VI.SampleABSTRACTS

1、VI. ABSTRACT Writing4.1 Abstract with Four Idealized Moves(Introducing the topic/Setting the field;)(Mentioning the previous researches and pointing out the gap;)(1) Introducing the research purpose (What is done by the author-goals / objectives and problems to be solved; research questions);(2) Des

2、cribing research methodology (How he did it- including subjects, instruments, methods of data collection and analysis);(3) Summarizing the research results/findings (What has been found - solutions to the problems, answers to the research questions);(4) Presenting conclusion (What is concluded - dra

3、wing inferences, interpreting results, including suggestions, implications and applications, etc.). Sample 1: Abstract (1) This paper sets out to examine two findings reported in the literature: first, that during the one-word stage a childs word productions are highly phonetically variable, and sec

4、ond, that the one-word stage is qualitatively distinct from subsequent phonological development./ (2) The complete set of word forms produced by a child at the one-word stage were collected and analyzed both cross-sectionally (month by month) and longitudinally (looking for changes over time)./ (3)

5、It was found that the data showed very little phonetic variability, and that phonological development during the period studied was qualitatively continuous with subsequent development./ (4) It is suggested that the phonologically principled development of this childs first words is related to his l

6、ate onset of speech.Key words: one-word stage; phonetic variability; phonological development Sample 2 Relevance Theoretic Approach to College Students Code-switching in Internet ConversationsA Case Study of SCUN Students （邱云）AbstractThe explosive development of science and technology and the accele

7、ration of globalization have facilitated the online communication between people from different religions, cultures and language communities. As a language phenomenon to use two or more languages or language varieties alternatively during the same dialogue, code-switching is undoubtedly a by-product

8、 of continual language and culture interaction. Nowadays, this phenomenon finds its striking expression in Internet conversations with the college students as its main facilitators and arouses widespread attention from the academic circles. Since the 1970s, scholars have conducted extensive research

9、es on code-switching from different perspectives, such as grammatical analysis, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, conversational analysis and pragmatics, etc. Based on the data collected from the questionnaire survey and online communication recordings, the present research is intended to explore

10、 college students code-switching in Internet conversations, with the students from South-Central University for Nationalities as the subjects. After a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis within the framework of Sperber and Wilsons Relevance Theory, the present research has arri

11、ved at the following findings: Firstly, college students code-switching in Internet conversations appears in five patterns, that is, switching between Chinese and English, between Mandarin and local dialects, between Chinese characters and pinyin, between Chinese/English and numerals, between Chines

12、e/English and non-linguistic signs, among which switching between Chinese and English is absolutely a top priority in the subjects options.Secondly, as far as the switching point is concerned, college students code-switching in Internet conversations falls into four types: inter-sentential switching

13、, intra-sentential switching, tag-switching and intra-word switching, among which intra-sentential switching is the most popular type. Thirdly, in Internet conversations, college students use code-switching out of a wide variety of motivations such as seeking convenience, filling lexical gap, avoidi

14、ng embarrassment, showing off, following the fashion, seeking solidarity, etc. Among all these motivations, seeking convenience and filling lexical gap occupy the first two positions.Fourthly, in Internet conversations, code-switching, as a means of ostensive-inferential communicative act, aims to c

15、onvey informative and communicative intentions of its users in a mutually-manifest manner and achieve sufficient contextual effect while putting its hearer to no gratuitous effort in processing it, which can result in optimal relevance.This thesis is concluded by pointing out the limitations of the

16、research and proposing some suggestions for further researches on the similar topics.Key words: code-switching; Internet conversations; college students; relevance theorySample 3 Sample Writings-Linguistics, Translation & Literature ResaerchesAdaptation Theoretic Approach to Subtitle Mistranslat

17、ions of American TV Serials / 从顺应论视阙透视美剧字幕中的翻译错误AbstractDespite the fact that American TV serials exert increasingly greater influence on Chinese audiences against the backdrop of economic globalization, their exotic flavor has been dramatically reduced owing to linguistic barriers. This gives rise

18、to the important status of subtitle translation. Nevertheless, its researches both in China and abroad, both in theory and in practice, are far from enough on the ground that many studies are mainly focused on sheer appreciation of certain subtitled texts. Under such a circumstance, the present thes

