英语写作要求

1、评分标准1） 本题满分15分2） 阅卷标准分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分，各有标准样卷一份，阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照阅卷评分，若认为与某一分数（8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加1分（即9分）或减1分（即7分），但不得加减半分。具体评分标准为：0分白卷；作文与题目毫不相关；只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，而且多为严重错误。5分基本切题，但表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，语言上有较多的严重错误。8分基本切题，表达思想比较清楚，尚属连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有少量的严重错误。11分切题，表达思想清楚

2、，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误。15分特别优秀者。 3）字数不足应酌情扣分，标准如下： 累计字数cet490-9980-8970-7960-6950-5950cet6110-119100-10990-9980-8970-7970扣分12345最少扣除10分注：1题目中给出的主题句，起始句，结束句均不计入所写字数只写一段者：分；只写两段者：分（按规定三段的作文）。4）作文最低分规定：根据目前考生的作文分均值，将作文分的最低分定为6分。 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 min

3、utes to write a composition on the topic Fast food in China. You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1 目前快餐在中国已很普遍。2 快餐在中国受欢迎的原因。3 快餐的前景展望。Your conclusion must be logical.Remember to write your composition neatly.1 Fast Food in ChinaEat out home is a good idea. Much re

4、staurant are developing in China. If you are busy, you can eat fast food for example humbergs. They are delicious. And the serve is well.Another reason. The price is reasonable and everyone has enough money to buy it. Third, you can save a lot of time to cook if you have your food in a fast food res

5、taurant. At last, fast food restaurant has a good environment. You can eat all kinds of food, listening to the music, relax, and you pay little money.样卷1 得分：2分。本篇作文条理不清，语言支离破碎，语法错误比比皆是，例如：第一句Eat out home is a good idea (就是一个明显的语法错误，动词短语eat out 不能作主语，eat out 本身已经含有在外就餐的意思，home 一词为误用。) 除语法错误外，这篇作文篇幅较短

6、，字数达不到要求。 1 Fast Food in ChinaThe fast food is becoming more and more in China. More and more people liked fast food, why?The first reason. It is delicious. We had be used to eat Chinese food, and therefore we find fast food quite delicious. There are a variety of fast food for you to choose. At the

7、 same time, fast food also makes you familiar with foreigner culture.The second reason. Fast food is convenient and cheap. You need not cook. You can order a fast food and enjoy it with your families. For who are busy with their work, fast food is their best choose. Fast food changes our life. With

8、the quickly development of economic, fast food will serve us better and made our life more beautiful.样卷2得分：5分本篇作文基本切题，但连贯性差，比如第二段缺乏主题句，且句子安排松散。意思表达不清，有不少严重的语法及词汇错误。1.1 Fast Food in China You may say “ Oh! So many fast food restaurants!” if you go to the street in Beijing. It is not surprise. Fast fo

9、od is getting more and more popular. The one reason is the variety of fast food in these restaurants. You may go out if you are busy or do not cook. It also represents a different culture, so you neednt to go abroad to enjoy a certain kind of world-famous food.Another reason is the convenient it bri

10、ngs. You neednt go shopping, cook, clean up the oily dishes and table. You can also relax yourself, listening to music, or talk sth. With your friend or family.By and large, with the development of the economy, fast food will be more and more popular in China. 样卷3得分：8分本篇作文基本切题，不太连贯，有些地方表达不够清楚，例如第二段，

11、主题句应为快餐店食物的多样性，但下面的两个扩展句没有围绕这个主题去写，反而写了与主体无关的快餐的便利性。除此之外，本文出现了较多的较严重的语言错 误 。 比 如 第 三 段 的 第 一 句 中 的convenient应为convenience。1.1 Fast Food in ChinaWith the change of peoples life-style, many people dine out in a fast food restaurant. Fast food restaurants are appearing one after another. Many couples w

12、ho are busy with their work and most school children like fast food very much.Why is fast food so popular in China? First, it brings us convenience, you need not dine out cook if you dine out. You neednt go shopping and clean the greasy table and dishes. Fast food really saves you a lot of time and

13、trouble. Second, there are a variety of fast food and they are all delicious. If you dont like hemburgar, you can try pizza. The wonderful taste will bring a good appetite to you who are customed to Chinese food.So, I think, with the rapid development of economics in our country, fast food will cont

