湖北工业大学英语专业 跨文化交际复习资料

1、跨文化交际复习资料 名词解释Globalization is worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases.Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems a

2、re distinct enough to alter the communication event.The dominant culture is a type of culture that one group possesses the power to speak for the entire culture while setting the tone and agenda that others will usually follow.Co-cultures are cultures discussing groups or social communities exhibiti

3、ng communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are sufficiently different to distinguish them from other groups and communities and from the dominant culture.Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other peopl

4、e through the use of symbols.Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could communicate with each other

5、 because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place.Values are culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living.P25Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural pa

6、tterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.P189Stereotypes are a collection of false assumptions that people in all cultures make about the characteristics of members of various groups.P42A stereotype is a cognitive structure containing the perceivers knowledge, beli

7、efs, and experiences about some human social groups.P170Objectivity is the state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices.P43Social organizations or social institutions are the groups that members of a culture turn to for lessons about the meaning of l

8、ife and methods for living that life.P49Family is a group of intimates, who generate a sense of home and group identity, complete with strong ties of loyalty and emotion, and an experience of a history and a future.P54Individualism is a kind of thought that involves self-motivation, autonomy, and in

9、dependent thinking, which takes in the following forms. Peoples personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or the employer. The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak; they feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it

10、 suits to them, switching churches, for example, or leaving one employer for another. Such thought stresses personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing ones own opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression.P198. P199.P67Collectivism is a kind of thought that people primarily view the

11、mselves as members of groups and collectives rather than as autonomous individuals. In such cultures people emphasize community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, tradition, the public good, and maintaining face. Collectivism means greater emphasis on the views. needs, and goals of the in-gro

12、up rather than oneself; social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish the self from in-group; and great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.History is the witness that testifies to th

13、e passing of time; it illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity.The worldview of a people is the way they interpret reality and events, including images of themselves and how they relate to the world around them.P97Worldview functions as

14、 a guide to help people determine what the world looks like and how they should function within that world.P98Identity is the reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process.Cultural identity: the identifica

15、tion of communications of a shared system of symbolic verbal and nonverbal behavior that are meaningful to group members who have a sense of belonging and who share traditions, heritage, language, and similar norms of appropriate behavior. Cultural identity is a social construction.P154Prejudices ar

16、e deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular group.Prejudice amounts to a rigid and irrational generalization about a category of people. Prejudice is irrational to the extent that people hold inflexible attitudes supported by little or no direct evidence. Prejudice may target people

17、 of a particular social class, sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, race, or ethnicity.P173Racism is the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.It denies the basic equality of humankind and correlates ability with physical composition. Thus it assumes that success or

18、 failure in any societal endeavor will depend upon genetic endowment rather than environment and access to opportunity.P177Ethnocentrism is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other. It is the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live up to our cult

19、ural standards. We are ethnocentric when we view other cultures through the narrow lens of our own culture or social position. Perception is the process whereby people convert external events and experiences into meaningful internal understanding.P185Beliefs serve as the storage system for the conte

20、nt of our past experiences, including thoughts, memories, and interpretations of events.P187Cultural patterns are a useful umbrella term that allows us to talk about values, beliefs, and other orientations collectively.P190Uncertainty avoidance defines the extent to which people within a culture are

21、 made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable, situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.P201Power distance is a characteristic of a culture defining the extent to which the less p

22、owerful person in society accepts inequality in power and considers it as normal.P203Masculinity and feminity refer to the degree to which masculine or feminine traits are valued and revealed.P205A being orientation refers to spontaneous expression of the human personality.P213The being-in-dong orie

23、ntation stresses the idea of development and growth. It emphasizes the kind of activity that contributes to the development of all aspects of the self as an integral whole.P214The doing orientation describes activity in which accomplishments are measurable by standards external to the individual.P21

24、4Context is the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.P215Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potenti

25、al message value for the source or receiver.P246All human interaction is influenced to some degree by the cultural, social, and physical settings in which it occurs. These settings are called the communication context. Intercultural communication competence is the overall internal capability of an i

26、ndividual to manage the key challenging features of intercultural communication: namely, cultural differences and unfamiliarity, inter-group posture, and the accompanying experience of stress.P384Culture shock is a mental state that comes from the transition that occurs when you go from a familiar e

27、nvironment to an unfamiliar one and find that your old, established patterns of behavior are ineffective.Ethics refers to judgments that focus on degrees of rightness and wrongness, virtue and vice, and obligation in human behavior.P404 翻译1. Human beings draw close to one another by their common nat

28、ure, but habits and customs keep them apart. -Confucius.性相近，习相远。-孔子2. Lack of communication has given rise to differences in language, in thinking, in systems of belief and culture generally. These differences have made hostility among societies endemic and seemingly eternal.-Isaac Asimov P1 语言，思维以及

