阅读理解解题攻略——词义猜测题、主旨大意题

1、阅读理解解题攻略阅读理解解题攻略 词词义义猜猜测测题题、主主旨旨大大意意题题桐乡高级中学桐乡高级中学 沈萃萃沈萃萃2015.2.15阅读理解解题攻略阅读理解解题攻略 词词义义猜猜测测题题专题复习专题复习Can you figure out the point of the joke?It is very noisy in the class. Teacher: “Order!” Students: “Beer!”Why is the stadium so cool?Because there are so many fans.Marriage is an institution where a

2、 man loses his bachelors degree and a woman gets her masters status.Lets have a summary!Whats the key to understanding these jokes? To master different meanings of a word To make use of context clues (语境线索语境线索) Word-guessing ability can help remove vocabulary obstacle improve reading speed comprehen

3、d the content accurately gain points in examsDefinition 定义法定义法通过通过定义解释定义解释、定语（从句）定语（从句）或或同位语（从同位语（从句）句）来确定词义。来确定词义。 Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifters, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them 商店商店扒手扒手And for chocolate s

4、nobs, who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others, the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo, Cuba, Venezuela, and Ghana, among others.The words “chocolate snobs” probably refer to people who _.A. are particular about chocolateB. know little about cocoa beansC. look

5、down upon othersD. like to try new flavors Definition 定义法定义法Huge goals may take years of hard work to meet, and the struggle itself may be worthwhile, but the happiness they create dissipates after just a few months.A. disappearB. returnC. occurD. last Contrast 对比法对比法利用利用反义词反义词以及表以及表对比关系的词（组）对比关系的词（

6、组）猜测猜测词义。词义。 In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth. Similarity 相似法相似法利用利用同义词（组）同义词（组）、近义词（组）近义词（组）猜测词义。猜测词义。 Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task. The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes whi

7、ch have been polluted. huge and toughSimilarity 相似法相似法And no, not because the kids like to pull their ears. The culprit is climate change, and some researchers found that rising temperatures are having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US.The word “culprit” is closest in mean

8、ing to _.A. criminalB. judgeC. victim D. produce Cause & Effect 因果法因果法从从原因推测结果原因推测结果，从，从结果反推原因结果反推原因。 All his attempts to unlock the door were futile, because he was using the wrong key. A. in comfort B. in vainC. in a hurryD. in surpriseA child of the Depression (大萧条大萧条), Sheila was raised in B

9、rooklyn by parents who considered education a luxury for girls. Starting with her college education, she has fought for everything shes ever accomplished.Example 举例法举例法利用文中利用文中所举的例子所举的例子进行词义推测。进行词义推测。 Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines,

10、refrigerators and color televisions. 家家用用电电器器Example 举例法举例法The smartphone-like glasses include a variation of augmented(增强的增强的) reality, a technology already available on smartphones and tablets (平板电脑平板电脑) that overlays information onto the screen about ones surroundings. So, for example, if you wer

11、e walking down a street, indicators would pop up showing you the nearest coffee shop A. develop rapidly B. get round quickly C. appear immediately D. go over automatically Word Formation 构词法构词法通过单词的通过单词的合成合成、派生（前缀后缀）派生（前缀后缀）、词性词性及及意义转化意义转化来猜测词义。来猜测词义。 Despite the shocking numbers, the embassy remain

12、s dogged by charges that it rejects applicants unreasonably and that the process is unfairly burdensome. troubledWord Formation 构词法构词法Unemployment over a long period should be considered as the main factor. And unemployment, strange to say, nine times out of ten results from automation(自动化自动化), both

13、 in industrial and agricultural areas. For example, in the rural South when a cotton farm suddenly cuts its force from 100 people to 3, the problem to help the displaced arises.The underlined phrase “the displaced” refers to those who are _.A. hungryB. unhealthyC. poorD. unemployedCommon sense 常识法常识

14、法 根据根据普通常识普通常识与与生活经验生活经验来猜测词义。来猜测词义。 When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him. 麻醉剂麻醉剂Common sense 常识法常识法LOS ANGELES, Feb 12Whitney Houston passed awa

15、y Tributes poured in from around the world for a singer whose remarkable vocal power and range produced some of the most memorable music of her generation, including her signature hit, I Will Always Love You.The underlined word “Tributes” refers to the activities to show _.A. honor B. sympathyC. ama

16、zement D. disappointment 终极法则：终极法则：Context 上下文法上下文法利用利用本句本句、上句上句或或下句下句的的语境线索语境线索来推导来推导词义。词义。However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. This is the winners key to success. A. avoid B. accept C. im

17、prove D. consider终极法则：终极法则：Context 上下文法上下文法Even our fathers dropped their tools and joined us. Our mothers took their turn, laughing like schoolgirls. I think we were all beside ourselves. Parents forgot their duty and their dignity; children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies. “Perh

