英语国家概况chapter11economy

1、The United States of America Chapter Chapter 1111EconomyEconomyThe United States The United States of Americaof AmericaForeign Language Teaching and Research PressThink about these questions before Think about these questions before we start:we start:What industrial developments took place What indu

2、strial developments took place during the colonial period of America?during the colonial period of America?How did the Civil War affect the American How did the Civil War affect the American economy?economy?Why does America try to reduce trade Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?barriers?

3、Warming-up Activities Warming-up Activities Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressContentsContents History of American Economy Current American Economy General IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvUSthe current industrial, economic and USthe current industrial, economic and

4、 technological gianttechnological giant ranking first in computer technology, space technology, nuclear energy, and electronics, etc.; producing a major portion of the worlds machinery, automobiles, oil, electrical energy, and chemicals.vMixed economyMixed economy emphasizing private ownership feder

5、al governmentregulating businesses anti-trust laws General IntroductionGeneral IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvPrivate businesses produce most goods and Private businesses produce most goods and services.services. Two thirds of the output goes to individuals; One third is bo

6、ught by government and business. v“Consumer economy”“Consumer economy” General IntroductionGeneral IntroductionForeign Language Teaching and Research Press History of American Economy History of American EconomyThe Colonial Period Since American IndependenceThe 20th Century 123Foreign Language Teach

7、ing and Research Press1. The Colonial Period1. The Colonial PeriodvMassachusettssettled by Pilgrims to Massachusettssettled by Pilgrims to escape religious persecutionescape religious persecutionvOther colonieslike Virginia and Other colonieslike Virginia and Pennsylvania, founded as business ventur

8、esPennsylvania, founded as business ventures contribution to Englands colonizing process of the would-be United States charter companies King provided a charter or grant conferring economic rights as well as political and judicial authorityForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1. The Colonial

9、Period1. The Colonial PeriodMayflower, the ship that carried the Pilgrims from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they established the first permanent New England colony in 1620. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press1. The Colonial Period1. The Colonial PeriodvEnglish investors turned

10、over colonial English investors turned over colonial charters to the settlers. charters to the settlers. enormous political implications Colonists were left to build their own lives, communities, and economy, that is, to construct their new nationForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1. The Co

11、lonial Period1. The Colonial Period appearance of sawmills (锯木场) and gristmills (磨房) shipyardsbuilding fishing fleets and trading vessels small iron forges (冶炼厂)vSecondary industries (Secondary industries (二级产业二级产业) ) Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressGristmillGristmillIron forgeIron forge

12、1. The Colonial Period1. The Colonial PeriodForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvClear regional patterns of development Clear regional patterns of development by by the 18th century:the 18th century: New Englandship-building and sailing; Maryland, Virginia, and Carolinastobacco, rice and ind

13、igo (靛蓝属植物); New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delawareshipped crops and furs; The field was open for entrepreneurs (企业家、创业者) among the colonists to establish themselves.1. The Colonial Period1. The Colonial PeriodForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvDisputes over taxation and other mat

14、ters with Disputes over taxation and other matters with Britain:Britain: Americansmodification (减轻) of taxes and regulations; demand for more self-government Mounting quarrelleading to war against the British and to independence for the coloniesvAmerican Revolution: bolstered (American Revolution: b

15、olstered (支持、支撑支持、支撑) ) by an emerging middle classby an emerging middle class rallying cry“inalienable rights to life, liberty, and property”1. The Colonial Period1. The Colonial PeriodForeign Language Teaching and Research Press2. Since American Independence 2. Since American Independence vU.S. Co

16、nstitution established the nation as a U.S. Constitution established the nation as a unified market. unified market. no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce; Federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and

17、regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post offices and roads, and fix rules governing patents (专利权、专利品) and copyrights. “intellectual property”Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvAlexander Hamiltons Alexander Hamiltons economic development economic development

18、 strategystrategy2. Since American Independence 2. Since American Independence nurture infant industries by providing overt subsidies (公开的补贴) impose protective tariffs (保护性关税) on imports create a national bank assume public debts Alexander Hamilton was the first United States Secretary of the Treasu

19、ry, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe new government did make tariffs an The new government did make tariffs an essential part of American foreign policy.essential part of American foreign policy.vPresident Jefferson opposed to H

20、amiltons President Jefferson opposed to Hamiltons national bank.national bank.vWhen elected for a second term, Jefferson When elected for a second term, Jefferson opposed renewing the banks charter. opposed renewing the banks charter. vBusinesses panicked in both 1834 and 1837.Businesses panicked in

