Chapter 1(II)

1、Chapter 1 （II） 4. Literal Translation VS Liberal Translation Literal translation：直译lword for word and line for line; lkeeping both the form and the content;lcling as closely as possible to the source language word order.Liberal/Free translation：意译lsense for sense;lsacrifying the form while keeping t

2、he content and spiritlconform to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture.（1） Literal Translation Approach In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who a

3、ttaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible. 直译代表：直译代表： “案本而传，不令有损言游案本而传，不令有损言游字。时有改倒句。余尽实字。时有改倒句。余尽实录。录。”-道

4、安to show ones cards (摊牌)to be armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿)to shed crocodile tears (掉鳄鱼眼泪)an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. (以眼还眼, 以牙还牙。)Examples for literal translation：He is said to be a rough diamond.据说他是一块浑金璞玉。For rewards for the Chinese people are clear, most visibly in the dynamism and pros

5、perity of Beijing and he coastal cities.中国人民获得的实惠显而易见，北京和沿海城市的勃勃生机和繁荣兴旺是最明显的见证。Marriage, with peace, is this worlds paradise; with strife, this lifes purgatory.和睦的婚姻，是这个世界的乐园；对抗的婚姻是这个人生的炼狱。 II. 直译硬译或死译bulls eyedog house cold wave a black sheep black coffee a white lie a baby kisser牛眼睛 狗屋寒冷的波浪黑羊黑咖啡白色

6、的谎言亲吻婴儿者靶心高频高压电源屏幕罩寒潮害群之马不加牛奶的咖啡善意的谎言政客直译硬译或死译1. We parted the best friends. 死译：我们告别了最好的朋友。 正译：我们在分别时是极好的朋友。2.He is a man of family. 死译：他是一个有家室的人。 正译：他出身名门。3. Thats all Greek to me. 硬译：那对我来说全是希腊语。 正译：那个我可一窍不通。4. He is as good as dead. 硬译：他同死一样好。 正译：他几乎死掉。（2）Liberal Translation Approach Liberal trans

7、lation is supplementary to literal translation. Liberal translation is employed for the purpose of expressing the original meaning instead of reproducing the original sentence structure or rhetorical device. Only when the literal translation approach is not suitable, can the translator resort to the

8、 free translation approach. Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚好欺负的吗？ If you are unfair to me, I will certainly hang out all your dirty linen. 你要是对我不公平，我就把你那些丑事都抖露出去。 It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱。 It is not just Britains breathing in which makes it so international, but also its breathing out. 英

9、国之所以成为如此国际化的国家，不仅仅在于她大量地吸纳国外的人力和物力资源，而且还在于她大量地向国外输出其人力和物力资源。Examples for literal translation： 意译代表：鸠摩罗什传意译代表：鸠摩罗什传 “但改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽但改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕秽也。秽也。”（3）Literal-plus-liberal Translation Approach 1）Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid. literal: 再丑的罐儿也不

10、愁配个盖儿。/ 罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不犯愁。 Liberal: 再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家。/ 丑女不愁嫁。 2）A gift is the key to open the door closed against you. literal: 礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门钥匙。 liberal: 大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。 3）What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster! literal: 孵出来的是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡。 liberal: 生就是个女人就别想冒充男人。 4）Hope is the poor mans bread. 希

11、望是穷人的面包。/ 穷人靠希望生活。 5）Today a man, tomorrow a mouse. 今天是一个人，明天是一只鼠。/ 今天得志，明天落魄。 6）Experience is the mistress of fools. 经验是愚人的主妇。/ 经验支使愚人。Just as dark clouds cant hide the sun so no lies can cover up the fact 直译：正如乌云遮不住太阳，谎言也同样掩盖不了事实。意译：事实是无法掩盖的。It is natural to wonder who could possibly need such pre

12、cision 直译：人们自然会奇怪有谁会需要这种精确的时间。 意译：恐怕没人会需要这种精确TipsLiteral translation直译直译： 翻译时尽量保证原作的语言形式，包括用词，句子结构，比喻手段等，要求语言流畅易懂Liberal translation意译意译： 从意义出来，只要求原文大意表达出来，不注意细节，译文自然流畅即可5. Some Translation Theories in the Westthe skopos theorythe theory of translational actionacceptability domestication and foreign

