修辞学 Session 4 隐喻

1、Simile 明喻明喻Definition: 明喻明喻(Simile)是是通过通过比喻词比喻词将具有某种将具有某种共共同特征同特征的两种的两种不同事物不同事物联系起来联系起来的一种修辞手法。的一种修辞手法。Structure: Tenor+Comparative Word+VehicleCommon Forms: like型型, as型型, as.as.型型, 虚拟语气型虚拟语气型A is to B as/what C is to D型型and型型动词型动词型 A is compared to BA is likened to BA resembles B treat/regard/consi

2、der A as BThe Rhetorical Functions of Simile 1.使使陌生的事物熟悉化陌生的事物熟悉化to make the unfamiliar things familiar2.使抽象的事物具体化使抽象的事物具体化to make the abstract things concrete3. 使平凡的事物生动化使平凡的事物生动化to make the ordinary things vivid Metaphor 隐喻隐喻大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私大弦嘈嘈如急雨，小弦切切如私语。语。嘈嘈切切错杂弹，嘈嘈切切错杂弹，_。大珠小珠落玉盘大珠小珠落玉盘天生丽质难自弃，一

3、朝选在君王侧。天生丽质难自弃，一朝选在君王侧。回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色。回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色。春寒赐浴华清池，春寒赐浴华清池，_。侍儿扶起娇无力，始是新承恩泽时。侍儿扶起娇无力，始是新承恩泽时。温泉水滑洗凝脂温泉水滑洗凝脂凌波不过横塘路，但目送，芳尘去。锦瑟华年谁凌波不过横塘路，但目送，芳尘去。锦瑟华年谁与度？月桥花院，琐窗朱户，只有春知处。与度？月桥花院，琐窗朱户，只有春知处。飞云冉冉蘅皋暮，彩笔新题断肠句。试问闲愁都飞云冉冉蘅皋暮，彩笔新题断肠句。试问闲愁都几几许许?_,_,_.?_,_,_.一川烟草，满城风絮，梅子黄时雨一川烟草，满城风絮，梅子黄时雨。贺铸贺铸青玉案青玉案

4、作者妙笔一点，用作者妙笔一点，用隐喻隐喻的修辞手法将无形变有的修辞手法将无形变有形，将抽象变形象，显形，将抽象变形象，显示了超人的艺术才华和示了超人的艺术才华和高超的艺术表现力。高超的艺术表现力。Metaphor Definition: Metaphor is an implied comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common(Corbett 1990).定义：隐喻是在两种性质存在差异、但又具定义：隐喻是在两种性质存在差异、但又具有相似点的事物之间进行有相似点的事物之间进行暗含的

5、比较暗含的比较。 All the worlds a stage.大千世界是个舞台。大千世界是个舞台。Metaphor& SimileMetaphor is a condensed(浓缩的）浓缩的） simile. In simile:the comparison is explicit(明确表达的）明确表达的）In metaphor：the comparison is implicit/implied（含蓄表达的）（含蓄表达的） Classification of Metaphor: both the tenor（本体）（本体） and the vehicle(喻体喻体) are pr

6、esent in the sentence.e.g. All the worlds a stage. :the tenor or the vehicle is not present in the sentence.e.g. 嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。嘈嘈切切错杂弹，大珠小珠落玉盘。visible metaphorinvisible metaphor 1.The theory is a building.2.The romance is a plant.3.The temperature is a murderer.Discussion: What do the sentences im

7、ply?1.I can see a sea of people from here.2.At last he saw a ray of hope.3.While most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism,we are unwilling to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.大多数人只是随时给予别人大多数人只是随时给予别人批评的冷风批评的冷风, ,而不而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光. .变体：变体：cr

8、iticisms cold wind1. seeking the bubble(喻体）喻体） reputation（本体）（本体）追求那泡沫的名声追求那泡沫的名声2.Love（本体）（本体） bud（喻体）（喻体）, quietly took root in my heart.爱爱的的萌芽，悄然在心底扎了根。萌芽，悄然在心底扎了根。Fire proves gold, adversity proves men.烈火锻炼金，忧患磨练人。烈火锻炼金，忧患磨练人。adversity dvstAdversity is a very difficult or unfavorable situation.

