成人学位英语语法辅导

1、成人学位英语语法辅导：时态-现在进行时时间: 2015-10-28   来源：省学位英语网办公室   作者：佚名 浏览：3015次    a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。    例如：We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。    b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。    例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态

2、。）    c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。    例如：The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。    It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。    d.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。    例如：You are always changing

3、 your mind. 你老是改变主意。成人学位英语语法辅导：强调句型时间: 2015-10-28   来源：省学位英语网办公室   作者：佚名 浏览：2107次     在现代英语中，人们可以通过词汇手段、语法手段来进行强调。    （1）词汇手段    The last thing that a lazy student wishes is examination. 懒学生最不愿意的事情就是考试。    At that very moment the polic

4、emen came. 就在那时警察到了。    wher in the world did you go just now? 你刚才究竟去哪儿了？    What on earth are you doing? 你究竟在干什么？    She's not in the least angry with me. 她一点也不生我的气。    （2）语法手段    1. 用It is/wasthat/who句型表示强调。    被强调的部分（通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾

5、语补足语）放在iswas的后面，被强调的是人，则后面可用who，whom等代替。例如：    He met an old friend in the park yesterday. 他昨天在公园碰见一个老朋友。    上述句子可以通过强调句型对除谓语以外的不同成分进行强调。如：    It was he who/that met an old friend in the park yesterday.（强调主语）    It was an old friend that/who he met in the park

6、 yesterday.（强调宾语）    It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday.（强调地点状语）    It was yesterday that he met an old friend in he park.（强调时间状语）    2. 用助动词do，does或did来强调谓语动词。例如：    Do come early. 一定早点来。    He did send you a letter last week. 他上

7、周确实给你寄过一封信。    We're pleased that she does intend to come. 她的确打算来，我们非常高兴。    3.用主语从句+BE+被强调部分，主语从句常用what引导。例如：    John wants a ball. 约翰想要一个球。    What John wants is a ball. 约翰想要的是一个，球。    Mary gives piano lessons every day. 玛丽每天教钢琴。    W

8、hat Mary does every day is (to) give piano lessons. 玛丽每天干的工作是教钢琴。    4.人们还可以通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语气的手段来进行强调。例如：    Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不会第一个使用核武器。    only in this way can we catch up with and surpass the world's advanced level of science

9、 and technology. 只有这样，我们才能赶上并超过世界先进科技水平。    难点释疑：    1. It was at 7 o'clock that he came back. 他是7点钟回来的。（强调句，强调at 7 o'clock）    2. It is/wasthat强调句型的被强调部分如果是原因状语从句，只能由because引导，不能由since、as或why引导。例如：    It was because the water had risen that they could

10、 not cross the river. 正是由于水涨了，他们没有渡过河去。（不用because或since）    3.注意"not until"强调句型的变化。比较下列三个句子：    She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.    It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment wit

11、h the doctor.    Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.成人学位英语语法辅导：倒装句型时间: 2015-10-28   来源：省学位英语网办公室   作者：佚名 浏览：2035次    1.完全倒装    将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称之为完全倒装。例如：Now comes the chance. 机会来了。    2.部分倒装

12、0;   只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，称之为部分倒装。例如：    Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。    only in this way can we do the work better. 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。    3.倒装的原因    a）一些句型的固定用法。    例如：Such were his last words. 他最后的话就

13、是这样。    b）强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。    例如：Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。    Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。    4.倒装句的基本用法    在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中：    Away went the crowd

14、one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。    Here comes our teacher! 我们的老师来了！    a）副词only+状语放在句首时：    only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。    only in this way can you learn maths well. 只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。    b）含有否定意义的副词或连词（如little, hardly, never, rarely

15、, no soonerthan）放在句首时：    Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。    Not until New Year's Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。    Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests. 火车

16、刚一进站，我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。    c）副词so或 neither (nor) 在句首：    He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。    He hasn't been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there. 他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。    d）在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首：    Thus en

17、ded his life. 这样结束了他的生命。    So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. 他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。    So small were the words that he could hardly see them. 字那么小，他几乎看不见。    难点释疑：    1. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序。    例如：He went to t

18、he film last night. So did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了，我也去了。    如不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，句子就要用正常语序。例如：    His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他就去了。    "He is a tall thin man." "So he is." “他又高又瘦。”“确实如此。”    2.Young as he is, he kn

19、ows a lot. 虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。    3. 在虚拟语气中，如果非真实条件句省略if，须将主句中的were, had和should等助动词和主语颠倒形成部分倒装。    例如：Were he younger (= If he were younger), he would learn skating. 假如他年轻一些，他就会去学溜冰。    Should they forget =(If they should forget) to bring a map with them, they would get lost

20、 in the woods. 如果他们忘记带一张地图的话，他们就会在深林里迷路。    Had they realized (= If they had realized) how important the task was, they wouldn't have refused to accept it. 假如他们认识到这个任务是多么重要的话，他们就不致于拒绝接受这项任务。成人学位英语语法辅导：过去分词时间: 2015-10-28   来源：省学位英语网办公室   作者：佚名 浏览：2304次    &

21、#160;1. 分词的定义    动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。    2. 过去分词的语法作用    1）过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。    如：He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。    2）过去分词做定语：    单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：    The excit

22、ed people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。    过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：    The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。    过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：    The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with ma

23、ny Chinese people. 这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。    The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。    3）过去分词做状语：    过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况。    表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：    Seen

24、 from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。    Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party. 入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。    表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：    Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrellin

25、g with each other. 激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。    Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。    表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：    Given another chance, he will do better. 再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。    Compa

26、red with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English. 和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。    If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。    表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：    Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲

27、力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。    Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。    表方式或伴随情况。如：    The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。    Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子

