西工大新编英语教程5Unit6

1、 Unit Six TEXT I Preparing for College 为了上大学做准备为了上大学做准备II. Dictionary work1. driving motive (l. 12): the incentive /encouragement that urges sb. on 驱动力驱动力2. the rudiments (l. 32): the basics, the fundamentals入入门，基础知识门，基础知识3. metaphysics (l. 36): the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract conc

2、epts, etc. 形而上学形而上学4. conscious culture (l. 49): (customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular people or social group or nation) that is directly perceptible or known to us 能够感知的文化能够感知的文化5. fanatic (l. 49): one who is very enthusiastic about a particular activity 狂热者狂热者6. per

3、sonify (l. 53): express or represent (a quality in human form)使人格化；赋予使人格化；赋予以人格以人格7. sedentary (l. 65): inactive; done while sitting down久坐不动的久坐不动的8. underline (l. 74): indicate the importance of 强调强调9. balked (l. 77): (here) baffled; frustrated困惑的；失困惑的；失意的；挫败的；意的；挫败的；10. a maddening lot (l. 83): a

4、wild, uncontrollable group 一群狂人；一群狂人；11. righteous sects (l. 91): morally justifiable groups of people whose religious beliefs are considered different from those of a larger group正义的派别正义的派别12. relish (l. 105): something such as a pickle or a sauce eaten with a meal or a drink; great enjoyment开胃小菜；开

5、胃小菜；享受享受III. Library work1. Homer (8th century B.C.), the Greek epic poet to whom are attributed the Iliad and the Odyssey, the greatest epic poetry of all time. The Iliad, the tale of the siege of Troy (an ancient city in Asia Minor), is an epic poem in twenty-four books. The Odyssey is an epic poe

6、m which records the adventures of Odysseus or Ulysses, a Greek leader in the Trojan War, a legendary war waged anywhere from the 11th to the 14th century B.C. It is also in twenty-four books.2. Dante Alighieri (1265 1321), Italian poet whose reputation rests chiefly on The Divine Comedy (ca. 1309 13

7、20), an epic poem that describes his spiritual journey through Hell and Purgatory and finally to Paradise, or the way of an individual soul from sin to purification.3. Caius Julius Caesar (100 44 B.C.), Roman general and administrator who made himself master of the Roman world by defeating Pompey th

8、e Great (106 48 B.C.), the Roman general and statesman before him. Caesar ruled supreme until he was assassinated by a group of conspirators headed by Marcus Brutus and Cassius.4. Robert Owen (1771 1858), British socialist reformer and founder of cooperative communities. He strove against social dis

9、orders brought about by the Industrial Revolution and urged Parliament to enact laws that would alleviate the bad working conditions in British factories. He assisted the trade union movement. He discouraged the hiring of children. He established a cooperative society for the purchase and sale of co

10、mmodities, and organized cooperative communities to create a better environment. William Owen is said to be a “red”, or a socialist, because he is a descendant of Robert Owen.5. Tories are members or supporters of the Conservative Party in Great Britain. The term Tory was first used to name a member

11、 of a political party in Great Britain from the late 17th century to about 1832 that favored the authority of the king over Parliament and the preservation of the existing social and political order. It was succeeded by the Conservative Party in 1832. 6. Liberals are people of liberal principles or

12、views, or members of the Liberal Party in Great Britain. Liberals favor progress or reform, as in political or religious affairs.7. A Roman Catholic is a member of the Roman Catholic Church, the part of the Christian Church which acknowledges the Pope as its head. Catholicism differs from Protestant

13、ism in the importance it grants to tradition, ritual, and the authority of the Pope.8. A Protestant is a member of the Protestant Church, which is any of the Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church. The Protestants reject the authority of the Pope or papacy (教皇统治教皇统治). Th

14、ey find authority in the text of the Bible.IV. Organization of the TextA. He failed in a number of examinations required for entering the University of California and the cause of it. (Paragraphs 1 - 4)B. His private tutor, Mr. Nixon, exerted great influence on him; he encouraged his pupil to think

15、and discover all by himself. (Paragraphs 5 -12)C. He found the best preparations for college in the stimulating Saturday night conversations among all those Oxford and Cambridge men. (Paragraphs 13 - 15) V. Key Points of the TextParagraph 11. to be put off for a year to be delayed for a yearput sth.