14、inue to have its popularity and benefit us.样卷得分: 11分。本篇作文比较切题，条理清楚，层次分明，文字较为连贯，但有较少的语言错误，如：hemburgar 一词的拼写应为hamburger ，倒数第二段最后一句中are customed to 应改为are accustomed to 。 1.1 Fast Food in ChinaNowadays, fast food is becoming more and more popular in China. Fast food restaurants have mushroomed everywhe

15、re and many working couples and school children now enjoy their breakfast and lunch there. Fast food is rapidly gaining popularity in China for quite a few reasons, First, there are a variety of fast food available. If you are busy or tired of cooking, you may have American hamburgers. French fries

16、and Italian pizza or numerous traditional Chinese foods are cooked quickly by modern technique for a change. The cook always looks so nice and smells so good that you can not help trying it yourself. Fast food usually represent a different culture so you do not have to go abroad to enjoy special wor

17、ld famous foods. Secondly, fast food is convenient, nutritious and delicious; the price is also reasonable so that everyone can afford it. Finally, with fast food, you can save time and a lot of trouble, such as shopping, cooking and washing dishes.Fast food has already changed our ways of living. W

18、ith the rapid development of science and technology, fast food will give us better service and possibly become indispensible to our modern life. 样卷5得分：14分本篇文章切题。文字通顺，层次分明，连贯性好，表达清楚。语言流畅，而且用词适当，句子也有一定变化；虽有极个别小错，但不影响意思的表达。 (一)题材 环境 校园 工作 运动与健康 常识与格言 社会 伦理(二)体裁 记叙文 说明文 描写文 议论文 应用文记叙文写作的注意事项：记叙文写作的注意事项：

19、1明确中心思想和写作目的中心思想和写作目的一般在主题段（第一段）里提出来，并在此段中交代时间、地点、人物、事件等要素。2选择生动的事例和细节在主干段里要选择有代表性的、生动的并且与主题密切相关的事例来对中心思想进行支撑。3. 按照时间的顺序安排细节 在按时间的先后展开短文，尤其是短文的主干段落时，我们可有意识地使用一些表明时间概念的过渡词，如：suddenly, meanwhile, at the moment, at the same time, simultaneously； afterwards, later on, some time later； today, yesterday,

20、tomorrow, the next day, first, second, third. At last ,finally in the past, years ago, previously, before, earlier 等等。4选择写作角度 写作过程中，根据写作内容，选择合适的写作角度，采取第一人称或第三人称的形式进行叙述，但有时还要根据情况兼用两个人称。5叙述要体现“五何”原则 在记叙文中，作者要向读者交待清楚何人（who）、何时（when）、何地（where）何事（what）、如何（how）。2.描写文:描写文主要是对事物的状态进行描绘,再现给读者。描写文的特点是其描写的具体性、

21、生动性和创造性。描写对读者影响的深刻程度,取决于作者对事物反映和描述的深刻程度。描写文分为客观描写文（指报道客观事实或描写客观环境，不加入个人评论）与主观描写文（描写人物或事实，文章带有作者的感情色彩）。 考虑好描写的角度和次序。所谓角度，是指用第一人称还是第三人称来描写。所谓次序，主要是指空间顺序，从哪里开始，到哪里结束。2要突出重点，抓住最富有感染力的主要特征、总体感受来写。3分运用和体现人的感官印象（包括视、厅、嗅、触、味等感觉），用精心选择的细节支撑总体感受，把客观事物描绘的更生动、更逼真。 描写文中按空间顺序进行描写的常用词语：lie in 位于，be located（situate

22、d ）in (at ,on) 位于，in the neighborhood of 在附近, adjacent to 紧接，next to 在隔壁，close to在附近，at the center of 在中心， to the east (south, west, north) of 在的东面（南面，西面，北面），on one side 在一边，on the other side 在的另一边，on the opposite 在的对面，in the back of 在的后面，in front of 在之前。描写文中按空间顺序进行描写的常用句型和短语：长度：belong , be length,

23、have (attain) a length of 宽度：be wide (broad), bein width (breadth), have (attain) a width (breadth) of 高度：behigh, be in height, have (attain) a height of 深度：be deep, be in depth, have (attain) a depth of 说明文是对某一事物的解释或说明，勇于向读者说明客观事物的特点和性能，或介绍某种操做的程序，或解释某个抽象概念，或阐明某种科学原理、自然现象、社会现象等，完全是就事论事的描述。 说明文的常用展开

