医学英语课文翻译

1、第一单元 A History of TCMText A A History of TCMThe history of traditional Chinese medicine can be traced through archaeological excavations extending back millions of years.Primitive people spent most of their time on basic survival: hunting, locating and preparing plants forfood, building shelter

2、s, and defending themselves. It's easy to imagine that over time, they'd have sampled most of the local plants in their search for food. In time, an oral record evolved that identified those plants that made good food, those that were useful for building, those that had an effect on illness,

3、 and those that were poisonous. Through trial and error, a primitive form of herbal medicine and dietary therapy was taking shape in China.Fire also played a central role in their lives as a source of warmth, fuel, and light. As they huddled around fires, it was only natural that our ances

4、tors would discover the healing powers of heat. Those powers would have been especially evident for cold, damp ailments such as arthritis, for which heat provides immediate relief. This was the origin of the art of moxibustion, the therapeutic application of heat to treat a wide variety of cond

5、itions.These ancient people must have experienced a variety of injuries during their rugged lives. A natural reaction to pain is to rub or press on the affected area. This hands-on therapy gradually evolved into a system of therapeutic manipulation. People discovered that pressing on certa

6、in points on the body had wide-ranging effects. They began to use pieces of sharpened bone or stone to enhance the sensation, and acupuncture was born.Written History of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe written history of traditional Chinese medicine has evolved mostly over the last 3,000 years. Arch

7、aeological digs from the Shang Dynasty (1,000 b.c.) have revealed medical writings inscribed on divination bones: early shamans, mostly women, used scapula bones to perform divination rites; later these bones were also used for writing.The discovery in 1973 of 11 medical texts written on silk h

8、as shed some light on the sophisticated practices of that early period of Chinese history. Dated to 168 B.C., the texts discuss diet, exercise, moxibustion, and herbal therapy.Liberally mixed with shamanistic magic, an extensive text,Prescriptions for Fifty-two Ailments, describes the phar

9、macological effects of herbs and foods.Also dating from about this time is the legend of Shen Nong, the Emperor of Agriculture, who tasted 100 herbs daily to assess their qualities. (He is said to have been poisoned many times in the course of his investigations.)By A.D. 400, the basic foundations o

10、f traditional Chinese medicine had been put into written form. By this time, most of the magical aspects of medicine had been left behind; there was an increasing belief in the powers of nature to heal disease.The most important book compiled between 300 B.C. and A.D. 400 is Huang Di Nei Jing (

11、Huangdis Canon of Medicine).The work is divided into two books: Simple Questions and Spiritual Axis.The first book deals with general theoretical principles, while the second more specifically describes the principles of acupuncture and the treatment of disease. Remarkably, this ancie

12、nt work is still valid; it forms the foundation for the contemporary practice of traditional Chinese medicine. For example, the Nei Jingstates that cold diseases should be treated with hot herbs, and hot diseases should be treated with cold herbs. This principle is still followed today in clini

13、cal practice.Hot, inflammatory infections are treated with cold herbs such as honeysuckle flowers or Coptis root; cold, debilitating conditions such as chronic fatigue are treated with warm, stimulating herbs such as ginseng orAstragalus roots.Modern research has confirmed t

14、hat these plants contain constituents with strong pharmacological effects on these specific conditions. By the second century A.D., physicians all over China were compiling writings of the latest discoveries in acupuncture and herbal medicine. It was during this time that the famous physician Hua Tu

15、o wrote about herbal anesthesia.Although his formula for the anesthetic has been lost, his unique system of acupuncture points is still in use. He was also a pioneer in recommending exercise as a method of maintaining wellness. He is quoted as saying "a running stream never goes bad,&

16、quot; meaning exercise moves qi and prevents the stagnation that leads to disease.Another pioneer of the time was Zhang Zhongjing, who wrote Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases after witnessing an epidemic that ravaged his city and killed most of his relatives. This hi

17、ghly regarded physician developed a system of diagnosis so sophisticated that it is used by practitioners in modern hospitals 1,700 years after his death.Progress of Medicine in ChinaThe progress of medicine in China runs parallel to the nation's political history. Between the second and fi

18、fth centuries A.D., China experienced a period marked by war and political turmoil.One of the ironies of war is that it has a tendency to lead to advances in medicine. The periodic times of unrest in Chinese history, such as this, were no exception, as the increased need for practical, convenie

19、nt, effective remedies led to further developments in medical treatment.During this time, Ge Hong wrote Prescriptions for Emergencies in order to spread the knowledge of acupuncture and moxibustion to the masses.Around A.D. 650, Sun Simiao compiled Prescriptions Worth A Thousand