9、困境困境; 逆境逆境Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Tenor:books(visible) Vehicle: food(invisible)(类型一）本体显喻体隐类型一）本体显喻体隐书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则需咀嚼消化。 Googles newly developed software could challenge the Seattle giants desktop dominance. 谷歌新开发的

10、软件可以挑战谷歌新开发的软件可以挑战西雅图巨人西雅图巨人对桌面对桌面系统的控制。系统的控制。Tenor: Microsoft(invisible)Vehicle: Seattle giant(visible)（类型二）喻体显本体隐。（类型二）喻体显本体隐。1.nominal metaphor2.verbal metaphor3.adjective metaphor4.adverbial metaphor名词性隐喻名词性隐喻动词型隐喻动词型隐喻形容词性隐喻形容词性隐喻副词性隐喻副词性隐喻 Charles Dow put us on the worlds greatest roller coast

11、er. We laugh nervously all the way up and we scream like hell all the way down. 查尔斯查尔斯道将我们置于世界最大的道将我们置于世界最大的过山车过山车上：我们在上：我们在上升的时候紧张得大笑；而在下降的时候拼命尖叫。上升的时候紧张得大笑；而在下降的时候拼命尖叫。Charles Henry Dow (1851 1902) was an American who co-founded Dow Jones & Company with Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser.Te

12、nor: the stock market Vehicle: roller coaster1.They are birds of a feather.他们意气相投他们意气相投/他们是一丘之貉。他们是一丘之貉。2.A silver plate is rising up in the sky.一轮银盘似的月在天边升起。一轮银盘似的月在天边升起。3. The boat disappeared in a mountain of a wave. 船在一股如山高的大浪中消失了。船在一股如山高的大浪中消失了。Discussion & TranslationThe romance is budding

13、.Tenor:romanceVehicle: plant Science is propelled primarily by human curiosity. 科学发展主要由人类的好奇心驱动。科学发展主要由人类的好奇心驱动。The tiny rocket is attached to the spacecraft and is designed to propel it toward Mars.微型火箭附在宇宙飞船上，微型火箭附在宇宙飞船上，用来用来推进推进飞船飞向火星。飞船飞向火星。Tenor:science Vehicle: automobile or space craftDiscuss

14、ion & Translation1. The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.走廊里挤满了男孩女孩。走廊里挤满了男孩女孩。2. The children pigged together.孩子们像猪一样挤在一起。孩子们像猪一样挤在一起。3.He poured scorn（轻蔑）（轻蔑） on my ideas.他对我的建议不屑一顾。（把轻蔑比作他对我的建议不屑一顾。（把轻蔑比作当头冷水当头冷水）4.Everything was bathed in the golden sunlight. 万物沐浴在金色的阳光下。（把阳光比作万物沐浴在金

15、色的阳光下。（把阳光比作雨露雨露） This evening when my father burst in（突（突然出现）然出现）, his mood seemed even more thunderous than usual.Tenor:my fathers mood Vehicle: thunder暴跳如雷暴跳如雷1. golden age黄金时代黄金时代/辉煌年代辉煌年代2. stormy applause暴风雨般的掌声暴风雨般的掌声3.iron will 钢铁一般的意志钢铁一般的意志Discussion & Translation The idea of becoming

16、an artist had come to me off and on since my childhood. 自童年起，成为艺术家的想法就偶尔在我脑中自童年起，成为艺术家的想法就偶尔在我脑中闪现闪现。 off and on: from time to time 不时地；偶尔地不时地；偶尔地 off and on is used to describe a light bulb.Tenor:the idea of becoming an artistVehicle: the off and on of a light bulb“We use metaphor in life without k