18、aps its like this in the kingdom of heaven,” I thought confusedly.By “we were all beside ourselves” writer means that they all _.A. felt confusedB. went wild with joyC. looked onD. forgot their fights The advanced EP also heats the room evenly, wall to wall and floor to ceiling. It comfortably cover

19、s an area up to 350 square feet. Other heaters heat rooms unevenly with most of the heat concentrated to the center of the room. With the EP, the temperature will not vary in any part of the room.The word “evenly” probably means _.A. continuously B. separatelyC. quicklyD. equally 2013年北京卷年北京卷 Passag

20、e A考试场上显身手考试场上显身手 We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design. That meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison. In 1878 he explained bugs as “little problems and difficulties” that required months of study and labor to overcome in developing a successful product.What do

21、es the word “flaw” probably mean?A. Explanation. B. Finding.C. Origin.D. Fault. 2013年辽宁卷年辽宁卷 Passage D考试场上显身手考试场上显身手“We dont want to make it (the new Oxford Dictionary) florid. We want it to be modern and conversational. Many of the words in the present dictionary are no longer in use,” said Kleeman

22、. “Precise, native and practicalthat is our core advantage,” she said.A. She is well advanced in age, but still florid.B. The setting sun drew the whole sky so florid.C. This article is florid in style with little content.D. The tea culture of Yunnan nationalities is florid. 2011年嘉兴一模卷年嘉兴一模卷 Passage

23、 C考试场上显身手考试场上显身手轻松一刻轻松一刻 Whats the longest word in the world? Whats the shortest bridge in the world? Whats the smallest room in the world? What begins with T, ends with T, and full of T? What two words have thousands of letters in them? smiles nose bridge mushroom teapot post office 轻松一刻轻松一刻 What c

24、ity has no people? What kind of dog doesnt bite or bark? What fruit is never found singly? What eight letter word has only one letter in it? What ship takes courage to conquer(征服)? electricity hotdog pear envelope hardship 阅读理解解题攻略阅读理解解题攻略 主主旨旨大大意意题题专题复习专题复习常见提问形式常见提问形式1. The main idea of the passag

25、e is _.2. This passage is chiefly concerned with _.3. What is the subject discussed in the text?4. Which of the following statements best summarizes the authors main point?5. The paragraph mainly tells us _. 6. Whats the main idea of the paragraph? 7. The paragraph centers/focuses on _.8. What is th

26、e best title of the passage? 9. Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?全篇主旨大意全篇主旨大意某段主旨大意某段主旨大意文章标题文章标题1 1、干扰项的命题特征：、干扰项的命题特征：A A. 从文中从文中事实片面事实片面推出的推出的错误结论错误结论；B B. 文中的某一个文中的某一个具体细节具体细节；C C. 非文章事实的非文章事实的主观臆断主观臆断。Tell a story and tell it well, and you may open wide the ey

27、es of a child, open up lines of communication in a business, or even open peoples mind to another culture or race. People regard storytelling not only as a useful tool in child education, but also as a meaningful activity that helps adults understand themselves as well as those whose culture may be

28、very different from their own. We are all storytellers. We all have a story to tell. We tell everybodys story.Whats the main idea of the text?A. Storytelling can influence the way people think.B. Storytelling is vital to the growth of business.C. Storytelling is the best way to educate children in s

29、chool.D. Storytelling helps people understand themselves and others.从文中事实片面推出的错误结论从文中事实片面推出的错误结论文中的一个具体细节文中的一个具体细节非文章事实的主观臆断非文章事实的主观臆断2 2、通过寻找主题句概括整篇文章的主旨大意：、通过寻找主题句概括整篇文章的主旨大意：在许多情况下，在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点篇章特点我们可以通过我们可以通过寻找全文的主题句寻找全文的主题句来归纳出文章的主旨大意。而主题句在文章来归纳出文章的主旨大意。而主题句在文章中

30、的位置通常有四种情况：中的位置通常有四种情况：开头、中间、结尾、首尾呼应开头、中间、结尾、首尾呼应。 Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit? First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. Once students recogniz

31、e that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决解决): stay calm. After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy (策略策略) for conflict resolution : listening. Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. Learning to resolve c

32、onflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country. how to deal with school conflicts 3 3、通过寻找主题句概括某个段落的主旨大意：、通过寻找主题句概括某个段落的主旨大意：每个段落往往每个段落往往也由也由一个主题句一个主题句与