20、Gold, which integrated the clinical experiences of the different schools of acupuncture at that time.During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), China's Imperial Medical Bureau established departments of Acupuncture, Pharmacology, and Medical Specialties. Numerous additional treatises and compilatio

21、ns of medical knowledge and experience were prepared.In the Five Dynasties period (907-1368 A.D.), advancements in printing techniques led to a dramatic increase in the publication of medical texts.One of the important books of the period was Canon on the Origin of Acupuncture and Moxibustion,

22、in which Wang Zhizhong incorporated the clinical experiences of the practitioners of folk medicine.During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), many medical specialists compiled the works of their forebears, further expanding the extensive base of medical knowledge.The most famous physician of the period wa

23、s Li Shi Zheng (1518-1593), a kind and generous healer who did not accept payment for his services. After reviving the son of a prince from a coma, he was appointed court physician and served in the Imperial Academy of Medicine.His most incredible achievement was his 40-year effort in writing t

24、he Ben Cao Gong Mu (General Catalog of Herbs), a monumental work published after his death. Consisting of 52 volumes at the time of its printing, the Ben Cao Gong Mu remains an important reference for traditional Chinese herbalists.The recent history of traditional Chinese medici

25、ne saw the integration of new techniques with ancient understanding. This integration process continued until the 19th century, when the Opium War of 1840 turned China into a semi-colonial society. Western colonial powers derided traditional medicine as primitive and outdated.The Communist

26、 party came to power in the mid-20th century, bringing much turmoil to China; however, the Communists saw the need to promote traditional Chinese medicine to avoid dependence on the West.A great need for traditional doctors arose since there were far too few Western-trained physicians to s

27、erve the huge population: only 10,000 Western-trained doctors were available to serve 400 million people.Traditional Chinese medicine began a course of revival that continues today. Many Western-trained physicians and scientists in China started to conduct research on acupuncture, moxibustion,

28、and herbal medicine, and a gradual integration of the two systems began.In 1945, an acupuncture clinic opened in a Western hospital in China for the first time. Since then, traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine have been practiced side-by-side in Chinese hospitals, sometimes by a physici

29、an who has been trained in both fields.For example, a cancer patient might receive radiation to treat a tumor then be sent to the herbal department for formulas to strengthen his immune system and normalize his blood count.Since the 1970s, Chinese hospitals have trained students

30、from more than 100 countries in the principles of traditional medicine.Interest in traditional Chinese medicine was sparked in the United States in the early 1970s when New York Times reporter James Reston experienced an acute appendicitis attack while in China.His report of rece

31、iving acupuncture to relieve his post-operative abdominal pain brought an awareness of this system of healing to the general public.Since then, acupuncture and herbal medicine have gradually taken hold in North America. With more than 10,000 practitioners and an increasing number of schools of tradi

32、tional Chinese medicine, this ancient system has taken its well-deserved place in the Western world.Text A A History of TCM通过考古发掘，中医药的历史可以追溯到数百万年前。原始人们在基本生存方面花了大部分时间：狩猎、种植植物以获取食物、建造住所、保护自己。很容易想象，随着时间的推移，他们会尝试大多数当地植物来寻找食物。经过一段时间，随着口头记载的流传，可以确定哪些植物可以做美食，哪些可以用于建筑，哪些可以影响疾病，和哪些是有毒的。通过试验和错误,一种原始的草药和饮食疗法在中

33、国逐渐形成。火作为一种取暖，燃料和光的资源在他们的生活中也发挥了关键作用。他们围坐在火堆周围，我们的祖先发现热的治疗力量是很自然的。这些力量对像关节炎这类寒湿病的作用特别明显，热量起到迅速缓解的作用。这是艾灸的艺术的起源,热量的医疗应用适合于多种多样的条件。在他们艰苦的生活中，这些古老的人们一定经历了各种各样的伤害。痛苦的一个自然的反应是摩擦或按压病变部位。这种动手的治疗逐渐演变成一个系统的治疗操作。人们发现按压在身体上特定的穴位有广泛的影响。他们开始使用磨骨碎片或石片增强感觉，针刺诞生了。中国传统医学历史的记载中医的书面历史发展主要是在过去的3000年。商朝的考古挖掘揭示了医学著作被刻在占卜

34、的骨头上：早期的巫师，大多数是妇女，使用肩胛骨执行占卜仪式；后来这些骨头也被用于写作。在1973年发现的11篇写在丝绸上的医学文献在某些方面阐明了中国历史早期的复杂实践。追溯到公元前168年，这些文章讨论饮食、锻炼、艾灸和草药疗法。,一本广泛混杂萨满魔法的文章（52病方）描述了草药和食物的药理作用。这个时期还存在着神农的传说，农业的皇帝，他每天品尝100草药来评估他们的性能。（据说他在调查的过程中已经中毒多次调）到公元400年,中国传统医学的基础已具有书面形式。此时，医学中大多数魔法的方面已经落后；越来越相信自然的力量可以治愈疾病。最重要的书籍是在公元前300年到公元400年之间编制的黄帝内经