13、ization communicative translation and semantictranslation translation equivalenceexplicitation mapping cornpensationcorpora based translationhermeneutic motionexpectancy normsMapping mapping is a new concept raised by Holmes,which interprets translation as two maps:the first is derived by the transl

14、ator from the source text and the created by the parision of the two maps can reveal the quality of a translation.Explicitation As translation involves cultural as well as linguistic shifts,so additional explanatory words or phrase should be used to make the meaning explicit to the target reader.How

15、ever,to keep the textual readability,we should hold that there must be a proper degree or extent of of explicitation.6. 6. TranslatabilityTranslatability Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) It must be said that translatability is not absolute.Since it is limited to certain extent and there does not exit information eve

16、rywhere on all linguistic levels,a computer realization of effective transference is thus restricted.Restrictions of various kinds from the so-called limitation of translatability.Obstructions in interlingual transfer (1) Structural obstruction; (2) Usage obstruction; (3) Expression obstruction; (4)

17、 Semantic obstruction; (5) Cultral obstruction;比如在将欧洲语言的主从结构译成中文的并列结构时，如何处理由关系代词引导的从属句，就是一个典型困扰。钱钟书在处理这类句式时，大多将它们转换成汉语中习见的两个分句，或并列、或因果、或条件，避免用复杂的长句或复合句，关系代词往往没有形式上的体现，却丝毫不影响意思的表达。Eg:A friend in power is a friend lost. 朋友得势位，则吾失朋友。 He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches. 己不能，方教人。 Its a wise child t

18、hat knows its own father. 儿必奇慧，方知父谁。Reflected in the: motto(格言)/ proverb(谚语) / idiom(成语)Skills:. to condense the meaning; . to use Chinese phrase directly Eg: If you run after two hares, you will catch either. 脚踏两只船。 After rain comes sunshine. 苦尽甘来。 表达法障碍有多种表现。 将它们提炼成“唯变斯定（by changing it rests）”，应该说

19、不同语言中形式各异的格言表达的意思基本相当。 表达法障碍还表现在一种语言中的某些词汇在另一种语言中缺乏对应词。钱钟书有时将一些西方习见的表达法换成中国耳熟能详的说法，效果不言而喻。Eg: He Zeus is humbling the proud and exalting the humble. 神功天运乃抑高明使之卑，举卑下使之高。 将西方神话传说中的万神之王宙斯译成“神功天运”，跨越了习惯表达的障碍。另一场合，钱钟书将哈姆雷特责备未婚妻的话译作“女子化妆打扮，是爱面子而不要脸（God has given thou one face, but you make yourself anothe

20、r）”，此处避免提及God，于整句意思并没有丝毫减损，一个大男子主义者如在读者眼前，翻译自然起到与阅读原文同样的功效。 文化障碍指的是“一种文化里不言而喻的东西，在另一种文化里却要费很大气力加以解释”。因此，要成功地进行语言转换，不但要掌握语言，而且要熟悉两种语言所代表的文化，这造成翻译当中最大的困难。中国与西方的文化差异涉及生活习俗、政治历史、思维方式等许多内容，表现在日常生活的方方面面，作为文化信息载体的语言又把这些内容表达在文本中，因而对译者的困扰也较多. namely: cultural differencesSkill: reading more and learn more7. B

21、asic DifferencesComparatively”complete” structuresAlways contain the subjects & predicates (must be verbs)“rule of law”The relation between different parts in the sentence-Comparatively high cohesionComparatively”incomplete” structuresDont have any subjects & predicates(not necessarily verbs

22、)“rule of man”The relation between different parts in the sentence-seems to be looseEnglishChinese About Structures:English sentences can be summed up to be of three basic sentence patterns:1.S+P(intransitive verb) 主+谓（vi.）2.S+P(transitive verb)+O 主+谓（vt.）+宾S+O1(indirect object)+O2(direct object) 主+

23、间宾+直宾S+P+O+C(together called”compound object”) 主+谓+宾+宾补3.S+P(linking verb)+Predictive Some people call the predictive “complement to the subject”. This patter also has a variation:”There+be+S+prepositional phrase”.So far there is no agreement on how many basic sentence patterns there are in ChineseEnglishChinese About Structures:English sentences can be summed up to be of three basic sentence patterns:1.S+P(intransitive verb) 主+谓（vi.）2.