17、nowing it.”1.You are wasting my time.2.The English assignment cost me an hour.3.You are running out of time.The Nature of Metaphor Metaphors is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. “隐喻渗透于日常生活，不仅仅存在语隐喻渗透于日常生活，不仅仅存在语言中，同时也存在我们的思维和活动中。言中，同时也存在我们的思维和活动中。（Lakoff &am

18、p; John, 1980:3） 正像正像Lakoff说的那样，隐喻式一种普遍现象，说的那样，隐喻式一种普遍现象，它无处不在。而且，我们赖以思考和活动的一般它无处不在。而且，我们赖以思考和活动的一般概念系统是建立在隐喻之上的（概念系统是建立在隐喻之上的（Lakoff & John, 1980:3）。）。 Feeling happy is fair weather.Feeling bad is foul weather.a sunny smilea frosty smilethunder at sb. 怒斥某人怒斥某人dark days 悲伤的日子悲伤的日子feel gloomy Emo

19、tion is water.1.Anger surged within him. (surge:风、水等突然的涌动风、水等突然的涌动)怒气在他心中汹涌澎湃。怒气在他心中汹涌澎湃。2.Among the crowd there is a wave of panic.人群中一阵惊慌。人群中一阵惊慌。3.Her heart was flowing with happiness.她的心中她的心中洋溢洋溢着快乐。着快乐。4.She poured out her feelings to her mother。她对母亲倾诉衷肠。她对母亲倾诉衷肠。 is Context: a romantic relatio

20、nship1.We are at the cross-roads（十字路口）（十字路口）.2.Since we have got this far, why not go on?3.We have to go our separate ways.4.We cannot turn back now.Lovejourney. is 1.She cast her spell on me.2.I am charmed by her.3.She is bewitching.4.The magic is gone.Lovemagic.cast spell:施咒语施咒语charm:施魔法施魔法bewitch

21、:施魔法施魔法 is 1.She is besieged by（被包围）（被包围） suitors. 2.I am going to fight for her.3.I am going to make an ally of her mother. Lovewar.Go for the Gold. 分析：分析：Ballantine威士忌的广告威士忌的广告充分利用了充分利用了gold词的意义，使词的意义，使人觉得该酒人觉得该酒色泽金黄色泽金黄，像，像金子金子一样宝贵一样宝贵，同时使人联想到，同时使人联想到淘淘金时代（金时代（ Gold Rush）的韵味。的韵味。In advertisement

22、The most sensational（轰动的，（轰动的，最好的）最好的） place to wear satin（丝缎）（丝缎） is on your lips. 直译：穿丝缎的最佳之处就是你的双唇。直译：穿丝缎的最佳之处就是你的双唇。 意译：意译： 使你的双唇如丝缎般柔润亮泽。使你的双唇如丝缎般柔润亮泽。分析：分析：这段口红的广告语让人联想到一这段口红的广告语让人联想到一种意境：缎子的光亮、柔滑、轻软、细种意境：缎子的光亮、柔滑、轻软、细薄。如果将这种口红涂在唇上，会产生薄。如果将这种口红涂在唇上，会产生像绸缎般美丽、动人的效果。隐喻使得像绸缎般美丽、动人的效果。隐喻使得该广告更具说服力

23、和竞争力。该广告更具说服力和竞争力。Monologue:All the worlds a stage All the worlds a stage a monologue from William Shakespeares As You Like It皆大皆大欢喜欢喜(published in 1623), spoken by the melancholy Jaques（杰奎斯杰奎斯）in Act II Scene VII. The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play, and catalogues(列举）列举） th

24、e seven stages of a mans life.In LiteratureAll the worlds a stage,大千世界是个舞台，大千世界是个舞台，And all the men and women merely players:所有男男女女不外是演员所有男男女女不外是演员;They have their exits and their entrances;各有登场和退场，各有登场和退场，And one man in his time plays many parts,一生扮演着好些个角色一生扮演着好些个角色.His acts being seven ages. At fi