35、。这个著作分为两部：第一部书论及一般理论原则，而第二部书具体描述了针灸和疾病治疗的原则。值得注意的是，这本古老的著作依然是有效的；它奠定了当代中医学的实践基础。例如，内经描述寒病应该用热药治疗，热病应该用寒药治疗。这一原则在今天的临床实践中仍然被遵循。热，炎症感染用寒药如金银花或黄连根治疗；冷，使人衰弱的疾病如慢性疲劳用温药例如人参或黄芪治疗。现代研究证实，这些植物在一些特定的条件下含有的成分具有较强的药理作用。公元二世纪，全中国的医生都编译在针灸和草药方面的最新发现的著作。在此期间,著名的内科医生华佗编写草药麻醉。尽管他的麻醉配方已经失传，他独特的穴位系统仍然在使用。他还是推荐运动是一种养生

36、方法的先驱。他援引“流水不腐”名言，意味做运动可以使气运动，防止气滞导致的疾病。时代的另一个先锋是张仲景，他在目睹了一场流行病蹂躏他的城市并杀死了他的大部分亲戚后，编写了伤寒杂病论 。这位德高望重的医生发明了一种如此复杂的诊断系统，这一系统在他死后1700年的现代医院中，仍然被医生使用。医学在中国的发展医学在中国的发展运行平行于国家的政治历史。在公元二世纪和公元五世纪之间，中国经历了战争和政治动荡的时期。战争的讽刺之一是，它往往会导致医学的进步。在中国历史上像这样的周期性的动荡时期，无一例外地，作为实际、方便、有效的补救措施增加的需要，导致了医疗的进一步发展。在此期间，葛洪为了将针灸的知识传播

37、给大众，编写了肘后备急方。公元650年左右，孙思邈编写了千金方，这本书融合了那个时期不同流派的针灸的临床经验。在唐代(公元618-907)，中国的医疗局建立针灸、药理学、医学专业等部门。许多额外的医学知识和经验的论文和编译出现了。在五代时期(公元907-1368)，印刷技术的进步导致了医学文献出版的显著增加。在宋代，针灸资生经是许多重要书籍中的一本，在书中王治中融合了民间医生的临床经验。明朝(1368 - 1644)期间，许多医学专家编译他们前辈的作品,进一步扩大医学知识的广泛基础。这个时期最著名的医生是李时珍(1518 - 1593)，一个看病不收费用的善良慷慨的医师。在使王子昏迷的儿子苏醒

38、之后，他被任命为宫廷医师并在太医院服务。他最令人难以置信的成就是他经过40年的努力编写而成的 本草纲目 ，一本不朽的著作在他死后出版了。其印刷的时候是由52卷组成，本草纲目仍为传统中医的一个重要参考。近代的中医药把新技术与古代的理解进行了集成。这个整合过程一直持续到19世纪，当1840年的鸦片战争使中国变为半殖民地社会。西方殖民列强嘲笑传统医学是原始和过时的。新中国政府认识到中医药的重要性，认为有必要促进中医药的发展，以避免对西方国家的依赖。对传统医生巨大需求出现的原因是因为因为几乎没有受过西方教育的医生可以服务这么多的人口：只有10000受过西方教育的医生可以为4亿人服务。中医药开始复苏一直

39、延续到今天。在中国许多受过西方教育的医生和科学家开始研究针灸、艾灸、草药，并开始逐步集成两个系统。1945年，在中国一个针灸诊所首次开在西医医院。自那时以来,中医和西医一直并存在中国的医院，一个医生有时会同时学习西医和中医。例如，一个癌症病人可能接受放疗来治疗癌症然后被送到中药部门以中药处方加强其免疫系统并使血细胞正常化。自1970年代以来，中国的医院在传统医学原则方面已经培养了来自100多个国家的学生。在美国，对中医的兴趣是由1970年代初当纽约时报记者詹姆斯·赖斯顿在中国经历了急性阑尾炎发作引起的。他的报道收录了针刺减轻了他术后的腹痛，使公众认识这种医疗体系。从那时起，针灸和草药

40、已经逐渐在北美生根。超过10000的从业者和越来越多的中医学校,这个古老的医疗体系已在西方世界有了一席之地。第二单元Yin and YangText A Yin and YangChinese Medical theory, though scientific in its own right, is built on a foundation of ancient philosophical thought. Many of these ideas are based on observations of natural phenomena and are the reason why Tr