21、 both 1834 and 1837.2. Since American Independence 2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution nBy 1860, one third of the nations income came from manufacturing;nCotton cloth production was the leading industry;nUrba

22、nized industrylimited to the Northeast;nImmigrant workers Between 1845 and 1855, some 300, 000 European immigrants arrived annually. 2. Since American Independence 2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressUrban IndustrializationTextile Plant2. Since American Indepen

23、dence 2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe Southrural and dependent on the The Southrural and dependent on the North for capital and manufactured goods North for capital and manufactured goods vEconomic policy under President Lincoln:Economic policy under P

24、resident Lincoln:2. Since American Independence 2. Since American Independence nIn 1861, adoption of a protective tariffnIn 1862, the first Pacific railroad was chartered. nIn 1863 and 1864, a national bank code (银行代码) was drafted.Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvNorthern victory in the

25、Civil Warensured Northern victory in the Civil Warensured the destiny of the nation and its economic the destiny of the nation and its economic systemsystemnslavery system was abolished, making southern cotton plantations less profitable;nNorthern industry surged ahead: Industrialists domination in

26、social and political affairs Disappearance of the southern planter aristocracy (贵族)v“Second industrial revolution” “Second industrial revolution” 2. Since American Independence 2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pressv“Second industrial revolution” an explosion “Se

27、cond industrial revolution” an explosion of new discoveries and inventions:of new discoveries and inventions: The discovery of oil; The development of typewriter; The invention of telephone, phonograph (留声机), and electric light; Refrigerated railroad cars came into use; Cars were replacing carriages

28、 and people were flying in airplanes by the dawn of the 20th century.2. Since American Independence 2. Since American Independence Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press3. The 20th Century3. The 20th CenturyvExperienced a period of prosperity in the Experienced a period of prosperity in the ea

29、rly 20th centuryearly 20th centuryvSuffered Great Depression in the 1930sSuffered Great Depression in the 1930snWall Street Crash in October 1929 Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press3. The 20th Century3. The 20th CenturyvPresident Roosevelts President Roosevelts NewNew Deal (Deal (新政新政)inter

30、vention of the governmentintervention of the government ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people; prevent flagrant (公然公然的的) abuses of the system; Dampen (抑制抑制) the effects of inflation; stimulate growth. His New Deal was popular with the electorate (选民) and led to a s

31、uccessful reelection in 1936.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pressv Reagan Administrations new monetaristReagan Administrations new monetarist ( (货币货币主义者主义者) ) policies in the early 1980spolicies in the early 1980s control over government spending deficits cutting taxes to enhance economic de

32、velopment raise of interest ratesvGeorge H. W. Bushslow economic recessionGeorge H. W. Bushslow economic recessionvClintoneconomic recovery Clintoneconomic recovery vAppearance of new tycoonsAppearance of new tycoons ( (企业界或政界巨企业界或政界巨头头)Bill Gates)Bill Gates3. The 20th Century3. The 20th CenturyFore

33、ign Language Teaching and Research PressII Current American EconomyII Current American EconomyAgriculture Agriculture 1ManufacturingManufacturing IndustryIndustry2Service IndustryService Industry3High-tech IndustryHigh-tech Industry4Foreign TradeForeign Trade5Foreign Language Teaching and Research P

34、ress1. Agriculture1. AgriculturevConditions for developing agriculture:Conditions for developing agriculture: vastness of the land generosity of nature rainfall, rivers and underground water allowing for irrigation where necessaryvAverage American Average American farm462 acres farm462 acres (187 he

35、ctares)(187 hectares)Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvSuccess of agricultureSuccess of agriculture large capital investments highly trained labor new methods for raising crops1. Agriculture1. AgriculturevModern farmingModern farming disease and drought resistant seeds fertilizers and pes

36、ticides space technology utilizationForeign Language Teaching and Research Press1. Agriculture1. AgricultureLets take a look at American farm scenery Foreign Language Teaching and Research Pressv“Agribusiness”“Agribusiness” a variety of farm businesses and structures from small, one-family corporati

37、ons to huge conglomerates（联合企业:由许多不同行业的公司组成的有不同经营范围的大企业）or multinational firmsvAmerican farms low-cost outputAmerican farms low-cost outputvOne-third of crops for exportEurope, Asia, One-third of crops for exportEurope, Asia, Africa and Latin America Africa and Latin America vAgricultural imports la

