高中化学知识网络框架Highschoolchemistryknowledgenetworkframework

1、高中化学知识网络框架（high school chemistry knowledge network framework）chemical knowledge networkbasic concepts and theories of chemistryelements and compoundsfundamentals of organic chemistrychemical calculationchemical experimentknowledge of chemical industrybasic concepts and theories of chemistryclassific

2、ation of substancesthe relation between particles constituting an atomnuclear charge number (z) = proton number inside nucleus = outside nucleus electron numbermass number (a) = proton number (z) + neutron number (n)periodic law of elements and periodic tablechemical bonds and molecular structurescr

3、ystal types and propertiescrystal typeproperty comparisonionic crystalsmolecular crystalatomic crystalmetallic crystalstructureconstituent particlesanion and cationmoleculeatommetal cations and free electronsinterparticle interactionionic bondvan edward forcecovalent bondmetal bondphysicsnaturemelti

4、ng point and boiling pointhigherlowvery highhigh and lowhardnesshard and crispsmalllargehaving large or small or malleable propertiessolubilitysoluble in polar solvents, insoluble in non-polar solventspolar moleculeeasily soluble in polar solventsinsoluble in any solventdifficult to dissolve (sodium

5、, etc with water)electric conductivitycrystal does not conduct electricity;water soluble in solution conducts electricity; melts and conducts electricitycrystals are electrically non-conductive and soluble in water; ionized by water; electrically conductivepoor (semiconductor si)good conductor (cond

6、uction, heat transfer)typical examplenacl, naohna2o, caco3dry ice, white phosphorusice, sulfurdiamond, sio2crystalline silicon, sicna, mg, alfe, cu, znchemical reaction typeion reactionthe correlation of concepts related to redox reactionsthe change of energy in a chemical reactionsolution and collo

7、idrate of chemical reactionchemical equilibriumionization equilibrium of weak electrolyteacidity and basicity of solutionhydrolysis of saltsacid-base neutralization titrationelectrochemistryreturn top of pageelements and compoundssodium and its compoundsalkali metalchlorine and its compoundshalogeno

8、xygen group elementimportant compounds of sulfurcarbon and its compoundssilicon and its compoundsmaterial sciencepnictogensnitrogen and phosphorusammonianitric acidmagnesium and aluminiumiron and its compoundscopper and its compoundsreturn top of pagefundamentals of organic chemistryhydrocarbonunsat

9、urated hydrocarbonsaromatic hydrocarbonclassificationthe general formulastructure characteristicschemical propertyphysical propertyisomerismalkanecnh2n+2(n = 1)c-c single bondthe hydrocarbonsubstitution reaction with halogen (guang zhao)combustioncracking reactiongenerally, with the increase of the

10、number of carbon atoms in the molecule, the boiling point rises and the density increases when the liquid state increases. the number of gaseous carbon atoms is 14. insoluble in water; the density of liquid hydrocarbons is smaller than watercarbon chain isomerismolefincnh2n(n = 2)contains a cc keyth

11、e hydrocarbonadd reaction with halogen, h, h2o and so ondimerization reactionoxidation reaction: burning, oxidized by kmno4 acid solutioncarbon chain isomerismpositional isomerismalkynecnh2n-2(n = 2)contains a cc keythe hydrocarbonaddition reactionoxidation reaction: burning, oxidized by kmno4 acid

12、solutioncarbon chain isomerismpositional isomerismbenzeneandhiswithsystemmattercnh2n-6(n = 6)contains a benzene ringthe side chain is alkane radicalsubstitution reaction: halogenation, nitration and sulfonationaddition reactionoxidation reaction: combustion, benzene homologues can be oxidized by kmn

13、o4 acid solutiona simple homologue; liquid at room temperature; insoluble in water; less dense than waterisomerism resulting from size and relative position of side chainsderivatives of hydrocarbonsstructure, general formula and chemical property identification of hydrocarbon derivativescategoryfunc