25、rst the infant,演出可以演出可以分七幕。首先是婴儿，分七幕。首先是婴儿，Mewling and puking in the nurses arms.在奶妈怀中啼哭呕吐。在奶妈怀中啼哭呕吐。And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel接着是接着是呜咽呜咽着的小学生，背着书包，着的小学生，背着书包，And shining morning face, creeping like snail满面红光满面红光，像蜗牛般，像蜗牛般Unwillingly to school. And then the lover不情愿地拖着脚步去学堂不情愿

26、地拖着脚步去学堂。接接着是情人，着是情人，Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad像炉灶一样叹着气像炉灶一样叹着气，专为情，专为情人人的的Made to his mistress eyebrow. Then a soldier,娥眉作悲歌。随后是士兵，娥眉作悲歌。随后是士兵，Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,满是新奇的骂人话，胡子像豹满是新奇的骂人话，胡子像豹子子的的一样一样，Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,爱惜着名誉，却动不动

27、就要吵架爱惜着名誉，却动不动就要吵架Seeking the bubble reputation追求那泡沫追求那泡沫般般的名声的名声Even in the cannons mouth. And then the justice,连火炮口也不怕连火炮口也不怕。然后是法官，然后是法官，In fair round belly with good capon lined,那好圆的肚子用上等的阉鸡填满，那好圆的肚子用上等的阉鸡填满，With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,眼色严峻，胡须眼色严峻，胡须整洁整洁，Full of wise saws and modern

28、 instances;满嘴都是格言和老生常谈。满嘴都是格言和老生常谈。And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts演着自己。第六演着自己。第六幕中幕中Into the lean and slipperd pantaloon,化作瘦削的、穿化作瘦削的、穿拖鞋的龙钟老朽拖鞋的龙钟老朽，With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,鼻子鼻子上架着上架着眼镜，眼镜，腰边悬着钱腰边悬着钱袋袋;His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide年轻时的年轻时的紧身裤，紧身裤，好

29、好好好保存保存了，了，但但已太宽松，已太宽松，For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,穿在萎缩了的小腿上穿在萎缩了的小腿上;雄壮的嗓子雄壮的嗓子Turning again toward childish treble, pipes转向小孩的高音，听来转向小孩的高音，听来And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,像打呼哨。最后的一像打呼哨。最后的一幕幕戏戏That ends this strange eventful history,终结终结这这古怪多事古怪多事的的人生历史人生历史Is secon

30、d childishness and mere oblivion,是是孩提时期的再现孩提时期的再现、全然的健忘。、全然的健忘。Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.没没有有牙齿、没牙齿、没有有眼力、没眼力、没有有口味、没口味、没有有一切。一切。All the worlds a stage,大千世界是个舞台，大千世界是个舞台，And all the men and women merely players:所有男男女女不外是演员所有男男女女不外是演员;They have their exits and their entrances

31、;各有登场和退场，各有登场和退场，And one man in his time plays many parts,一生扮演着好些个角色一生扮演着好些个角色.Extended metaphor( (延伸式隐喻）：延伸式隐喻）：即隐喻的扩大即隐喻的扩大形式。能够形式。能够进一步描绘喻体发出的动作或产生的状进一步描绘喻体发出的动作或产生的状态，对喻体特性进行扩展，具有解释喻体的功用态，对喻体特性进行扩展，具有解释喻体的功用。延喻由词组构成：延喻由词组构成： Her eyes, pools of love, were rippling in tenderness.(她的双眼似爱的池塘，正泛着柔情蜜意

32、的涟漪。她的双眼似爱的池塘，正泛着柔情蜜意的涟漪。) 延喻由介词短语构成：延喻由介词短语构成： The huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow fire.阳光燃得像一朵巨大的大丽花，黄黄的火舌恰似花阳光燃得像一朵巨大的大丽花，黄黄的火舌恰似花瓣。瓣。延喻由从句构成延喻由从句构成例句例句1. A photographer is a cod（鳕鱼）（鳕鱼）, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. 摄影师通常拍片成堆，难觅一成功之作，似鳕鱼产卵无数，长摄影师通常拍片成堆，难觅一成功之作，似鳕鱼产卵无数，长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作codcod，