24、方法有七种：比较/对照法因果关系法过程步骤法分类法阐释法（定义法）例证法细节法 说明文写作的注意事项:一篇说明文只讲一个主题支撑细节要充分而具体，意义与读者理解、把握文章的中心。观点、事实的组织和安排应遵照逻辑顺序或时间顺序，不能把细节无条例的堆积在一起用词要准确，尽量避免使用华丽浮夸的词藻或含义模糊的词句描述要生动有趣，要是文章兼顾说理的客观性与趣味性，文字生动活泼才能吸引读者 4.议论文:议论文是作者对某个问题或某种现象进行议论,提出自己的见解并说明理由,以使读者信服。议论文的主要方法是论证。论证的方法很多，应根据文章的内容选取相应的论证方法，最为常用的论证方法有归纳法、演绎法、因果互证法

25、和分析法。 1 Should Class Attendance Be RequiredRequired class attendance is so common at colleges and universities that many teachers and students themselves take it for granted. In fact, required class attendance does more harm than good. There are several reasons that teachers should not require atten

26、dance. First, rigid attendance policies do not benefit students studies. For example, a student may have to give up a lecture which he finds vital to his studies simply because he dare not run the risk of being penalized for poor attendance in his course. Second, the lectures of some teachers are no

27、t always constructive. A student should be allowed to decide for himself weather an in-class experience is worthwhile when his teacher merely repeats material from the textbook or wastes class time by telling irrelevant stories. Last but not least, there is no proven correlation between attendance a

28、nd performance in a course. A student may never miss a single attendance in a course, but who knows weather or not he is just sitting there daydreaming all the time?Required class attendance may secure one hundred percent attendance for a course, but it does not make much sense.本篇议论文是采用举事例的方法进行归纳论证的

29、。所谓归纳论证就是通过一系列具体的事实概括出一般原理。举事例就是用典型的具体事实作论据来证明论点。通常所说的“摆事实”就是这种方法。这是运用归纳推理形式进行论证的一种方法，运用举事例这种论证方法，最重要的就是要注意论据和论点方向的一致性和紧密的统一，不可有距离。1 Fair CompetitionCompetition is universal in human society. Athletes compete in sports games. Business men compete in their trades. Students compete in their study. So

30、do countries in politics, military, science, and economy.Competition is often very severe. This is especially true in wars, the fiercest of all competition. But what we advocate is free competition regulated by plans and governments, competition in which everyone can find a fair chance to show his a

31、bility.The outcome of fair competition not only favors the winner but also benefits society as a whole. For it promotes progress and renews the look of our world by producing something new all better than those in existence. 本篇议论文在逻辑上采用的是由一般到具体的推理方法，即演绎法。作者首先提出竞争这一普遍现象，然后再过渡到公平竞争，并论证了公平竞争的优点。 Say Go

32、odbye to Exam-oriented EducationCurrently the traditional exam-oriented education is under attack. Educators begin to be aware of its deficiency. In general, exam-oriented education gives priority to the scores of the students as well as the promotion of their entering schools of a higher grade. Und

33、er this pattern, cramming method of teaching is put to wide use in school. Consequently, the school becomes a “ivory tower” and the students find themselves more detached from the outside world.In contrast, quality-oriented education provides a wide range of subjects for students to share equal educ

34、ation. More importantly, students are supposed to enjoy all-round development actively rather than passively. In a word, what the educational system cultivates will be people fit in health, rich in knowledge and tasteful in morality. In conclusion, quality-oriented education is far superior to exam-

35、oriented education, which is already out of tune with modern melody.本篇议论文采用的是因果互证法。这是通过揭示论点和论据之间的因果关系，来证明论点的一种论证方法。换句话说，它是用原因证明结果，即以“原因”作为论据来证明作为论点的“结果”。 The world Is Getting Smaller and SmallerMost of us may have such experience: when you go to some place far away from the city you live in and thin

36、k you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you should run into one of old classmates on the street! Perhaps both of you would cry out, “What a small world!”Why is the world getting smaller and smaller? For one thing, modern technology has made various means of transportation more and mo

37、re advanced. Buses, trains, planes, taxis, ships are available in most cities of the world. The carry goods and passengers to and from every corner of the world. For another thing, with the development of the modern society, people are contacting with one another more frequently. Everyday we must de

