项目管理和合同法PPT课件

1、trainer: herb brookinterpret: richard guosanctionssample conductcode of ethicsno formal penaltyfailure to report moonlightingprofessional misconductdisciplinary actionmoonlighting for competitortort lawcompensation to othersslandercontract lawcompensation to clientbreach of contractcriminal lawpunis

2、hment (jail)breach of criminal codeas conduct worsens the severity of the sanctions increase法律体系层面随着行为的进一步恶化处罚的严肃性也增加。处罚办法行为案例道德规范代码无正式处罚不报告 moonlighting职业人员的明知故犯训诫式的起诉为竞争对手提供暗地服务民事法对他人的补偿诽谤合同法对客户的补偿违约合同刑法处罚 (进监狱)违反犯罪 code法的来源 美国的法律体系 除美国的路易斯安那州外都基于英国的普通法。 由两部分组成立法机构普通法立法机构的立法 由立法机构决定 (美国国会和州立法机构) 组

3、成部分有：条例 职业工程师执照法 (州) 职业的健康和安全法案 (国家)法规 由诸如职业工程师协会组织创建. common law judge-made law based on the theory of precedentcontract disputelegal rulingprecedentprecedent - a legal principle established in previous court decisionswhich involved similar or analogous fact situations.普通法 衡平法 基于先例的理论合同纠纷法律规则先例先例先例

4、 - 一种建立在前一个类似案例的法庭宣判结果的法律原理。一种建立在前一个类似案例的法庭宣判结果的法律原理。precedent example - fundamental breach may be applied to render exemption clauses in contracts ineffective. case history harbutt plaasticine v. wayne tank & pump (1970). factory burned down due to faulty material. $2,300limitied liability in c

5、ontract was waived and $170,000 paid. precedent - in the event of fundamental breach (a breach of such nature as to go to the very root of the contract)an exmption clause in a contract would not afford protection to the party that committed the breach先例案例 - 根本性的违约 可能应用于解释无效合同中的免除条款. 案例历史 harbutt pla

6、asticine v. wayne tank & pump (1970). 由于不合格材料导致工厂被烧毁。合同中$2,300的有限责任被放弃，赔偿了 $170,000。 先例 -根本上违反合同中的免除条款（该违反涉及到合同中的根本性问题）不能对违反条款方提供保护。the theory of deep pockets the purpose of contract lawis to compensate wronged parties for their damages (not for punishment) therefore, legal action will tend to b

7、e made against those with the greatest capacity to pay.深口袋理论 合同法的目的在于为受害方的损失提供赔偿（不是为了惩罚） 因此，法律行为通常针对最有支付能力的一方。contract law definition relationship between 2 or more people defining rights and obligations 5 essential elements of enforceability offer and acceptance mutual intent aconsideration was pai

8、d (if not, then the contract is an “agreement”. capacity (18 yrs of age, sound mind, capable) lawful purpose合同法 定义 在两方或多方之间定义权利和义务的一种关系 具备法律效力的五个关键因素 提供和接受 双方自愿 已支付 报酬 (如果没有支付，该合同仅仅是一个协议）。 法律承担能力 (18岁以上，精神正常，有能力) 合法的目的bilateral vs. unilateral contractsevery contract involves at least two parties: an

9、 offeror and an offeree. the offeror promises to do or not to do something. whether a contract is unilateral or bilateral depends on what the offeree must do to accept. a bilateral contract is a promise for a promise; if the offeree need only promise to perform, the contract is bilateral. a unilater

10、al contract is a promise for an act; if the offeree can accept only by complete performance, the contract is unilateral. a unilateral contracts offer becomes irrevocable once substantial performance has been completed. 双边与单边合同每一个合同至少涉及到两个合同方: 提供方和接受方 。提供方承诺做或者不做某个（些）事情。采用单边合同还是双边合同取决于接受方为了接受必须做什么双边合

11、同是对一个承诺的承诺；如果接受方只需要承诺履行，合同则为双边合同。 单边合同是对一个行为的承诺；如果接受方只有通过完全履行才能接受，合同则为单边合同。在单边合同中，一旦关键部分已经履行， 提供则不能召回。expressed vs. implied contractsan express contract is one in which the terms are expressed in words, oral or written, a contract that is implied from the conduct of the parties is an iniplied-in-fac

12、t contract, or simply an implied contract. the parties conduct reveals that they intended to form a contract and creates and defines its terms. to establish an implied-in-fact contract: (1) the plaintiff must have furnished some service or property; (2) the plaintiff must have expected to be paid an

13、d the defendant knew or should have known that payment was expected; and (3) the defendant had a chance to reject the service or property and did not. 明确的与隐含的合同一个明确的合同中，条款以语言的形式（口头或书面）明确表述，隐含于合同方的履行准则之外的合同是一种隐含于事实的合同， 或简称为隐含合同。合同方履行准则不但表明合同各方有意达成合同，而且创建并定义合同条款。建立一个隐含于事实的合同：(1) 原告必须已经完成一些服务或产品； (2)原告

14、必须已经期望得到支付，被告已经知道或应该已经知道原告期望得到支付； (3) 被告已经有机会拒绝服务或产品但是没有拒绝。formal vs. informal contractsformal contracts require a special form or method of formation to be enforceable. formal contracts include contracts under seal, which are writings with a special sea attached. all other contracts are informal co