28、旁边讨论着我的工作问题。    4）过去分词作补足语：    过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：。    When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？    When you are making a speech, you should sp

29、eak louder to make yourself heard. 当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。    当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：    One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。    They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。    难点释疑：    1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子

30、的主语相一致。如：    When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.    当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。    Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.    由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。    如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。    2. 动词have后所接

31、的三种宾语补语：。    have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to，不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：    I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。    Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。    have somebody /something doing something -i

32、ng 分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：    They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。    We won't have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。    have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：    主语让别人做某事，强调

33、主语的意志。如：。    He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。    Later on the center had a great many new trees planted. 后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。    主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：    He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。    He had one eye lo

34、st in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。    3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：    the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）    the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）    the bridge built 造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）    4. 过去分词和ing分词作表语的区别：。    过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表

35、示主语所具有的特征，如：    Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶    The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。    They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。    At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to

36、tears.    看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。    英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; intersting, interested; astonishing, ast

37、onished等。    5. 过去分词和ing分词作定语的区别：。    过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：    boiled water 开水    boiling water 正沸腾的水    developed countries 发展的国家    developing countries 发展中国家    fallen leaves 落叶    falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子&

38、#160;   changed condition 改变了的情况    changing condition 变化着的情况    由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。成人学位英语语法辅导：现在分词时间: 2015-10-28   来源：省学位英语网办公室   作者：佚名 浏览：2007次     1.-ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。    如：Not knowing h

39、is address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.    不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。    His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。    2.-ing分词的一般式和完成式：    -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：    Being a student， he was interest

40、ed in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。    Not having studied his lessons very hard， he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。    3.-ing分词的被动式：    -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式（being done）。如：    The question being discussed is ver

41、y important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。    They are talking about his having been criticizing by the teacher.    他们正在谈论他被老师批评的事 .    Having been criticized by the teacher， he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。    注意：在need， want， require， be worth等动词（短语）后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含

42、义。如：    Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。    This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。    4.-ing分词的语法作用：    -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。    1）ing分词（短语）作主语：    Laying eg

43、gs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。    Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。    在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。    为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：    It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。    It's a waste of time arguing about it.

44、辩论这事是浪费时间。    在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：    There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。    There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。    2）-ing分词（短语）作表语：    His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。    The problem is q

45、uite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。    3）-ing分词作宾语：    ing分词作动词宾语。如：    I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。    We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。    -ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：    I'm against inviting him to dinn

46、er. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。    They don't feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。    注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：    I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。    He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。    What

47、 can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？    4）-ing分词作定语：    单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：    reading room 阅览室    swimming pool 游泳池    dining car 餐车    sleeping car 卧车    a sleeping child 一个酣睡的孩子    the exciting news

48、令人振奋的消息    a boring speech 令人乏味的演出    -ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：    Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？    They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。    ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如：    When

49、she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.    当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。    5）-ing分词做状语：    -ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。    -ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，可由连词when, while引出。While reading the book, he nodded from time

50、 to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。    Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。    -ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：    Not knowing his address, I can't send this book to him.    因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。    Many of us, being so excited,

51、couldn't go to sleep that night.    因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。    ing分词短语作结果状语。如：    His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。    She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。   

52、-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：    They stood there for half an hour, watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。    Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 .    -ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：  &

53、#160; A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。    Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。    注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。    “with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原

54、因等。如：    His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。    Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。    6）-ing分词作补语：    -ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, s

55、et, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：    I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。    Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。    上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语

56、补语。如：    We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。    Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。    7）-ing分词的复合结构：。    -ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：    His coming

57、made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。    He was awakened by someone's knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。    难点释疑：    1.能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词：    mind（介意），suggest（建议），enjoy（欣赏，），admit（承认），appreciate（感激，欣赏），avoid（避免），delay（推迟），dislike（不喜欢，厌恶），escape（逃脱），finish（完成），im

58、agine（想象），keep（保持），miss（错过），practise（训练），risk（冒险），deny（拒绝，否认）。    2. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing分词，含义有所不同。如：    forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如：    Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗？    Remember to lock the door when y

59、ou leave. 离开时要记得锁门。    动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不同。I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。    Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？    I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。    Missing the train means waiting for anoth

60、er hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。    Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit. 做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。    After a short rest, they went on working. 短暂地休息以后，他们又继续工作。    He stopped talking when the bell rang. 铃响的时候，他停止了讲话。    While

61、 working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.工作的时候，他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。    注意：有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。    动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如： .    Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。    We don't permit smoking he

62、re. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。    动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如：    The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。    These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.    这些小孩需要细心地照料。    动词like, hate, prefer等后面，

63、如表示一般性动作，多用-ing分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：    I like swimming, but I don't like to swim with you.    我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。    I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。    I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。    3.ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状

64、态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家    a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市    an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子    a touching story = a story that is touching

65、一个动人的故事    working people= people who are working 劳动人民    4. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别：    在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：    Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someon

66、e is knocking at the door.)    有人在敲门你听见了吗？    Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.)    你听见有人敲门了吗？    5. 常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。    contribute to（捐助、贡献），lead to （导致），look forward to（期待），take to（从事），turn to （求助

67、于），stick to（忠于、坚持），be used to （习惯于），devote oneself to （献身于），一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking（一般来说），judging from（根据来判断），considering（考虑到），talking of（谈到，提到），supposing（假如）等，这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：    Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。    Consider

68、ing how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。成人学位英语语法辅导：过去分词时间: 2015-10-28   来源：省学位英语网办公室   作者：佚名 浏览：2305次     1. 分词的定义    动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。    2. 过去分词的语法作用    1）过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。    如：He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。    2）过去分词做定语：    单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：    The excited people