38、al with a lot of people known or unknown to us. The more advance a society, the more contacts with others we make.So we draw to the conclusion that as long as technology makes progress, the world will be getting smaller and smaller.本片议论文采用分析论证法，它主要是通过分析事理来进行议论，在运用这种论证方法时要做到论点突出，论据充足，以理服人。议论文写作的注意事项议

39、论文写作的注意事项论点明确任何一篇议论文都必定含有一个说服读者采纳的观点，即文章的论点或中心思想。论点本身是可辩驳的，也就是说，可以从多个不同的角度来分析。论点或中心思想除了应具有可变性，还应以肯定句形式在主题段明显提出。 论证充分议论文要做到论说有利，不仅要激发并抓住读者对论点的兴趣，更重要的事，作者还必须提供翔实的证据。可以用作证据的包括具体而典型的例子、无可辩驳的事实、统计数字、个人亲身经历、权威信息等等。用作证据的支撑内容应是高质量的信息：可靠、权威、客观、公正。 逻辑性强尽管作者可以诉诸感情，但议论文主要倚重说理。在说理时，要体现“摆事实，讲道理”这一基本原则，而且用作论据的所有的事

40、实和理由都必须围绕论点来选择、组织和展开。层次分明论述文的短文一般包括三个部分：引言部分提出要讨论的问题，并带有中心思想或论点；正文部分通过各类论据和论证方法的灵活运用，多角度、多侧面的论证论点，并按照由主到次，有重到轻的顺序来安排证据；结尾部分重申论点，得出结论。态度谦虚要赢得读者的信任，除了要以理服人，还必须对对立一方足够尊重。强词夺理，暗示对方不够聪明、不了解情况、不值得尊重以及歪曲事实真相等做法只会减弱说理的力度，影响整篇文章的可信性。 5 应用文应用文应用文是人们在学习、生产、工作、生活中传递信息，已达到交际目的的一种文体，他要求言简意赅，条理清楚，不需过分的文饰。常见的应用文包括私

41、人书信（private letter）、社交书信（social letter）, 其他书信（other letters）,便条、备忘录、求职信、简历等。1.私人信件私人信件 2.邀请函及答复邀请函及答复 InvitationDear Mrs. Huang, We would like to be you an invitation to be our guest speaker at the annual conference to be held at the Shang-La Hotel at 10 oclock, Monday morning, May the sixth, 2001.

42、As you know, we are interested in consumer service. Since you are familiar with the field, we know your views will be extremely helpful to us. You will receive further details later, but we would appreciate having your acceptance soon so we may complete our agenda. Sincerely, 接受邀请接受邀请:Dear Mr. Wang

43、Ming:Thank you very much for your inviting us to attend the celebration of the new factorys commencing production to be held at 2:00 PM, June 8.We will be there at 2:00 PM, June 8 to attend the celebration and look forward to it with pleasure. Yours faithfully,Gao Wen不接受邀请不接受邀请Dear Mr. Carter,Im so

44、sorry I cant accept your thoughtful invitation to speak at the Annual Crafts Conference in New York on August 8. My schedule calls for me to lecture in Houston most of that week.Perhaps you would like to consider Professor George Parks from Rowland Art Institute. He is well qualified to address your

45、 prospective crafts audience and, if he will be free then, would no doubt be delighted to participate.I very much regret that I cant join you in New York but do appreciate your thinking of me. Thanks very much. Sincerely,写邀请信常用的句子有：写邀请信常用的句子有：We would like to invite you to我们想邀请您参加How about coming来怎么

46、样？We are wondering if you could/want to come我们想知道您能否来Why dont you come为什么不来We would like to ask you to come我们想邀请您参加表示接受邀请的句子有：表示接受邀请的句子有：Id be very pleased/ delighted /very happy to accept我很高兴接受邀请Thank you/Thanks for you谢谢你的邀请表示不能接受邀请的句子有表示不能接受邀请的句子有:I am sorry but I simply cant come很遗憾我不能来I am terr

47、ibly sorry to have to非常遗憾我不得不Thank you for your invitation but unfortunately谢谢你的邀请,但遗憾的是3.招聘文件招聘文件4.求知信求知信求职信的常用句型：求职信的常用句型：开头：开头：Id like to apply for the job/post/position advertisedI saw advertised inIve just seen in我想申请我刚在广告上看到招聘的工作 In answer to your advertisement, I wish to apply for看到你的广告，我想申请I