19、is is intended to explore the subtitle mistranslations of American TV serials, based on Verschuerens Adaptation Theory, which claims that language use is a process of linguistic and strategic choices as well as a process of adapting to the communicative context which is composed of linguistic, socia

20、l-cultural and cognitive-psychological factors. After a detailed qualitative and contrastive analysis of a large number of examples chosen from the subtitling texts of popular American TV serials such as Gossip Girl, The Big Bang Theory, Desperate Housewife, Prison Break, Growing Pains, Ugly Betty,

21、Friends, The Simpson, Vampire Dairy, Supernatural and so on, this thesis has arrived at following findings: First, the inappropriacy of linguistic choices in American TV serials subtitle translation can be detected from all levels of language use such as lexical, syntactic and discourse levels. Misi

22、nterpretation of word meaning, redundant or insufficient transmission of lexical information, word for word translation, incorrect use of tense, inappropriate syntactic order, lack of cohesion, coherence and unity, loss of intertextual messages and the like are the typical expressions of mistranslat

23、ions owing to inappropriate linguistic choices.Second, subtitle mistranslations also happen when there is an inappropriate choice of translation strategies between literal translation and free translation, domesticating translation and foreignizing translation, semantic translation and communicative

24、 translation.Third, subtitle mistranslations may also be attributed to the failure to adapt to communicative context in linguistic, social-cultural and cognitive-psychological dimensions. This thesis is concluded by pointing out that adaptation theory can be well applied to the analysis of subtitle

25、mistranslations. However, since subtitle translation is by no means a sheer process of translating one language to another, but a combined product of linguistic, social and mental adaptations, the present analysis should have been conducted in a more integrated way. And due to the limitation in the

26、present writers knowledge, many more representative examples are missed out. Such inadequacies wait to be improved in the future researches. Key words: American TV serials; subtitle mistranslations; Adaptation TheorySample 4 Sample Writings-Linguistics, Translation & Literature ResaerchesPragmat

27、ic Strategies for the Construction of Harmonious Diplomatic Relationships构建和谐外交关系的语用策略研究AbstractNowadays, the harmonious diplomatic relations are becoming increasingly desirable along with the acceleration of social and economic globalization. So far, although some scholars have studied the pragmati

28、c strategies and diplomatic language respectively in their previous researches, few of them have explored the problem of how to choose proper pragmatic strategies for the construction of harmonious diplomatic relationships, especially from the pragmatic perspective. Thus, the present study is intend

29、ed to explore the pragmatic strategies employed in the diplomatic discourses for the sake of constructing harmonious diplomatic relationships, based on Wu Aihuas International Politeness Principle, Brown & Levinsons Face Theory and Verschuerens Adaptation Theory. All the materials used for the a

30、nalysis are chosen from the China Foreign Ministry spokespersons remarks addressed in the press conferences. And a qualitative method is employed in the analysis of the pragmatic strategies adopted in the spokespersons speech. After detailed data analysis, this research has arrived at the following

31、findings: (i) tact and generosity strategies, approbation and modesty strategies, agreement strategy and sympathy strategy are the frequently employed strategies for showing politeness towards the addressees and relevant parties on diplomatic occasions; (ii) pragmatic strategies are often used by th

32、e spokespersons to protect the relevant parties positive and negative faces and keep rapport with the latter; typical positive face strategies include expressing solidarity, paying a compliment to the relevant parties and showing confidence in the latter while the frequently adopted negative face st

33、rategies contain minimizing the imposition, beating about the bush and reiterating international standards; (iii) the spokespersons are inclined to choose the most suitable pragmatic strategies in press conferences as well as other diplomatic events in adaptation to special communicative context whi

34、ch is composed of mental, social and physical variables; (iv) out of the motivation for establishing harmonious diplomacy, the spokespersons tend to use vague, euphemistic and implicit words or expressions in their remarks, especially when they are about the knotty topics or complex international is

35、sues, so as to achieve the goals of politeness, face protection and adaptation to diplomatic context while voicing out own views and attitudes; (v) more often than not, the spokesperson doesnt adopt a single strategy when making a remark, but a combination of several strategies.This thesis is conclu

36、ded by pointing out the significances and inadequacies of the present research which are supposed to be amended by the future studies.Key words: pragmatic strategies; harmonious diplomatic relationships; politeness; face protection; contextual adaptation4.2 Abstracts with Loosely Arranged / Mixed Mo