16、 off delay doing sth.e.g. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. 今日事，今日毕。今日事，今日毕。Paraphrase:I was not of them.I was not like them; I was not of their kind.Paragraph 22. so far as I could make out so far as I could understandmake out understand; see or heare.g. That problem is just beyond

17、 me; I cant make it out. He muttered a complaint that nobody could make out.3. they looked dazed or indifferent they looked confused / bewildered or uninterested / unconcerneddaze is often used in the passive. To be dazed is to be made unable to think or feel clearly.e.g. His answer to the question

18、left us all dazed.4. indifferent not interested in, not caring aboute.g. We should not be indifferent to the low achievers in school.5. foreign to me unfamiliar and strange to me; unknown to me; not within my experience. This is the formal use of the word foreign.e.g. His concept of education is ent

19、irely foreign to us.From Steffenss description of “the elect” in Paragraph 2, what has been revealed about himself?He must be very different from those boys. To him study did not mean performing all the tasks assigned by the teacher without thinking and reasoning. He must be unhappy to be told to me

20、morize what he was supposed to learn without a thorough understanding. He was motivated by a strong quest for knowledge, not by the desire to distinguish himself in terms of marks. What kind of school had his father chosen? Why was it wrong for him?- It was the type of school where students were exp

21、ected to “do their duty”, that is, to perform all the tasks assigned by the teacher without thinking and reasoning; teachers usually asked their students to memorize things without a thorough understanding; students were motivated by the desire to distinguish themselves in terms of marks, “ to beat

22、the other fellows, stand high, ” Paragraph 36. bear on be relevant to; have some connection with; relate toe.g. Did what he said bear on your problem? 7. for keeps This phrase is used informally, meaning “forever, permanently, for good”e.g. “Can I have one of those cute mementos（漂亮的纪（漂亮的纪念品）念品）” “Su

23、re. This one is yours, for keeps.”Paragraph 48. appeal to - attract, intereste.g. His plan of spending our winter vacation in an orphanage to coach the children there in English appealed to all of us.Appeal has different meanings in different contexts.e.g. The Municipal Government appealed to (reque

24、sted) the residents to save water last summer. The defendant defied the verdict (the official decision made by a jury in a court of law) and appealed to (上诉上诉) the higher court. 被告对法庭的裁决不服，向高一级法院提起上诉。被告对法庭的裁决不服，向高一级法院提起上诉。Paraphrase:The result was that I did not really work at them and so got only w

25、hat stuck by dent of repetition, the barest rudiments of a school education. (ll. 31-32)As a result, I did not really study these subjects hard, and I just remembered basics of school subjects due to repetitive efforts of the teachers.9. the rudiments the basics, the fundamentals (The word rudiments

26、 is always in the plural form when used in this sense.) 基础；基本原理；初级阶段，入门基础；基本原理；初级阶段，入门e.g. the rudiments of grammar 语法入门语法入门 the rudiments of physics 物理学基本原理物理学基本原理 the rudiments of a plan 计划的雏形计划的雏形 the rudiments of civilization 文明的萌芽文明的萌芽Paraphrase:When I knocked at the college gates, I was prepar

27、ed for a college education in some branches; my mind was hungry enough for the answers to some profound questions to have made me work and develop myself, especially on lines which I know now had no ready answers, only more and ever more questions. (ll. 32-35)When I got ready to enter college, I was

28、 expecting a college education in some definite fields. I was very eager to know the answers to some questions difficult to understand, and that has made me work and improve myself; especially in areas of study where there were no prompt answers, but there were endless questions.10. metaphysics the

29、branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts, etc. 形而上学；玄学形而上学；玄学11. I was not in the least curious about Greek I wasnt eager to learn Greek at allnot in the least not at alle.g. Lots of people love to read science fiction, but Im not in the least interested.The text begins with his failur

30、e to get into university. What caused his failure? (Infer mainly from Paragraphs 3 and 4.)- He was not interested in those subjects which seemed to him irrelevant to his life, and the teachers failed to interest him in those subjects. As a result, he did not do well in them. This partly accounted fo

31、r his failure.Paragraph 512. to be crammed for Berkeley to be stuffed with as much book knowledge as possible for me to pass the entrance examination of the University of California at Berkeleycram learn as much as possible in a short time just before the examinatione.g. Learning is a long-range pro

32、cess. Cramming for an examination in the last minute does one no good.13. retain (law) to employ (a lawyer) to act for one, by paying in advance 付定金聘定（律师等）；付定金保留付定金聘定（律师等）；付定金保留e.g. retain sb. as ones legal counsel 聘定某人为法律顾问聘定某人为法律顾问 retain ones rooms for the holidays 付定金以在外出度假时保留房间付定金以在外出度假时保留房间 a

33、retaining fee 律师费律师费14. all the poets of all the ages all the poets of all periods in historyCompare: of all the ages 不同的历史时代不同的历史时代 of all ages 不同的年龄不同的年龄15. ecstasy (a state of) very strong feeling, especially of joy and happiness 狂喜，入迷：狂喜，入迷： in ecstasies 欣喜若狂；欣喜若狂；处于狂热状态处于狂热状态e.g. in an ecstasy