38、g far behind, leaving a Agricultural imports lag far behind, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of tradesurplus in the agricultural balance of trade1. Agriculture1. AgricultureForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvFarmersnot work on the farms full-timeFarmersnot work on the farms f

39、ull-time 45 percent with other occupations 240, 000 tenant farmersrent land for cash or pay the owner a share of the crops they grow migrant workershired only for a specific chorevAgriculture remains the foundation Agriculture remains the foundation upon upon which American well-being and prosperity

40、 are which American well-being and prosperity are based. based. 1. Agriculture1. AgricultureForeign Language Teaching and Research Press2. Manufacturing Industry2. Manufacturing IndustryvLarge manufacturing industries employing Large manufacturing industries employing more than 24 million workersmor

41、e than 24 million workersvHighly developed military industryHighly developed military industryvAuto companiesFord, General Motors and Auto companiesFord, General Motors and ChryslerChryslervBoeing Aircraft Companycommercial Boeing Aircraft Companycommercial airlinersairlinersvOther industries: food,

42、 clothing, etc.Other industries: food, clothing, etc.America has formed an America has formed an industrial system with large industrial system with large ductivity.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press2. Manufacturing Industry2. Manufacturing IndustryForeign Language Teaching

43、 and Research PressDivision of Manufacturing Activities Division of Manufacturing Activities vThe East North CentralThe East North Centraln the leading regionn over 25% of manufacturing capacityn motor vehicles and other transportation equipments, non-electrical machinery, and fabricated metals vThe

44、 Middle Atlantic regionThe Middle Atlantic regionn occupying the second placen almost 20% of the total value added n chemicals and machinery, both electrical and non-electrical vThe Pacific coast regionThe Pacific coast regionn dominated by the manufacturing activities of Californian the third place

45、 with about 15% of the total value addedn Transportation equipments, food products, and electrical and electronic equipmentsForeign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe South Atlantic regionThe South Atlantic regionnthe fourth leading region nover 10% of the total US manufacturing outputntextile

46、s, chemicals, tobacco products, and apparelvThe West South Central and the East South The West South Central and the East South Central regions Central regions nabout 15% of the total national outputnchemicals, food products, electrical and electronic equipments, and non-electrical machineryDivision

47、 of Manufacturing Activities Division of Manufacturing Activities Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressvThe West North Central, New England and The West North Central, New England and the Mountain states regionremaining 15% the Mountain states regionremaining 15% of the national output of the

48、 national output nNew Englandelectrical and non-electrical machinery, and fabricated metalsnThe West North Central statesmachinery and food productsnThe Mountain statesfood products, primary metals and non-electrical machineryDivision of Manufacturing Activities Division of Manufacturing Activities

49、Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press3. Service Industry3. Service IndustryvTremendous growth in employment in the Tremendous growth in employment in the service sector since the 1970sservice sector since the 1970s three categories: services for the affluentcommercial banking, life insurance,

50、 real estate and law services welfare serviceshealth care, education, government and social services services provided by the poorservices to buildings and dwellings, retail servicesForeign Language Teaching and Research Press3. Service Industry3. Service IndustryAdvanced service industryForeign Lan

51、guage Teaching and Research Press4. High-tech Industry4. High-tech IndustryvHigh-tech industries ranking first in the worldHigh-tech industries ranking first in the worldvMore emphasis on space technology, More emphasis on space technology, electronics, chemicals and computingelectronics, chemicals

52、and computingvSuccessful flight of the space shuttle Successful flight of the space shuttle vLeading computer companies in the world Leading computer companies in the world vLeading engineering and information Leading engineering and information technologytechnologyForeign Language Teaching and Rese

53、arch Press4. High-tech Industry4. High-tech Industry美国计算机协会（Association of Computing Machinery，简称ACM）是一个国际性的科技教育组织，是世界上第一个科学性及教育性计算机学会。ACM致力于提高信息技术在科学、艺术等各行各业的应用水平。Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press5. Foreign Trade5. Foreign TradevUS foreign trade plays a significant role in US foreign tra

54、de plays a significant role in the economythe economyvTrade pattern: from Trade pattern: from domestic-oriented domestic-oriented to to internationally-orientedinternationally-orientedvReducing trade barriersReducing trade barriers ( (贸易壁垒贸易壁垒) ) and and coordinating the world economic systemcoordinating the world economic systemvPromoting bilateralPromoting bilateral ( (双边的双边的) and regional ) and regional trade to enhance domestic stability an