14、tional groupstructure characteristicsthe general formulachemical propertyhalogengenerationhydrocarbon-x (halogen atom)the c-x bond breaks under certain conditionscnh2n+1o2(saturated one dollar)(1) naoh water heating, substitution reaction(2) naoh alcohol solution heats up and eliminates the reaction

15、alcohol-oh (qiang ji)(1) -oh is directly linked to the alkyl group(2) hydrogen atoms are active on -ohcnh2n+2o2(saturated one dollar)(1) substitution: dehydrated into ether, alcohols, sodium, alcohols and carboxylic acids into esters, halogenated into halogenated hydrocarbons(2) oxidation to aldehyd

16、es (-ch2oh)(3) elimination of alkenealdehyde(1) the aldehyde group has carbon oxygen double bond(2) the aldehyde group can only be attached to the base of the hydrocarbon chaincnh2no2(saturated one dollar)(1) addition: adding h2 into alcohol(2) oxidation: carboxylic acidcarboxy(1) -cooh can ionize h

17、+(2) -cooh is difficult to addcnh2no(saturated one dollar)(1): perforating with acid acid(2) esterification can be regarded as substitutionestermust be the hydrocarbon radicalcnh2no2(saturated one dollar)hydrolysis of alcohols and carboxylic acidsphenol(1) the hydroxyl group is directly linked to th

18、e benzene ring(2) h on -oh is more active than alcohol(3) h on benzene ring is more active than benzene(1) to be replaced: generate 2,4,6- bromine with tribromophenol(2) acidity;(3) show color: turn purple when fe3+material transformation relationshipsugarcategoryglucosesucrosestarchcellulosemolecul

19、ar formula(c6h12o6)(c12h22o11)(c6h10o5)(c6h10o5)structure characteristicspolyhydroxy aldehydeno aldehyde radical, non reducing sugar in the moleculea natural polymer compound consisting of several hundred to several thousand glucose unitsa natural polymer compound consisting of several thousands of

20、glucose unitsmain propertywhite crystals, soluble in water, sweet. both oxidation and reduction, esterification can also occur, and can be fermented to produce bcolorless crystal, soluble in water, sweet. free of hydrolysis; capable of hydrolysis to produce glucose and fructosewhite powder, insolubl

21、e in cold water, partly soluble in hot water. capable of hydrolysis; finally producing glucose; in the case of starch turns blue; without reductioncolorless odorless solid. insoluble in water and organic solvents. it can hydrolyze glucose to produce esterification reaction without reductionimportant

22、 usenutrient substances, confectionery, reducing agentsfoodfood, glucose, ethanolmaking paper, making explosives, artificial fibresgreasethe general formulaphysical propertychemical propertydensity is smaller than water, insoluble in water, soluble in gasoline, ether, benzene and other organic solve

23、nts.1. hydrolysis:acidic conditionalkaline conditions saponification reaction2. hydrogenated (hardened)proteins and amino acidscategoryamino acidproteinstructure characteristicsthe molecule has both an acidic radical (suo ji) and an alkaline group (an ji), which is a amphoteric substancea polymer co

24、mpound formed by the combination of different amino acids. there are carboxyl and amino groups in the molecule, and they are also amphoteric substancesmain propertyit can react with acid and react with alkalimolecules can be combined with each other to form macromolecular compoundshaving two sexeshy

25、drolysis under the action of acid or alkali or enzyme, and finally obtain many kinds. - amino acidssalting outdenaturationsome proteins are yellow in case of concentrated hno3the burning smell of burnt feathersthe protein solution for colloidsynthetic material (organic macromolecule compound)basic c

26、onceptbasic conceptmonomerstructural unit (link)polymerization degreehigh polymermeaninga small molecule that can synthesize a polymer compound; usually unsaturated or containing two or more functional groupsthe smallest recurring part of a molecule in a polymerthe number of repeats in each polymer

27、linka relatively large molecular mass consisting of monomers that have a relative molecular mass ranging from thousands to tens of thousandsexamples (taking polyethylene as an example)ch2=ch2-ch2-ch2-nstructure and propertylinear polymershape (reticular) polymerstructurea chain of molecules in which