34、of delight 欣喜若狂欣喜若狂 in an ecstasy of grief 悲痛欲绝悲痛欲绝 go into ecstasy when meditating 沉思冥想出了神沉思冥想出了神Paragraph 6What is the antecedent of the pronoun “it” in the first sentence of Paragraph 6? Apart from referring to its antecedent, what cohesive function does it perform?- “It” refers to the change tha

35、t had come over him. “It” links the paragraph with the preceding one.16. romance and language sang songs to me: I enjoyed romance and language so much that they were like songs sung to me.Paraphrase:When he read or recited Greek verse the Greeks came to life; romance and language sang songs to me, a

36、nd I was inspired to be like him, not a hero nor even a poet, but a Greek scholar, and thus an instrument on which beautiful words might play. (ll 49-52)When he read or recited Greek poetry, it seemed that what was described in the verse became alive; both the romantic ideas and the poetical lines s

37、ounded like beautiful music, and I, just like him, was motivated to be neither a hero in poetry nor a poet who created poetry, but only a student of Greek culture and poetry, in such a way that I would be able to interpret Greek poetry.Paraphrase:It was too great and too various for me to personify

38、with my boyish imitations and heroism. (ll. 53-54）Life was so good and so different in kind that I was not able to express what it was like with my youthful mind and boldness17. personify express or represent (a quality in human form)使人格化；赋予使人格化；赋予以人格以人格 e.g. Artists personify beauty in their works.

39、 艺术家在作品中表现美。艺术家在作品中表现美。 People usually personify a ship by referring to it as she. 人们往往用人们往往用“她她”来称呼船使之拟人化。来称呼船使之拟人化。Paragraph 1118. lash A lash is a thin strip of leather at the end of a whip.鞭梢；鞭端皮条鞭梢；鞭端皮条 (尤指作为惩罚抽在背部的）鞭打尤指作为惩罚抽在背部的）鞭打 A lash is a blow with a whip, especially a blow on someones ba

40、ck as a punishment. e.g. The villagers sentenced one man to five lashes for stealing a ham from his neighbor. 村民们裁定将一名偷邻居火腿的男子鞭打村民们裁定将一名偷邻居火腿的男子鞭打5下。下。 They snatched up whips and lashed the backs of those who had fallen. 他们抓起鞭子，朝跌倒的人背上抽去。他们抓起鞭子，朝跌倒的人背上抽去。Paragraph 12Paraphrase:“Go to, boy. The world

41、 is yours. Nothing is done, nothing is known. The greatest poem isnt written, the best railroad isnt built yet, the perfect state hasnt been thought of. Everything remains to be done right, everything.” (ll. 79-80)“Come on, boy. The world belongs to you you are expected to do creative thinking and t

42、o act creatively for the world. There is still a lot to be accomplished, and a lot to be found out. No poem written can be called the greatest and no railroad built can be the best. The perfect state has yet to be conceived. Everything has yet to be done.”Paragraph 1319. clinch (in the sport of boxi

43、ng) the position of the two fighters when holding each other too tightly, with the arms（拳击等的）钳住对手（拳击等的）钳住对手e.g. get into a clinch 扭成一团扭成一团20. with a sureness which withstood reference to the books (ll. 93-94)with such a certainty that they did not have to refer to the source of the quotation (他们在引用权

44、威人士所述时是他们在引用权威人士所述时是)如此地肯定，他们不必如此地肯定，他们不必提及引文的出处。提及引文的出处。21. withstand hold out against, stand up to, not be changed bye.g. Buildings in this area should be able to withstand earthquakes. 这个地区的建筑顶得住地震。这个地区的建筑顶得住地震。 Great works of art / literary works can always withstand the test of time. 伟大的文学著作经得起

45、时间的考验。伟大的文学著作经得起时间的考验。22. papal bull an official document issued by the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church.papal of the Pope or of the papacy 罗马教皇的罗马教皇的bull a solemn official letter from the Pope 教皇训令教皇训令23. verbatim word for word; in exactly the same wordse.g. copy it verbatim 逐字地抄录逐字地抄录 r

46、eport a speech verbatim 逐字地报道一篇演说逐字地报道一篇演说 a verbatim reprint 毫无改动的再版毫无改动的再版Paragraph 14Paraphrase:It was conversation I was hearing, the free, passionate, witty exchanges of studied minds as polished as fine tools. They were always courteous; no two ever spoke together; there were no asides; they a

47、ll talked to the question before the house, and while they were on the job of exposition anyone, regardless of his side, would contribute his quota of facts, or his remembrance of some philosophers opinion or some poets perfect phrase for the elucidation or the beautification of the theme. (ll. 99-1

48、04)What I was hearing was the unrestrained, earnest, and sparkling interchanges of great intellect as sharp as first-rate tools. They were always polite, speaking one at a time; no one spoke to anyone in secret and no one digressed; they all spoke when there was an issue everyone was interested in;

