动物微生物学(PPT课件)

1、动物微生物学动物微生物学河南农业大学河南农业大学 主讲主讲 崔保安崔保安Reference books 绪 言The word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that, normally, it cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.What is a mi

2、crobe?陨石撞击地球效果图 全生命系统树全生命系统树(P318(P318图图12123)3)地球上最先出现的生命是现有生命的共同祖先，进化向两个方向发展灾难灾难重要性重要性纸币纸币灾难灾难 tragedytragedy 十四世纪 75的欧洲人口。1994年9、10月间，印度30万苏拉特市民逃印度的四面八方，数百亿美元 Sars outbreakApril: Severe acute respiratory syndrome spread with alarming rapidity across the Far East.The importance of microbiologyMicr

3、obes impinge on all aspects of life, just a few of these are listed below: Environment Medicine Food Biotechnology ResearchMicrobes are responsible for the cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphors (geochemical cycles), all essential components of living organisms (Topic FI). They are found in assoc

4、iation with plants in symbiotic relationships, maintain soil fertilitv and may also be used to clean up the environment of toxic compounds (bio-remediation;). Some microbes are devastating plant pathogens, which destroy important food crops, but others may act as biological control agents against th

5、ese diseases.Microbes have been used for thousands of years, in many processes, to produce food, from brewing and wine making, through cheese production and bread making, to the manufacture of soy sauce (Topic F2). At the other end of the scale, microbes are responsible for food spoilage, and diseas

6、e-causing microbes are frequently carried on food (Topic F5). Microbes have been used extensively as model organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetical processes as they are much easier to work with than more complex animals and plants. Millions of copies of the same single cell can

7、be produced in large numbers very quickly and at low cost to give plenty of homogeneous experimental material. An additional advantage is that most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms.The discovery of microorganismsAntony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)荷兰商人1676年安东安

8、东吕文虎克吕文虎克 The first person to accurately observe and describe microorganisms他没有上 过大学，但却在1680 年被选为英国皇家学会的 会员。 （Louis Pasteur） （18221895）（Robert Koch） （ 18431910）Louis Pasteur (1822 1895)Pasteurs contributions:Louis Pasteur working in his laboratoryPasteurs swan neck flasks used in his experiments on

9、the spontaneous generation of microorganismsRobert Kock (1843 1910)Kocks postulates二十世纪的微生物学二十世纪的微生物学MicrobiologyBacteriology细菌学Parasitology寄生虫学Microbial Morphology微生物形态学Mycology真菌学Virology病毒学Phycology or Algology藻类学Microbial taxonomy微生物分类学Microbial genetics微生物基因学Molecular biology分子生物学Microbial phys

10、iology微生物生理学Protozoology原生动物学Microbial ecology微生态学微生物学在生命科学中的重要地位微生物学在生命科学中的重要地位二十一世纪的微生物学v 1.1.特征：个体细小、繁殖迅速、肉眼看不见、借助光学或电特征：个体细小、繁殖迅速、肉眼看不见、借助光学或电镜看见。镜看见。v 2.2.分类：分类： 非细胞型微生物非细胞型微生物 病毒病毒 原核细胞型微生物原核细胞型微生物 细菌、螺旋体、细菌、螺旋体、 三大类三大类 立克氏体、支原体立克氏体、支原体 霉形体、放线菌霉形体、放线菌 真核细胞型微生物真核细胞型微生物 真菌真菌微生物的大小比较葡萄球菌(1000nm）

11、牛痘病毒300250nmABCDEFG立克次体450nm衣原体390nmB B、腺病毒、腺病毒 (70nm )(70nm )D D、乙脑病毒、乙脑病毒 ( 40nm )( 40nm )E E、蛋白分子、蛋白分子 (10nm )(10nm )F F、流感病毒、流感病毒 ( 100nm )( 100nm )G G、烟草花叶病毒、烟草花叶病毒A A、大肠杆菌噬菌体、大肠杆菌噬菌体 ( 65 ( 65 95nm )95nm )C C、脊髓、脊髓灰质炎病毒灰质炎病毒 (30nm ) Microbial worldOrganisms (living)Infectious agents (non-living)Prokaryotes原核生物 (unicellular)Eukaryotes真核生物virusesviroidsprionsEubacteria真细