28、 atoms are covalently bonded to each other into a long coiled state"there are many covalent bonds between the molecular chain and the molecular chain,a network forming three degrees of spacesolubilitycapable of slowly dissolving in suitable solventsit's difficult to dissolve, but tends to s

29、well to some extentperformancethermoplastic, with no fixed melting pointthermosetting and not melted by heatcharacteristichigh strength, drawing, blowing film, good insulationhigh strength, good insulation and plasticitycommon reaction types of synthetic organic polymersreaction typeconceptsampleadd

30、ition polymerizationthe reaction of molecules of relatively small molecular mass with one another to a molecule of relatively large molecular weight.homopolymerizationthere is only one monomer that occurs in addition to polymerization.copolymerizationthere are two or more monomers that occur in addi

31、tion to polymerizationnch2=ch2+nch2=ch-ch2polycondensation reactiona monomer with two or more functional groups that combine with each other to form a polymer compound and produce small molecules (such as h2o, hx, nh3, and alcohol) at the same time. (two).the condensation of oxygen atoms in a carbon

32、 oxygen double bond with another active hydrogen atom in a molecule.+nh2opolycondensation of hydrogen atoms in alcohol hydroxyl groups and hydroxyl groups in acid molecules into water.nhooc-cooh+nhoch2ch2oh+2nh2opolycondensation of hydrogen atoms in the carboxyl group with hydrogen atoms in the amin

33、o group to form h2o.nh2o- (ch2) 5-nh2+nhooc- (ch2) 6-cooh+2h2oreturn top of pagechemical calculationthe amount of material and the calculation of molar volume of gas(1) n=, n=, n=n= (standard condition) n=c. v n=(2) m=, m=m, nv= vm=cb= c1v1=c2v2 (dilute with concentrated solution)calculation of rela

34、tive atomic mass, relative molecular mass and determination of chemical formulacalculation of material solubility and solution concentrationph and calculation of the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions concentrationthe calculation of a chemical reaction equationreturn top of pagechemica

35、l experimentbasic operation of chemical experimentlaboratory preparation of common gases and other substancesgas generatorsolid + solid & heatingsolid + liquid not heatedsolid (or liquid) body + liquid heatingfigure 4-1figure 4-2figure 4-3preparation of common gasmaking gasreaction principle (re

36、action condition, chemical equation)device typecollection methodmatters needing attentiono22kclo32kcl+3o2 = or= 2kmno4k2mno4+mno2+o2solid+solida.heatingdrainage methodcheck the tightness of the device.the loaded solid tube mouth slightly downward.first, evenly heated, and then fixed at the drug rele

37、ase heating.collect with drainage method, before heating, the air guide should be evacuated from the water before the alcohol lamp can be put outnh32nh4cl+ca (oh) 2cacl2+2nh3 = +2h2odownexhaust methodcl2mno2+4hcl = mncl2+cl2 (concentrated)+2h2osolid-liquidbody+ +liquid liquidbodya.plusheatupwardexha

38、ust methodibid., iii. the liquid and liquid heating reactor should add porcelain to antibumping.chlorine gas is poisonous, and tail gas should be absorbed by alkali solution.the temperature of ethylene production should be controlled at about 170 deg cno3cu+8hno3 (dilute) 3cu (no3) 2+2no = +4h2odrai

39、nage methodc2h4= ch3ch2ohch2=ch2+h2oh2zn+h2so4 (=znso4+h2 = rare)solid+liquida.noplusheatcheck the tightness of the device.the use of long neck funnel, the funnel inserted below the liquid level.when using pu kai generator, the reactant solid should be massive and insoluble in water (h2, co2 and h2s

40、 available).the liquid separation funnel is used to control the reaction rate for the production of acetylene.h2s toxic, should be prepared in the fume hood, or absorb the exhaust gas with lye. thick h2so4 is not availableplatoon downqi ordrainage methodc2h2cac2+2h2o, ca (oh = ch = 2+ch)co2caco3+2hc