41、aditional Chinese Medicine (TCM ) has remained a truly holistic approach to health and well being.The Theory of Yin and Yang is one such philosophy. It is said to date back nearly 6,000 years to the third or fourth millennium B.C. and is attributed to an enlightened philosopher named Fu Shi (also cr

42、edited with creating the I-Ching or Book of Changes). The basic premise of yin and yang is the notion that the only constant factor in natural phenomena is universal change. In other words, nothing remains the same; no disease, no condition, no emotion, no treatment or diagnosis, absolutely everythi

43、ng is in a constant state of flux and, therefore, subject to the laws of change.Yin and Yang are metaphorical images used to express these constantly transforming interactions. They have no fixed, precise definition. Rather, they describe two broad categories of complementary concepts which include

44、the relationships of positive and negative, dynamic and inert, creative and destructive, gross and subtle, and kinetic and potential. This is quite similar to the notion of dialectics as expressed in Western philosophy. Within dialectics the whole is the sum of its parts and in turn part of the sum

45、of a greater whole. As these various components interact, things become their opposites; i.e., variables become constants, causes become effects, and the process of creation leads to destruction. Furthermore, this idea is demonstrated in modern physics where sub-atomic interactions are the result of

46、 ever shifting polarities and constantly vacillating magnetic attractions and repulsions.The entire universe may be viewed as the interplay and alternation of yin and yang. Originally the Chinese characters for yin represented the moon and yang represented the sun. Gradually these terms were broaden

47、ed to include yin as night and yang as day, yin as winter and yang as summer, and yin as female and yang as male. In fact, there is nothing which cannot be viewed from the standpoint of yin and yang.Yin is that which maintains and endures, it is nourishing and supports growth and development as well

48、 as being something contracting and moving inward. It also includes the following:· Earth· Autumn· Cold, coldness· MoistureYang is that which is creative and generating, it develops and expands; it is dynamic and full of movement. It also includes the following:· Heaven·

49、; Spring, summer· Heat, warmth· DrynessIt is important to remember that yin and yang are not static concepts and that they are constantly influencing and determining one another. There is always some measure of yin within yang and vice versa. To use the analogy of a hillside; during the da

50、y the sunlit side of the hill is yang within yang, while the shaded side is yin within yang. Conversely, at night the moonlit side of the hill is yang within yin while the dark side of the hill is yin within yin. In this fluid model it must be understood that neither yin nor yang can ever exist with

51、out the other. In fact, extreme yin will engender yang, an example of this can been seen in the popular expression "the darkest hour is right before the dawn". Naturally, the opposite is also true.These types of relationships become significant when they impact the body's anatomy and p

52、hysiology and it is precisely these designations that are used in the diagnosis of imbalances in TCM. For a TCM practitioner, the name of the disease is of secondary importance. The primary key to the proper diagnosis of syndromes is the identification of the condition in terms of yin or yang. In or

53、der to understand what this means let us examine these concepts in the context of human life.Beginning at conception the sperm, which is yang, unites with the yin ovum and a new life is formed. As that life develops and progresses the energetic stages of youth are yang; whereas the later years are y

54、in as life slows and becomes more deliberate. Each stage is also relative to the others and contains a measure of both yin and yang, just as the aforementioned hillside is an expression of yin within yang, etc. For example, the quick growth of early childhood is yang within yang and the transition f

55、rom middle age to old age is yin within yang.We can also see this philosophy expressed in everyday life. In respiration, the expansion of inhalation is yang while the emptiness which results from exhalation is yin. In digestion, the yin substance of food is transformed by the metabolic activity of y

56、ang. It is then converted into Qi (yang) and Blood (yin). Qi and Blood interact with one another using this paradigm. Qi moves Blood, yet Blood is thought to be the "mother" or source of Qi. Within the body yin is expressed as the material basis, the tissue and substance without which the

57、transformation of yang would not be possible.The physical body itself expresses this model. The lower part of the body which connects to the earth is yin while the upper body and extremities are yang and free to move. The front, which can easily be protected, is yin while the exposed back is yang. T

58、he internal organs, which are enclosed and protected, are yin relative to the surface of skin and muscle which are yang. In addition, the internal organs can be further differentiated into fu (yang), which are the "hollow" organs that are involved with digestion and elimination,

59、andzang (yin) which are involved in assimilation and storage. Each zanghas a corresponding fu organ which it is paired with and while these connections are not recognized in Western medical terms, they are often utilized in the treatment of disease in TCM.Finally, disease and dis

60、ease progression can be viewed using this paradigm. If the body's yang is weak it will be unable to ward off the invasion of a pathogen. If the yin is weak there will not be enough nourishment and support for the yang and the result will be the same. Expressed in other terms, without the substance, the active immune system is weakened and without activity the substance becomes vulnerable. Therefore, if yin is deficient over time then