33、与几个陈述句几个陈述句构成。主题句在整个段落中起构成。主题句在整个段落中起着着通领全段通领全段的作用，其它句子都是用来的作用，其它句子都是用来阐述、解释、支持或阐述、解释、支持或发展发展主题句所表达的主题思想，其位置一般位于主题句所表达的主题思想，其位置一般位于段首段首来点明来点明本段大意，也见于本段大意，也见于段尾段尾来总结本段大意。来总结本段大意。 medium signs with symbols audioOriginally, just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument, such as a bell,

34、were used to get peoples attention. A crier, probably a man, with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city. In ancient Egypt, shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products. The last two paragraphs are mainly about _.A. the history of advertising

35、B. the benefits of advertisingC. the early forms of advertising D. the basic design of advertisingTopic sentenceExample support4 4、无主题句时的主旨大意概括：、无主题句时的主旨大意概括：有些文章或段落没有明确的有些文章或段落没有明确的主题句，考生必须先主题句，考生必须先弄清该文章或段落主要讲了哪几方面的弄清该文章或段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以，然后加以归纳归纳，推导推导出一个没有言明的主旨思想。必须注

36、意的是，出一个没有言明的主旨思想。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 Each writing in her own unmistakable voice, Perri and Sheila take turns exploring the joys and pains, the love and bitterness, the minor troubles and lasting respect that have always bonded them together. Sheila describes th

37、e adventure of giving birth to Perri in a tiny town in Trinidad where her husband was doing research fieldwork. Perri admits that she cant sort out all the mess in the households, even though she knows it drives her mother crazy. Together they compare thoughts on bringing up children and working, ad

38、mit long-hidden sorrows, and enjoy precious memories.A. The content of the book. B. The purpose of the book.C. The influence of the book. D. The writing style of the book.5 5、给文章添加标题：、给文章添加标题：首先要把握好文章大意，不能把文章首先要把握好文章大意，不能把文章某一段的大意看作是整篇文章的大意，更不能把文章细节看某一段的大意看作是整篇文章的大意，更不能把文章细节看成是文章大意，成是文章大意，以防标题的片面性以防

39、标题的片面性。标题要言简意赅，但必。标题要言简意赅，但必须须涵盖能体现文章大意的关键词涵盖能体现文章大意的关键词。 Whether that is good or bad, we cant really say, but for the two of us, going green is not a fad but a lifestyle.On April 22, 2011, we decided to go green every single day for an entire year. With the idea of going green every single day for

40、a year, Our Green Year started. Over the course of Our Green Year, we completely changed our lifestyle. We are grateful for the chance to have been able to go green and educate others. We believe that we do have the power to change things and help our planet. Going Green6 6、注意不同体裁文章标题的特征：、注意不同体裁文章标题

41、的特征：针对浙江卷中的针对浙江卷中的Passage A、B、C，考生可根据不同文章体裁与文章意图，考生可根据不同文章体裁与文章意图，结合叙述的过结合叙述的过程、说明的用途、议论的主题来确定标题程、说明的用途、议论的主题来确定标题。但浙江卷中的。但浙江卷中的Passage D由于是一个文学作品，因此其标题往往不是文章大由于是一个文学作品，因此其标题往往不是文章大意的浓缩，而应是意的浓缩，而应是贯穿整个故事的线索贯穿整个故事的线索。 If the gift of sight is evidence, how greater must be the gift of touch. I have a s

42、tory. place two fingers lightly on our throats and hold them there for seconds to check for sub-vocalization (默读默读), which slows down the reading speed. She also touched me with her belief in my ability to achieve. Inside was a gift, the beauty of which multiplies even as it touches me: a necklace t

43、o which I can add charms for each stage of my life. introduce the storyteachers usual practiceteachers influencea meaningful giftA Teachers Touch 2013年北京卷年北京卷Passage CThe phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C., painters followed Alexander the Great into

44、battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain (抱抱怨怨) about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the s

45、ame way that modern tabloids and websites do.What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?A. Great heroes of the past were generally admired.B. The problem faced by celebrities has a long history. C. Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids.D. Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers. 考

46、试场上显身手考试场上显身手考试场上显身手考试场上显身手 2013年福建卷年福建卷Passage E A MENTORING (导师制导师制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth. Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21. Alex Goldberg, the programs founde

47、r, said: “We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook. We try to create work experience opportunities that will really make a difference to our youth. A. Alex Goldberg, Founder of Young Inspirations

48、 B. Young People Find a World of OpportunityC. Kieran, Banbury School Pupil to ParisD. Debates Help Youth with Their Grades考试场上显身手考试场上显身手 2013年安徽卷年安徽卷Passage B Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect o

49、ur water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving(铺砌铺砌) a road can lead to less useable fresh water. Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts(干旱干旱) than areas with more rainfall, but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs. Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. You can take steps to save water in your home.A. why paving roads reduces our water B. how much we