雅思 List of headings解题技巧

1、8. Sales representatives like Kim Schaefer work to a very limited budget. But on any given day what Schaefer can offer is typical for todays drug rep- a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small county hundreds of free drug samples and t

2、he freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drugs profile.NO9. Kim Schaefers marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral ground. Selling Pharmaceuticals in a daily exercise in ethical judgment. They work in an industry highly critic

3、ized for its sales and marketing practices.YES10. The information provided by drug companies is of little use to doctors.Salespeople provide much-needed information and education to physicians.NO11. Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the healthcare environment.Rarely do patients watch

4、a doctor write with a pen that isnt emblazoned with a drugs name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical companys logo.YES12. The drug companies may give free drug samples to patients without doctors prescriptions.Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most eff

5、ective way of getting doctors and patients to become loyal to a product.Not Given13. It is legitimate for drug companies to make money.In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have evert right to make a profit and will continue to find new ways to increase sales.True To learn the ti

6、ps of List of headings questions2. To have some practices of List of headings questionsList of headings 题型题型Questions 2831Reading Passage 3 has five sections AE.Choose the correct heading for section A and CE from the list of headings below. Write the correct number iviii in the boxes 2831 on your a

7、nswer sheet. 中册中册 P88List of Headingsi The connection between health-care and other human rightsii The development of market-based health systemsiii The role of the state in health-careiv A problem shared by every economically developed countryv The impact of recent changevi The views of the medical

8、 establishmentvii The end of an illusionviii Sustainable economic development 28 Section AExample Answer Section B viii29 Section C30 Section D31 Section ETopic sentenceSupporting sentence Reasons Facts 1) Examples 2) Statistics AThe problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apport

9、ioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one.ivCHowever, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that p

10、eople have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, .iDAlthough the language of rights sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was

11、recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate

12、 health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.iiiEAs a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and polit

13、icians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining resources. vTips去掉例子中的heading浏览Headings，找出关键词Key Words 1) 双胞胎型的headings中必有正确答案 2) 人名、地名尽量不选 3) 用词一样的不选 l通读段落，寻找段落主题句TOPIC SENTENCE 首句 二句 末句注意文中的But yet However“ ”? 定义句型必是主题句 This isThat is it is A is called A

14、 is known as A is defined as 例子：如 for example / instance l回到heading 中,对比主题句与heading中的关键字，寻同义词，或者概括词 l如果没有,再次返回浏览段落。 如果段落比较短,一般需要浏览全段,推测段意 ; 如果段落很长,则直接再次浏览首二末句 “” ? : 要注意频繁在段落中出现的名词。NOTICE l 如果答案不确定，先将可能的选项全部选出。如果答案不确定，先将可能的选项全部选出。 l 干扰选项的特点是：段落中未展开说明的细节。干扰选项的特点是：段落中未展开说明的细节。 l 正确答案应是主题句的改写，所以与主题句特别一

15、致的正确答案应是主题句的改写，所以与主题句特别一致的选项应引起怀疑。选项应引起怀疑。 l 如果需要阅读整个段落，应重点阅读该段落中的重点词如果需要阅读整个段落，应重点阅读该段落中的重点词句句 A 反复出现的词反复出现的词 B 问号里的词问号里的词 C 引号里的词引号里的词 D 黑体字黑体字 起始选项 文章标题 结尾选项 名词+of+文章主题 summary, conclusion/ effect, impact, influence/ long-term, future 选项对应数字重复出现段落 data, figure, calculation, statistic demography选项

16、对应百分比较多段落 percentage, proportion , rate对应金钱较多段落 revenue, budget, cost Approach 解题方法解题方法*中心句对应法中心句对应法 1. 自然段首句总结 （C8T4P1D） 2. 自然段首句设问 （C8T4P1F） 3. 举例前的观点句 （C8T3P3D） 4. 转折词所在句子 （C7T1P2E） 5. 强调句型或有强调语气所在句子（C7T1P2H） 6. 起定义功能的句子 （C8T1P2D） 7. 下一自然段首句 （C7T1P2CD）关键词对应法关键词对应法List of Headingsi Effects of irri

17、gation on sedimentationii The danger of flooding the Cairo area iii Causing pollution in the Mediterranean iv Interrupting a natural process v The threat to food production vi Less valuable sediment than before vii Egypts disappearing coastline viiiLooking at the long-term impact Example Answer Para