15、ntracts, or simple contracts. for these, no special form is required (except for certain types; of contracts that must be in writing).正式与非正式合同正式合同需要一种特殊的合同形式或形成合同的方法以使合同生效。正式合同包括有印章的合同，即付有特殊印章的书面文字。所有其他合同都是非正式合同或简单合同。对于这些合同，不需要特殊的合同形式(除了一些必须以书面形式存在的合同）。executed vs. executory contractscontracts are a

16、lso classified according to their stage of performance. a contract that has been performed is an executed contract. a contract that has riot been performed is an executory contract. if one party has fully performed but the other has not, the contract is said to be executed on the one side and execut

17、ory on the other, and it is classified as executory.已执行 与待执行 合同合同也可以按照它们履行的阶段来分类。已经执行的合同称为已执行合同。还未执行的合同称为待执行合同。 如果合同一方已经履行而另一方还未履行，可以说该合同一方已经执行另一方还未执行，该合同归类为待执行.valid, void, voidable, and unenforceable contractsa valid contract results when all of the elements necessary to contract formation exist-w

18、hen th parties agree, through an offer and an acceptance, to form a contract; the contract is supported by consideration; the contract is for a legal purpose; and the parties had legal capacity to contract, a contract that is void is no contract. a void contract gives rise to no legal obligation on

19、the part d any party. an illegal contract is, for example, a void contract, a voidable contract is a valid contract in which one or both of the parties has the option of avoiding his or her legal obligation. if the contract is avoided, both parties are released. if it is ratified, both parties must

20、perform an unenforceable contract is a valid contract that cannot be enforced due to certain defenses. for example, a valid contract barred by a statute of limitations is an unenforceable contract.有效的，无效的，可转为无效的和不能生效的合同当所有形成合同的必要因素已经存在时当所有合同方通过提供和接受达成一致同意签定合同；合同具有报酬的支持；合同具有合法的目的；合同各方具有签定合同的法律能力一个有效的

21、合同即可形成。一个无效的合同不能称为合同。一个无效的合同对合同任何一方都无法律义务的约束。例如，一个非法的合同即是一个无效的合同。 一个可转为无效的合同是一个有效的合同，在合同中，合同一方或双方可以选择避免他或她的法律义务。如果合同转为无效，合同双方均不再受合同条款的约束。如果合同获得批准，合同双方均应履行合同。一个不能生效的合同是一个有效的合同，由于某些原因该合同不能生效。例如，一个受某些因素限制的有效合同即是一个不能生效的合同。excuses for non-performance of a contractmisrepresentation (false statement or ass

22、ertion of fact) innocent - didnt know they were lying fraudulant - knowingly duress - induced by means of intimidation (coercion)undue influence - one party to a contract dominates the free will of the other party.不履行合同的原因错误的描述（对事实的不真实陈述或声称） 无错不知道对方在欺骗 有错知道对方在欺骗强迫由于受到威胁、恐吓等。不适当的影响合同一方的意愿受到另一方的控制。.mi

23、stakes often happens with submission of bids rectificationof a “common mistake” (secretarial or recording in nature) unilateral mistake - made by 1 partyexample.错误 经常在投递投标书时发生。 批准普通错误（打印或记录错误） 单边错误合同一方所犯的错误示例.unilateral mistake suppose you are bidding on a construction contract and make an incorrect

24、 transfer from a summary sheet such that your bid (submitted under seal for 60 days) is $70,000 lower than you intended. after 30 days, you discover your mistake and attempt to withdraw the bid. the client understands that you made a mistake but after 50 days accepts your bid. should you be required

25、 to honor the bid? 单边错误 假设您在投标一个建筑合同，但是您依据总结单做了一个不正确的转述 ，以至于您的投标（已经投递并付有印章60天有效）比您原先所期望的低了$70,000 。 30天后，您发现了自己的错误并试图撤回投标。客户明白您犯了错误但是50天后接受了您的投标。 您是否必须履行您的投标? contract interpretation principles reasonable meanings and implied terms it is impossible to write everything down contra proferentum interpr

26、etation of unclear statements will go against the party responsible for writing them.合同解释原理 合理的意思和隐含的条款 不可能把每一项东西都写下来。 相反proferentum 对不清楚陈述的解释将参照合同的写作方对合同条款的解释。contract interpretation principles duty to mitigatea party that suffers a loss due to a breach of contract must take reasonable steps to red

27、uce the amount of damages suffered liquidated damages (penalty clauses)must be based on genuine pre-estimates of damages (rule is to compensate, not punish) quantum meruitwhen price is not an express term of the contract then amount is determined by - as much as is reasonably deserved合同解释原理 减少损失的责任由

28、于合同违约而遭受损失的合同方必须采取合理的行动来减少所遭受损失的数量。 清算损失 (惩罚条款)必须建立在真实的对损失的预先估算之上 (法律的目的是为了赔偿，不是为了惩罚) 数量 meruit当价格不是合同中的一个明确表述的条款时，数量取决于其最高的合理价值。contract interpretation principles specific performance to remedy a dispute, court may require a party to a contract to perform a contractual obligation. usually occurs in contracts concerning the sale of property injunction a court order that restrains or prohibits a party from the performance of s