41、l=cacl2+co2 = +h2oupwardexhaust methodno2cu+4hno3 (concentrated) =cu (no3) 2+2no2 = +2h2oh2sfes+h2so4 (=feso4+h2s = rare)gas dryingdrying is the removal of small amounts of moisture in the gas with suitable desiccant and apparatus. commonly used devices are drying pipes (with solid desiccant) and ga

42、s cylinders (with liquid desiccant).the selected desiccant does not react with the gas to be retained. commonly used driers and dried gases are as follows:(1) concentrated sulfuric acid (acid desiccant),:n2, o2, h2, cl2, co, co2, so2, hcl, no, no2, ch4, c2h4, c2h2 and so on (not dry, reducible or al

43、kaline gas).(2) p2o5 (acid desiccant): dry h2s, hbr, hi and concentrated sulfuric acid, dry gas (not drying, nh3, etc.).(3) anhydrous cacl2 (neutral desiccant): other gases other than nh3 can be dried (nh3 reacts with cacl2 to form complex cacl2 = 8nh3).(4) alkali lime (basic desiccant): dry nh3 and

44、 neutral gas (n2, o2, h2, co, no, ch4, c2h4, c2h2, etc.). dry acid gases are not allowed.(5) silica gel (acid desiccant): it can dry cl2, o2, h2, co2, ch4, c2h4, c2h2 (silica gel can adsorb water, also easy to absorb other polar molecules, can only dry non-polar molecular gas).(6) other: such as qui

45、cklime, naoh can also be used for drying nh3 and neutral gas (not dry, acidic or can act with the gas).separation and purification of substancesphysical separation and purificationmethodscope of applicationmain instrumentgive an examplematters needing attentionfilterseparation of solids from liquids

46、funnel, beaker, glass rod, iron (with iron), filter papersalt purification, the salt is dissolved in water, filtered, the solid water-insoluble impurities removedto "stick", "two low", "three depend""wash sediment when necessary (in a filter)the filtration of quant

47、itative experiment should be nondestructive"crystalrecrystallizationthe solubility of each component in the solvent varies with temperaturebeaker and filterthe solubility of potassium nitrate varies greatly with temperature, and the solubility of sodium chloride varies little with temperature.

48、this method can be used to purify potassium nitrate from a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium nitrategenerally, a saturated solution with higher temperature should be prepared first and then cooledafter crystallization, the crystal is separatedsublimationa component in a mixture can be changed

49、 directly into a gas at a certain temperature and then cooled to a solidthe alcohol lamp, beaker, round bottom flask, (with iron hoops), asbestos netiodine in crude iodine is mixed with iodide of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium, and the iodine can be separated from impurities by the sublima

50、tion of iodine(the method of collection of sublimate substances is not required)evaporationa solute dissolved in a solventevaporating dish, tripod, alcohol lamp, glass rodextraction of salt crystals from salt solutionsolute must not be decomposed, difficult to hydrolyze, and not easily oxidized by o

51、xygenthe evaporation process should be continuously stirredwhen near dry, stop heating and exhaust heat to drydistillationfractionationseparation of miscible liquid mixtures at different boiling pointsthe distillation flask, condenser tube, alcohol lamp, conical flask, horn tube, thermometer, iron (

52、with iron, iron clamp), asbestos, etc.distilled water is prepared to remove impurities from water. in addition to alcohol water (lime), ethanol and acetic acid (add naoh distilled, add h2so4 distilled oil fractionation concentrated);a thermometer bulb is placed at the mouth of a distilling flaskthe

53、zeolite (porcelain)pay attention to the flow direction of condenser pipedon't steam dryliquidthe separation of two mutually insoluble liquidsa split funnel (cylindrical, spherical, conical)in addition to bromoethane ethanol (first washing), separation of water, benzene, acetic acid in ethyl acet

54、ate (with saturated na2co3 wash)the upper liquid is poured from the top and the lower liquid is released from the lower openingextractionusing the solubility of a solute in two mutually insoluble solvents, a solvent is used to extract the solute from a solution of which it is mixed with another solventit can be done in beaker, test tube and so on,usually in a separate funn