18、graph A vii14 Paragraph BExample Answer Section C vi15 Paragraph D16 Paragraph E17 Paragraph F中册中册 P180BUp to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river. ivD Once

19、 north of Cairo, most of the Nile water is diverted into more than 10,000 kilometres of irrigation canals and only a small proportion reaches the sea directly through the rivers in the delta. iE The farms on the delta plains and fishing and aquaculture in the lagoons account for much of Egypts food

20、supply. But by the lime the sediment has come to rest in the fields and lagoons it is laden with municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from the Cairo region, which is home to more than 40 million people. Pollutants are building up faster and faster, says Stanley. vF According to Siegel,intern

21、ational environmental organisations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region,partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta,but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem.viiiList of Headingsi

22、The reaction of the Inuit community to climate changeii Understanding of climate change remains limitediii Alternative sources of essential suppliesiv Respect for Inuit opinion growsv A healthier choice of foodvi A difficult landscapevii Negative effects on well-beingviii Alarm caused by unprecedent

23、ed events in the Arcticix The benefits of an easier existenceExample Answer Paragraph A viii27 Paragraph B28 Paragraph C29 Paragraph D30 Paragraph E31 Paragraph F32 Paragraph E中册中册 P260BIn Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the countrys newest territory,

24、 Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself. iCThe Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert thats covered with snow for most of the year. Venture int

25、o this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. viDIt would cost a family around 7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only inc

26、ome. iiiEWhile the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on peoples health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems.viiFWith so much at s

27、take, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic.in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.ivGThere are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more t

28、han best guesses.iiList of Headingsi Scientists call for a revision of policy ii An explanation for reduced water use iii How a global challenge was met iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse v Environmental effects vi The financial cost of recent technological improvements vii The relevance to heal

29、th viii Addressing the concern over increasing populations ix A surprising downward trend in demand for water x The need to raise standards xi A description of ancient water supplies14 Paragraph AExample Answer Paragraph B iii15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph E18 Paragraph F19 Paragraph G20 P

30、aragraph H下册下册 P14AAt the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today.xiC Yet there is a dark side to this picture: de

31、spite our progress, half of the worlds population still suffers, with water services inferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; .Preventab

32、le water-related diseases kills.viiDThe consequences of our water policies extend beyond jeopardising human health. Tens of millions of people have been forced to move from their homes - often with little warning or compensation - to make way for the reservoirs behind dams. More than 20 % of all fre

33、shwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. vEAt the outset of the new millennium, however , the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change.iFFortunately - and unexpec

34、tedly - the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. ixGWhat explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use.iiHBut such projects must be buil t to highe

35、r specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past.xList of Headingsi The results of the research into blood-variants ii Dental evidence iii Green bergs analysis of the dental and linguistic evidence iv Developments in the methods used to study early

36、 population movements v Indian migration from Canada to the U.S.A. vi Further genetic evidence relating to the three-wave theory vii Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to America viii Conflicting views of the three-wave theory, based on non-genetic evidence ix Questions about the ca

37、uses of prehistoric migration to America x How analysis of blood-variants measures the closeness of the relationship between different 14 Paragraph A 15 Paragraph B16 Paragraph C17 Paragraph D18 Paragraph E19 Paragraph FExample Answer Paragraph G viii 下册下册 P61AA number of techniques developed since

38、the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder an more objective footing. ivBRecent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques.viiC Thus, by comparing the Gm all types of two different populations (e.g. t

39、wo Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic distance, which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.xDThey found that their Gm all types could be divided into two groups. iEHow far does other research support these conclusion

40、s?viFThe biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth.iiList of Headingsi Not all doctors are persuaded ii Choosing the best offers iii Who is responsible for the increase in promotion? iv Fighting the drug companies v An e

41、xample of what doctors expect from drug companies vi Gifts include financial incentives vii Research shows that promotion works viii The high costs of research ix The positive side of drug promotion x Who really pays for doctors free gifts? 1 Paragraph A 2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Para

42、graph E6 Paragraph F7 Paragraph G中册中册 P319AA few months ago Kim Schaefer, sales representative of a major global pharmaceutical company, walked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her companys latest products. That day she was lucky-doctor WAS available to see

43、her. The last rep offered me a trip to Florida. What do you have? the physician asked. He was only half joking.vBWhat was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for New York musical. But on any given day what Schaefer can offer is typical for todays drug rep- a car trunk full of promotional gifts a

44、nd gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small county hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drugs profile. $1000 honoraria.viC They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question businesses wont use strategies that