48、 learned from your advertisement that you are in need of a 从广告中我知道您需要一位工作经历：工作经历：Ive beensince自从时候，我在工作Ive had the experience of 我有经验In 1998 I worked1998年我在工作For the lastIve been 最近我在工作Ive never donebut 我从没做过，但是工作兴趣：工作兴趣：I am very interested in我对很感兴趣I am rather keen on我对非常感兴趣结尾：结尾：I shall be much ob

49、liged if you will accord me an opportunity for an interview.如果您能给我一个面试的机会，我将非常荣幸I am prepared to be interviewed when you find it convenient. 如果您方便的话，我随时准备面试May I look forward to speaking with you about the position you have available?我能不能和您谈一谈这个职位的问题？ Letter of RecommendationDear sirs, I have taught

50、 with Mr. Sun for over 5 years at Hebei University. He is a successful teacher of the Chinese Department. Mr. Sun is very knowledgeable and capable of teaching a wide range of subjects: Chinese Composition, Chinese Linguistics, Chinese Literature, Chinese-English Translation, etc. He is a very dedic

51、ated teacher and his classes are always well planned. He is highly respected by his students and colleges. With a good command of Chinese and rich experience in teaching, Mr. Sun is highly qualified to fill a Chinese language teaching position at any college. Wang Hai Professor of Chinese Language a

52、nd Literature推荐信是向个人或单位推荐某个自己熟悉的人而写的信件。内容一般侧重于被推荐人的学业、工作、品行等方面的概括评价，一般措辞精练，语气中肯，叙事客观，书写时应注意使用朴实无华的语言。 6.便函便函7.投诉与答复投诉与答复Complaint19 June,2001Dear Mrs. Harman,My wife and I have booked our holidays through your Tranquil Company for the past four years and we have always found the holidays satisfactor

53、y in all respects until this year. We took one of your “Early Season Special Breaks at the Reedswood Hotel, and we found it to anything but “tranquil”. On the Saturday night there was a dance until 2 oclock in the morning; we could not get to sleep until it finished! On Monday morning at 6 a.m. ther

54、e was a gang of workmen digging up the road outside the hotel. On Wednesday there was a conference and it was impossible to find a place in the carpark and on Friday there was a country music evening which again made it impossible for us to sleep.We ask for compensation. Yours Sincerely, John Forthr

55、ight Reply23 June, 2001Dear Mr. Forthright,We are genuinely sorry that you were disappointed with your Early Season Special Break at Reedswood Hotel. Tranquil Company values its reputation for providing good holidays and is especially keen to keep the goodwill of loyal customers like yourself.Howeve

56、r, the dance and the country music evening were both mentioned in our brochure; they were, in fact, among the entertainments put on for the guests as part of the holiday.Hearing the noise of a road being gig up early in the morning must have been very annoying and we sympathize with you. On checking

57、 with the manager of Reedswood Hotel we discovered that there was a gas leak that had been reported and the work was an essential emergency. We agree that participants at the conference should not have parked their cars in the residents area of the car park. The management of the hotel have assured

58、us that had they been made aware of the problem it would have been dealt with immediately.Unfortunately we feel that we are unable to offer you compensation and we are certain that having learned the background to the disturbances you will understand. Yours sincerely, Margaret Harmon (Mr.) Manager写写

59、理赔信时的原则理赔信时的原则:1. 及时答复2. 向顾客说明你对问题的理解3. 确切地告诉客户你准备如何处理问题避免使用产生负面效果的言辞,不要责备对方 8.感谢信感谢信表示感谢的惯用语有表示感谢的惯用语有:Thank you very much for非常感谢你Many thanks for谢谢你Its very nice of you to你真是太好了I am extremely grateful for对我非常感激I must thank you for我必须感谢你I am most grateful for我非常感激你9. 祝贺信祝贺信表示祝贺的常用语有：表示祝贺的常用语有：Congr

60、atulate you on祝贺你It was great to hear that you听到真是太好了Well done!干得好！I am delighted/pleased to hear that you听到你我很高兴With my whole congratulations and best wishes for全心地祝贺你，并送上我最真挚的祝福Please add my warmest congratulations to热忱地祝贺 10 申请信申请信Dear Sir,I am a graduate of HeiBei University majoring in English