29、信仰和文化体制的差异通常源于匮乏的交流。这些差异使社会的敌意根深蒂固，似乎无穷无尽。 3. In every conceivable manner, the family is a link to our past and a bridge to our future.-Alex Haley在生活的方方面面，家庭总是联系过去的纽带，沟通未来的桥梁。4. History is philosophy teaching by example. -Henry ST. John Bolingbroke历史是提供实例讲解的哲学。5. The particular human chain were part

30、 of is central to our individual identity.-Elizabeth Stone个人认同感的重要组成部分是我们拥有的并置身其中的独特的人类联系。6. The value of identity of course is that so often with it comes purpose.-Richard Grant P152我们寻求认同感的过程，其意义常常带有目的性。7. Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your a

31、ctions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your destiny.-Mahatma Gandhi. 8. On a group of theories one can find a school; but on a group of values one can find a culture, a civilization, a new way of living together among men. -Ignazio Silone. P184信仰决

32、定思想。思想决定语言。语言决定(形成)行动。行动决定习惯。习惯决定价值。价值决定命运。(此句中的value 意为价值观，为了保持译语的结构匀称，就译为价值)9. If one finger is sore, the whole hand will hurt.-Chinese Proverb牵一发而动全身。10. Our lives are all different and yet the same. -Anne Frank.我们的生活都各不相同却又十分相似。11. There are times when silence has the loudest voice.-Leroy Brownl

33、ow有时沉默往往具有爆发力。12. To know what people think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say.-Rene Descartes.P243知人所知，观人所做，勿信人所说。13. Live together like brothers and do business like strangers.-Arab Proverb生活似兄弟，经商如异客。14. You will never know a man till you do business with him.-Scottish Proverb

34、. P285生意场上见本真。15. Human history is increasingly a race between intercultural education and disaster. If education is not intercultural, it is probably not education, but rather the inculcation of nationalist or religious fundamentalism.-David Coulby.人类历史更多地体现为跨文化教育和大灾难的竞赛。教育不跨文化，它也许算不上真正的教育，充其量它只是在反

35、复灌输国家主义(民族主义)和基要主义(基要主义强调直解圣经)16. Our young must be taught that racial peculiarity do exist, but that beneath the skin, beyond the differing features and into the true heart of being, fundamentally we are more alike, my friend, than we are unlike.-Maya Angelou.P326年轻人必须知道种族独特性确实存在，姑且不论肤色，不论各自的不同点，单从

36、人们真实的内心世界就可以看出，本质上与其说我们不同，不如说我们彼此相同。(此句介词短语翻译的不到位，略有欠缺)17. If you are not in tune with the universe, there is sickness in the heart and mind.-Navajo Saying.与世界唱反调者，其内心必有顽疾。18. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.-Arabian Saying.P357人有健康就有了希望，有希望就拥有一切。19. No culture can liv

37、e if it attempts to be exclusive.-Mahatma Gandhi.任何排外的文化终将灭亡。20. You cannot expect to achieve new goals or move beyond your present circumstance unless you change.-Les Brown.P383惟有改变自己，一个人才能实现目标，甚至超越自己。谚语警句21. One who does not honor the penny is not worthy of the dollar.看轻一美分者不配拥有一美元。22. A penny sav

38、ed is a penny earned.聚沙成塔，水滴石穿。/省钱即赚钱。23. The quacking duck is the first to get shot.P29枪打出头鸟。24. Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。25. He who hesitates is lost.当断不断，必受其患。26. Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于语言。27. Nothing ventured, nothing gained.不入虎穴焉得虎子。28. Man does not live by bread alone.人活着

39、不能只靠面包。29. Make hay while the sun shines.晒草须乘日照时。(乘热打铁，勿失良机)30. God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。31. Pull yourself up by your bootstraps你要重新振作起来啊！Pull oneself up by one's own bootstraps直译过来就是：“通过自己的靴带站起身来”，这个短语的正确意思是：“不依靠他人，经过自己的努力来改善不良的处境”。因此，当美国人说"Pull yourself up by your bootstr

40、aps."时，他/她要表达的意思就是:"Cheer up by your own strength."、"Pull yourself together."、"Get rid of the bad state by your own struggle."32. No pain, no gain.一分耕耘一分收获。/不劳而无获。33. A mans home is his castle.一个人的家就是他的城堡。U.S. a proverbial expression of personal privacy and securit

41、y.34. The squeaky wheel gets the grease. 吱吱叫的轮子先上油。/会哭的孩子有奶吃。to convey the idea that the most noticeable (or loudest) problems are the ones most likely to get attention. It is alternately expressed as "The squeaky wheel gets the oil".35. Variety is the spice of life.变化是生活的调味品。变化乃是生活的情趣。Div