37、vesSample 5:摘 要 人们普遍认为，在幼儿期同时学习两种语言的儿童要经历无法区分这两种语言的阶段。几乎所有幼儿双语发展的研究都发现学双语的儿童混合两种语言中的成分。这些研究结果被理解为一种统一的非区分语言机制（即统一语言机制假设）存在的证据。本文对产生这些观点的实验数据进行了重新检测，提出了与现存的大部分解释相反的观点，即学双语的儿童可以培养各种区分的语言机制语境敏感手段。本文提出须对父母教育子女使用的混合言语可能发挥的作用作进一步认真的研究。关键词：幼儿期；双语发展；统一语言机制假说ABSTRACT (1) It is commonly thought that children

38、learning two languages simultaneously during infancy go through a stage when they cannot differentiate their two languages. Virtually all studies of infant bilingual development have found that bilingual children mix elements from their two languages. These results have been interpreted as evidence

39、for a unitary undifferentiated language system (the unitary language system hypothesis) (Establishing the field and pointing out the gap-literature review)./ (2) (3) The empirical basis for these claims is re-examined (Describing research purpose and methodology) and it is argued that, contrary to m

40、ost extant interpretations, bilingual children develop differentiated language systems contextual sensitive ways (Summarizing the research results)./ (4) A call for more serious attention to the possible role of parental input in the form of mixed utterances is made ( Presenting conclusion-a suggest

41、ion).Key words: infancy; bilingual development; unitary language system hypothesisSample 6: 关联理论与交际 / Relevance Theory & Communication摘 要作为诠释交际的最新理论，关联理论的独树一帜的交际观是一个值得深入探讨的领域。然而，国内外在这方面的研究尚显欠缺。本文基于Sperber 和 Wilson在Relevance: Communication & Cognition一书中的原创研究以及后来的关联理论学家们的研究成果，集中探讨了该理论所建立的独特的交

42、际模式和交际原则以及该理论对言语交际的解释力。在研究方法上，关联理论与传统的交际理论、关联理论的“明示推理”交际模式与符号学家的语码模式及Grice的推理模式、关联原则与Grice的合作原则之间的对比分析贯穿全文。通过交际理论的对比研究以及言语交际的各种实例的分析，本文揭示了关联理论的交际观的进步意义并充分展示了该理论对暗含和明说两种类型的交际的解释力。本文在结论中指出关联理论虽然也存在着局限性，但是由于它解决了一些长期困扰语言学家的语用难题，拓展了透视交际和语用问题的全新视角，显示出对语言现象的强大的解释力，因而对现代语用学的发展作出了较大的贡献。关键词：关联理论；交际；明示推理模式；关联原

43、则 ABSTRACT(1) As a new theory of communication interpretation, relevance theorys unique approach to communication is a domain worthy to be penetratingly explored. However, studies in the respect seem to be inadequate both in China and abroad (Pointing out the gap). Based on Sperber & Wilsons ori

44、ginal research in Relevance: Communication & Cognition as well as the research products of the following relevance theorists, this thesis is dedicated to the studies of RTs distinctive model and principle of communication as well as its potentiality of interpreting verbal communication (Research

45、 purpose). / (2)(3) A comprehensive comparison is made between relevance theory and traditional theories about communication, between RTs ostensive-inferential model and semiologists code model as well as Grices inferential model, between RTs principle of relevance and Grices co-operative principle:

46、 through this contrastive analysis (Research methodology), the progressive significance of RTs approach to communication is disclosed (Finding). /Besides, a variety of materials of verbal exchanges are employed and analyzed (Research methodology), through which RTs power in interpreting both implici

47、t and explicit communication is fully demonstrated (Finding)./ (4) The discussion is concluded by pointing out that relevance theory, for all its limitations, has made a great contribution to the development of modern pragmatics, for it has solved some of the pragmatic problems that have long perple

48、xed linguists and developed a brand-new perspective (cognitive pragmatics) of viewing communicative problems and demonstrated a large potentiality of interpreting language phenomena.(Conclusion)Key words: relevance theory; communication; ostensive-inferential model; principle of relevance 4.3 Abstra

49、cts as a Summary of the Main Points of the Thesis (For Publications)Sample 7: 英语大班精读多媒体教学实验研究 (外语教学与研究2003/5)Large Class Multimedia Instruction in College English Reading Courses: An Experiment摘要：我国高校扩大招生以来，英语大班授课日趋普遍，给课堂教学带来了许多新问题(problem to be solved)。/ 本文介绍针对这一新情况的一项历时性个案研究，通过理论探讨与教学实验(research m

