'tju:nladj. 宪法的；体质上的；本质的；保健的n. 保健散步；保健运动】 provision that each state shall have electoral votes equal in number

39、to its representation in Congress. 分词短语，起补充说明的作用。其中that引导的是provision同位语从句，equal in number to its representation in Congress 是形容词短语作后置定语，修饰 votes ，短语的译文“包括宪法的这一条款：每个州具有的选举人票数与其在国会中的代表人数相同。”12.To win the presidency， 是全句的目的状语，an electoral majority 是270 votes 的同位语要赢得总统席位，候选人必须至少获得270票，即选票的大多数。Candidates

40、 are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population， such as California （with 54 electoral votes）， New York （33）， Texas （32）， Florida （25）， Pennsylvania （23）， Illinois （22）， and Ohio （21）。 Victory in the eleven largest slates alone would provide an electoral majorit

41、y， and presidential candidates therefore spend most of their time campaigning in those states. Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992， compared with Bushs 38 percent and Perots 19 percent； but Clinton won in states that gave him an overwhelming【adj.压倒性的, 无法抵抗的】 370 electoral vo

42、tes， compared with 168 for Bush and none for Perot.13.句中which引导的定语从句修饰states， 意为“人口最多的州”候选人特别关注人口最多的几个州的州选举中获胜14.句意为：“仅在这11个最大的州获胜就可以获得选举的多数” 事实上，在11个最大的州同时获胜几乎是不可能的，因此本句用了虚拟语气 would providealone 是形容词，用于名词或代词后，意为“仅仅，只”例： You alone can do it .只有你能作这事。Time alone will show who was right. 只有时间能表明谁对。Text

43、 B The American Tow-party SystemI.New Words1.contest n.1.竞争，比赛；2.争夺，竞争；3.争论，争辩2.rivalry n.竞争；对抗rival n.对手 v. 竞争There is great rivalry between the two sisters. 这两姐妹竞争激烈。3.dozen n.1.一打，十二个；2.十来个，十几个4.nominate vt.1.提名；2.任命；3.命名5.collectively ad.总体地；集体地6.electorate n.全体选民；选区7.inevitably ad.不可避免地，必然地8.do

44、minance n.优势，控制，统治dominant a. 优势的，占统治地位的； dominate v. 统治，控制This country has long been the dominant military power in the region.这是一个长久以来在该地区占统治地位的军事强国。9.assault n.1.攻击，袭击；2.（军）冲击，突击，强击10.parliamentary a.议会的，国会的11.congressman（复congressmen） n.（美）国会议员12.statistically ad.在统计方面13.dominant a.占优势的；支配的14.ma

45、jority n.1.多数，大半；2.多数党，多数派major a. 多数的；反义词： minority少数， 少数党15.automatically ad.自动地；习惯性地petitor n.竞争者；对手compete v. 竞争； competition n. 竞争，比赛； competitive a. 竞争的，对抗的17.running n.1.跑，赛跑；2.竞选18.inevitable a.不可避免的，必然（发生）的19.peaceful a.1.平静的，安宁的；2.和平的，和平方式的20 transfer vt.1.转移，传输；2.调动；3.改变vi. 1.转移，转学；2.换车；换

46、船n.转移，传输，变换21.overturn vt./n.1.打翻，使翻过来；2.推翻，颠覆，毁灭vi. 翻身；倒下22.foolproof a.1.连傻子都懂的；2.不会出毛病的；3.有安全装置的23.monopoly n.垄断；专卖24.opposition n.1.反对，反抗；2.对立，意见相反25.monopolize v. 垄断；专卖26.moderation n.1.温和，适度；2.缓和，减轻27.legislation n.1.立法；2.法律，法规28.temporarily ad.暂时地，临时地Phrases and Expressions1.to break up 打碎；结束

47、；驱散；散开；分解2.in the running 参赛，参加竞选3.in power 掌权的，执政的4.out of power 丧失权力5.in favour of 1.赞成，支持；2.为的利益，有利于；3.支付给6.to come into power 上台；开始掌权7.to carry on 1.经营，进行；2.继续词组：1.to break up： 打碎，结束The ship broke up on the rocks. 轮船触礁撞毁了。The party didnt break up until midnight. 宴会到午夜才结束。相关词汇：to break down 损坏，（精

48、神、健康）垮下来to break into 强行闯入to break out 爆发，突然出现2.in favour of ： 赞成，支持；有利于Most people are in favour of the newly-elected president. 大多数人支持新当选的总统。The council has voted in favour of a $200 million housing development. 参议会投票通过了一项两亿美元的住宅开发计划。3.to carry on： 经营，进行；继续He began to carry on the leather business

49、 last year. 他去年开始经营皮革生意。You just have to carry on as if nothings happened. 你们接着干吧，就当什么事也没发生。They decided to carry on in spite of the weather. 他们决定不管天气好坏都继续下去。II.课文分析The American Tow-party SystemNo one now living in the United Sates can remember when the contest began between the Democratic and the R

50、epublican parties. It has been going on for more than a century， making it one of the oldest political rivalries【n.竞争, 竞赛, 敌对, 敌对状态】 in the world.1.No one now living in the United States can remember when the contest【n.论争, 竞赛v.,争论, 争辩, 竞赛, 争夺】 began between the Democratic and the Republican parties.

51、 （para.1）living in the United States是现在分词作定语，修饰one.when 引导宾语从句2.It has been going on for more than a century， making it one of the oldest political rivalries in the world. （para.1）1） has been going on 用的是现在完成进行时。2） making 是现在分词作状语，其中oldest 是形容词最高级的形式The American political system is a classical examp

52、le of the two-party system. When we say that we have a tow-party system in the United States we do not mean that we have only two parties. Usually about a dozen parties nominate presidential candidates. We call it a two-party system because we have two large parties and a number of small parties， an

53、d the large parties are so large that we often forget about the rest. Usually the small parties collectively poll less than 5per cent of the vote cast in national elections.The Democratic and Republican parties are the largest and most competitive【adj.竞争的】 organizations in the American community. Th

54、ey organize the electorate【n.选民, 选区, 有选举权者】 very simply by maintaining【保护，维护】 the two-parry system Americans almost inevitably【adv.不可避免】 become Democrats or Republicans because there is usually no other place for them to go. Moreover【adv.而且, 此外】， because the rivalry【rivalry 'raivlrin. 竞争；竞赛；对抗】

55、of these parties is very old， most Americans know where they belong in the system As a consequence of the dominance【n.优势, 统治 控制；优势】 of the Democrats. Attempts【n.努力, 尝试, 企图vt.尝试, 企图】 to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years， but the syste

56、m has survived all assaults【assault 's:ltn. 攻击；袭击vt. 袭击；攻击vi. 袭击；动武】.3.Attempts to break up this old system have been made in every presidential election in the past one hundred years， but the system has survived all assaults. （para.3）Attempt 后面的 “to break up this old system” 是动词不定式作定语，修饰attempt.此句谓语动词用的是现在完成时的被动语态。make attempt to do sth. 表示“企图，打算做某事”。How does it happen that the two-party system is so strongly rooted in【v.来源于】 American politics？ The explanation is probably to be found in the way elections are conducted. In the United