42、ersity makes life interesting, as in Jim dates a different girl every week variety is the spice of life, he claims . This phrase comes from William Cowper's poem, "The Task" (1785): "Variety is the very spice of life, That gives it all its flavor." Changes and new experiences

43、 make life delightful. 36. Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.坏事不过二。Proverb an unusual situation or event is unlikely to happen again in exactly the same circumstances or to the same person.The same misfortune will never recur, as in Go ahead and try your luck investing in options again

44、; lightning never strikes twice . This saying is based on a long-standing myth, which has been proved to be untrue. Nevertheless, it is so well known it is often shortened, as in the example. Mid-1800s 37.There is more than one way to skin a cat.解决事情的方法不止一种。A problem generally has more than one solu

45、tion.38. God gave us the nuts but he doesnt crack them. 上帝给予我们美好的未来,但需要我们自己去奋斗。39.What you can do today,dont postpone until tomorrow.今日事今日毕。40.To know the road ahead,ask those coming back.P30欲知前方事,且问过来人。41.One does not make the wind,but is blown by it.顺天者昌,逆天者亡。42.Since we cannot get what we like,le

46、t us like what we get.与其失去喜欢的，不如喜欢拥有的。43.Man proposes and God disposes.成事在人，谋事在天。44.Fall seven times, stand up eight.永不言败。永不放弃。45.A mans tongue is his sword.言辞即匕首。46. Those who know do not speak and those who speak do not know.知者不言，言者不慧。47. Even in paradise, its not good to be alone.即使在天堂，人们总是聚集在一起。

47、48. A table is not blessed if it has fed no scholars.不服务学者的桌子不值得拥有。49. When spider webs unite, they can tie up a lion. 蛛网联结可束缚雄狮。 50.A single arrow is easily broken,but not a bunch.一箭易折，一束难折。51.A single hand cannot lift the calabash to the head.单手难以提起葫芦头。52.A harsh word dropped from the tongue canno

48、t be brought back by a coach and six horses.一个人所说的难听的话即使用一辆有六匹马的马车也难以收回。53.The spit aimed at the sky comes back to one.害人反害己。54.Kick a stone in anger and harm your own foot.愤怒的踢石头反而伤害自己的脚。55 .Sweep only in front of your own door.各扫自家门前雪。56.He who stirs anothers porridge often burns his own.爱管闲事的人没有好

49、下场57.A zebra does not despise its stripes.知识(智慧)比珠宝更好.斑马不会小看它身上的条纹。58.I dance to the tune that is played.我随着曲子起舞。59.The candle of someone who lies almost always burns just to midnight.说谎者必半路败露其真面孔。P3160.A house without an elderly person is like an orchard without a well.没有老者(长辈)的房子好比只有枯井的果园。P7261.Do

50、nt beat around the bush.不要拐弯抹角了。62.Tell it like it is.P218实话实说.63.Ones face is the mirror of ones soul.脸是反映灵魂的镜子。P25964.The eyes indicate the antiquity of the soul.眼睛能反映心灵的深度。65.Thou tellst me there is murder in mine eye.我从你的眼中看出一股杀气。66.Just give me the bottom line.说个截止期限吧。67.Dont put off until tomo

51、rrow what you can do today.今日事今日毕。填空题Chapter 1 P461 Intercultural communication presents you with a challenge you must meet if you are to become an effective communicator in todays world.2 New and improved technology, growth in the worlds population, and shifts in the global economic arena have cont

52、ributed to increased international contacts.Everyone worldwide will be affected by and need to communicate about finite natural resources and the environment to help reduce and avoid international conflict.3 Domestic contacts are increasing because new immigrants and co-cultures are growing in numbe

53、rs.4 Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5 All cultures have a dominant or national culture that is normally defined by examining the people who control the power within the cul

54、ture.6 Co-cultural communication is communication between members who hold two or more divergent cultural experiences that might influence the communication process.7 Communication accomplishes many interpersonal needs, helps establish personal identities, and has an influence on people.8 Communicat

55、ion is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.9 Communication is dynamic, symbolic, contextual, self-reflective, learned, and has a consequence. 10 Culture and communication are so intertwined that it is easy to think tha

56、t culture is communication and communication is culture.11 Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival.12 Culture seeks to inform its members what to expect from life, and therefore reduces confusion and helps them pred

57、ict what to expect from life.13 The elements that compose a culture are history, religion, values, social organizations, and language.14 Culture is learned, shared, and transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols and a dynamic and integrated system.15 Some of the problems with studying intercultural communication involve individual uniqueness, stereotyping, lack of objectivity, and viewing communication as a cure-all. Chapter 2 P95-961 The deep structures of a culture, which include such eleme