49、and while they were explaining something, anyone, no matter whether he was for or against the issue, would tell others what he knew about a philosophers opinion or a poets phrase in order to clarify or to beautify the theme.24. studied minds as polished as fine tools great intellectual faculties, gr

50、eat mental capacities as flawless as first-class tools25. aside words spoken by an actor to those watching the play, and not intended to be heard by the other characters; digression 旁白；离题的话旁白；离题的话26. quota a stated number of amount, or a limit on numbers 配额；限额；定额；定量配额；限额；定额；定量e.g. fulfill a quota 完成

51、定额完成定额 over-fulfill the quota 超额完成超额完成 fill (meet) a quota 达到定额（或限额）达到定额（或限额） have quotas on products like paper or specialty steel 对纸、特种钢之类的产品规定限额对纸、特种钢之类的产品规定限额 the quota system 定额分配制定额分配制27. elucidation the act of explaining or making clear (a difficulty or mystery) 阐明，解释阐明，解释28. relish great enj

52、oyment, especially of food, pleasure and satisfaction 乐趣，享乐乐趣，享乐e.g. He ate with great relish. 他吃得津津有味。他吃得津津有味。 She took relish in showing her friends her jewelry. 她以向朋友炫示自己的珠宝首饰为乐。她以向朋友炫示自己的珠宝首饰为乐。 The boy has no relish for sports. 这男孩不喜欢体育运动。这男孩不喜欢体育运动。Paragraph 1529. void a deep empty space 空间，空虚

53、处空间，空虚处e.g. vanish into the void 消失得无影无踪消失得无影无踪 fill the void 填补空白填补空白 feel a void in ones life 感到生活空虚感到生活空虚 an aching void in sb.s heart 某人内心空落落的痛苦感觉某人内心空落落的痛苦感觉 Unit FiveText II Letter to a B Student 给一位得给一位得B的学生的信的学生的信I. Organization of the Text1. Reasons for a disappointing grade B (Paras. 12) a

54、. The norm has shifted upward (1) b. Winning has come to assume unprecedented importance in the current society (2)2. The purpose of writing the letter: to put the recipients disappointment in perspective by considering exactly what his grade means (Paras. 3-8) a. Grade is a fuzzy symbol representin

55、g a questionable judgment of ones mastery of the subject (3 4) b. Grade represents no judgment of ones basic ability or character (58) analogy (56) example (78)3. Correct interpretation of grade sub specie aeternitatis (Latin) in a universal perspective(Paras. 911)II. Key Points of the TextParagraph

56、 11. eligibility qualification; quality of being fit to be chosen 资格资格Paragraph 22. go round 足够分配足够分配 e.g. I havent got enough candies to go round. 我没有足够的糖果可让每人都分到。我没有足够的糖果可让每人都分到。 You didnt get enough books to go round. 你领的书不够数。你领的书不够数。2. repute (often formal) good or bad reputation（好（好的或坏的）名声；名誉的或

57、坏的）名声；名誉e.g. He is a doctor of great repute. 他是个很有声望的医生。他是个很有声望的医生。 I know him by repute, not personally. 我只是闻其名，跟他并无私交。我只是闻其名，跟他并无私交。 She is a person of low repute here. 她在这儿名声不好。她在这儿名声不好。 through good and evil repute 不管舆论如何；不管人们怎样认为不管舆论如何；不管人们怎样认为 be well (ill) reputed 有好（坏）名声有好（坏）名声 in high (low)

58、 repute 声望高（低）声望高（低）3. a zero-sum game a game in which whatever is gained by one side is lost by the other 得失所系的赌赛得失所系的赌赛e.g. a zero-sum conflict or situation 得失所系的冲突或局面得失所系的冲突或局面4. offset balance, make up for 补偿；抵消补偿；抵消e.g. The gains offset the losses. 得失相当。得失相当。 Their wage increases would be offse

59、t by higher prices. 他们增加的工资会被物价上涨所抵消。他们增加的工资会被物价上涨所抵消。5. go under (of a ship or floating object) to sink; to go down; (of a business of person) to fail or get into difficulties（船等）沉没；（商行等）倒闭；失败（船等）沉没；（商行等）倒闭；失败; 垮掉垮掉e.g. The firm went under in the economic crisis. 这家商行在经济危机中倒闭了。这家商行在经济危机中倒闭了。 She ha

60、s so many worries, she is sure to go under. 她有那么多事要操心，身体非垮掉不可。她有那么多事要操心，身体非垮掉不可。6. salvation the saving or state of being saved from the power and effect of evil (sin) 灵魂的拯救灵魂的拯救Paragraph 311. in / out of perspective a. showing the correct / incorrect relationship between visible objects 可见物体可见物体的位置