50、ethods)，/ 研究综合运用多种教学策略，提高大学英语大班精读课堂教学效果的途径(goal)。关键词：教学实验；大班英语教学；多媒体课堂教学Abstract: Based on first-hand classroom observation, teachers participation and retrospection, student questionnaire feedback, and a review of related literature, this longitudinal case study (research methodology)/ aims to expl

51、ore useful and practicable strategies to meet the challenges in large reading class instruction in college English, and appraise their effectiveness (goal)./ The result of this 13-week experiment among 2790 students proves to be successful and encouraging.(the research result)Key words: teaching exp

52、eriment; large class English teaching; multimedia instruction(Note: The Chinese and English versions are not in consistence)Additional Information for Sample 7: CONTENTS1. The Urgency of the Research (大班教学对教学手段、方法、课堂组织等方面提出了新的挑战)2. The Difficulties in Large Class English Instruction （1）如何加强师生的交流与配合；

53、 （2）如何有效、合理地运用多媒体； （3）如何提高教学的生动性与感染力； （4）如何以学生为中心、有效组织学生的讨论与活动； （5）如何加强后排学生的管理。针对上述难点，本研究分为两个方面：（1）通过理论研究，确定提高大班课堂教学效果的有效对策与操作方法；（2）通过教学实验，检验操作方案的可行性与效果。3. Strategies for Large Class Instruction and Their Theoretical Basis 根据西方教学理论（pp365-66，五条，略），本研究提出了下列对策，提高大班教学效果： （1）集体备课，发挥团队优势； （2）提高讲课的生动性，提倡激情

54、教学； （3）科学运用多媒体教学媒介，合理控制教学信息量； （4）应用认知心理学研究成果，合理安排讲课与练习。 六条具体操作方案（略） 4. A Teaching Experiment: Design and Implementation 4.1 Method of Evaluation (学生评价（问卷调查）与实验教师的体会相结合，评估教学实验的效果)4.2 Sample Selection5. An Analysis of the Feedback from the Questionnaire Investigation6.Teachers Retrospection7. Conclusi

55、onSample 8: 标记性与母语迁移 / Markedness & Native Language Transfer （解放军外国语学院学报2004/2）摘要：语言学和认知学范畴的标记性被视为母语迁移的两个制约因素。语言学的标记理论假设目的语与母语特征之间的标记性关系可用来预测二语困难和母语迁移的区域，认知学的标记理论则断言学习者对母语特征的可迁移性的判断基于他们对母语特征的典型性（即标记性）的心理直觉，而不是标记性本身。标记迁移理论对母语作用的再认识、汉语和目的语差异研究、二语教学等方面均有启示作用。关键词：标记性；典型性；母语迁移；二语习得Abstract: Markednes

56、s of both linguistic and cognitive categories are considered to be two of the constraints on L1 transfer. Linguistic theory of markedness suggests that the relative markedness of L1 and L2 features can be used to predict the areas of L2 difficulty and L1 transfer. Cognitive theory of markedness, on

57、the other hand, claims that learners understanding of the transferability of L1 features is based on their perception of the prototypicality of those features rather than the markedness itself. Markedness-based theories of L1 transfer are enlightening to us in our reconsideration of L1s role, studie

58、s on the Chinese-L2 differences, L2 teaching and the like.Key words: markedness; prototypicality; L1 transfer; SLASample 9: 国外反讽研究综观 / A Review of Foreign Studies of Irony （西安外国语学院学报2004/3）摘要：20世纪60年代以来，对反讽话语现象的探讨在各个学科领域展开，理论假说日新月异。在非语言学（文学和修辞学）领域出现了Muecke三分说、Booth两分说、Fish动态假说、Rorty等人的开放假说。在语言学领域，Myers Roy以及言语行为理论家从语义学角度、Grice，Sperber & Wilson等人从语用学度、Gibbs等人从心理语言学角度对反讽进行了研究和探讨。所有研究的基本共同点在于，试图找出反讽产生或理解的规律，主张反讽蕴涵某种矛盾，其语义生成包含某种替代机制或衍生机制。 关键词：反讽；非语言学理论；语