Research s Riverside Local School Distict的研究方法滨江学区

1、ap psychologymr. basichresearch methods: objectives:chapter objectives: describe the nature and advantages of experimentation.: discuss the main methods of psychological experimentation.: identify how to make a psychological study valid and reliable.: describe the ethical guidelines that must be fol

2、lowed when conducting psychological research.: identify the appropriate statistics to use when analyzing psychological data.chapter schedule:day 1: the controlled experiment / hand out review packetday 2: genie case study part 1/ quizday 3: finish genie case study / genie discussionday 4: types of r

3、esearchday 5: eliminating confounding variablesday 6: ethical guidelines milgram and harlow / introduce and work on mock experimentday 7: finish mock experiment / quiz / work on review packetday 8: elementary statisticsday 9: reviewday 10: testif i took part in the stanford prison experiment i would

4、 be most comfortable playing the role of:1.prisoner2.guard3.zimbardo4.none of the above25lesson one: objectiveslesson one: the controlled experiment the goal of psychological research is to describe, predict, and explain, and control psychological phenomenon.psychologists conduct research to answer

5、behavioral questions.they acquire data through careful observation and measurement.experiments, naturalistic observations, interviews, questionnaires, and case studies are all used to gather data.what do psychologists study?psychologists study things such as: personality, values, intelligence, talen

6、ts, heredity, and social environment.good research is able to be repeated in different situations with similar results.we are first going to look at the framework of good experimentation.how do psychologists use research?psychologists spend much of their time trying to find out why something is happ

7、ening. (correlations, causations, etc.)with that being said, psychologists use a four tiered approach when trying to explain and ultimately control behavior.1. this is easy john gets into fights regularly at school2. every time john gets made fun of at school he starts fighting.3. john is physically

8、 abused at home by his dad.4. remove john from his abusive environment and provide him with an outlet for his built up anger. (mma)the controlled experiment:researching scientist use hypotheses to drive their experimentation. predictions of how two or more factors are likely to be related. (testable

9、) a researcher systematically manipulates a variable under controlled conditions and observes the response.the controlled experiment: the factor that the researcher manipulates (gives aspirin to participant) the factor that may change as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable (how

10、the participant feels after taking the aspirin)iv causedv effect: a controlled research experiment is the only research methods that can establish a cause and effect relationship.i wonder what will happen if i.hypotheses are:251.integrated sets of principles that help to organize observations2.testa

11、ble predictions, often derived from theories3.hunches about mental processes4.measures of relationships between two factors5.both 3 and 4 creating effective research:so, you have a hypothesis. now what? includes all of the individuals in the group to which the study applies. (the effects of high sch

12、ool students eating fast food on a daily basis) subgroup of the population (rhs students eating fast food on a daily basis)the the sample size, the better. the more the sample population the better (unless of course youre studying something particular)creating effective research:what is the best way

13、 to get a good sample population? randomly assigning participants to your research study. (hat, numbers, etc.)with random selection you will get a more well-rounded research study.psychologists use experimental research in order to reveal or to understand:251.correlational relationships2.operational

14、 definitions3.hypotheses4.theories5.cause and effect relationshipsexperimental groups:in a research experiment you need to have two groups: receives the treatment (iv). does not receive the treatment (dv)these should also be randomly assigned.this type of research is called a because the participant

15、s in the experimental and control groups are different.why do you need a control group?to test the effects of the iv on the experimental group.the procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiments results is called:251.va

16、riable controlling2.random assignment3.representative sampling4.stratification5.between-subjects designin order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of subjects is given a pill that contains the drug. a second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. this se

17、cond group constitutes the:25251.random sample2.experimental group3.control group4.test group5.dependent groupother research terms: differences between the experimental and control groups other than those resulting from the independent variable.our next lesson will focus entirely on how to eliminate

18、 confounding variable. (bias, social behaviors, etc.)true experimental research controls for everything: : college student exercise and weight loss. describes the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable: college student weight loss.in an experiment to determine the effects of

19、 exercise on motivation, exercise is the:251.confounding variable2.intervening variable3.independent variable4.dependent variable5.hypothetical variablelesson two: objectives:1. lesson two: types of research:the is the only true way to gather cause and effect relationships.however, it is very time c

20、onsuming and expensive to have this artificial environment running around the clock.many other positive methods are used in psychology to gather data.surveys, case studies, naturalistic observations, and tests are used.i have decided where i want to go to college next year:1.yes2.maybe3.no:25natural

21、istic observation:do you think youd act differently if you knew someone was watching you? gather descriptive information about typical behavior of people or other animals without manipulating any variables. (lunch b-ball)click on me!naturalistic observation (cont.)inexpensiveambiguouseasy to collect

22、 datavery realistic behavior and datapeople may realize youre studying them (act different)desired behavior(s) may never happenno control over the environment (mcdonalds french fries)which of the following research strategies would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?:251.experime

23、nt2.naturalistic observation3.survey4.case study5.correlational studysurvey method: researchers use questionnaires or interviews to ask a large number of people questions about their behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes.surveys should be large, random samples.surveys should be clear, concise, and not

24、too wordy or too lengthy (target)surveys (cont.)conducting a survey requires a , or a sample that reflects all major characteristics of the population you want to represent. if you are attempting to survey americas attitude towards exercising, then your sample cannot include only caucasian, upper-cl

25、ass college students between the ages of 18 and 22 years. this does not represent america.a psychologist studies the play behavior of third grade children by watching groups during recess at school. which research strategy is being used?:251.correlational 2.case study3.experimental4.survey5.naturali

26、stic observationsurveys: positives and negatives:quick and efficientcan poll large number of peoplerelatively inexpensivereliable measure (everyone gets the same survey)questions may be confusing or biasedpeople may not take it seriouslysometimes difficult to gain in depth knowledgeanother way: use

27、interviews: in the early 1970s, researchers found an increase in babies being born with deformed limbs in england and the usa.researchers decided to use studies that look at an effect and seek the cause to try to find out what was going on.they found a strong correlation between the defects and the

28、mothers that took a drug called thalidomide during pregnancy.after the study, researchers went back tested the drug on rats and found similar results.well done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or _, of an entire group, or _.1.population; random sample2.control group; experimenta

29、l group3.experimental group; control group4.random sample; population:25test method: procedures used to measure attributes of individuals at a particular time and place.can be used to gather huge amounts of information quickly and cheaply.for tests and surveys to be accurate measures of behavior the

30、y must be:1. consistent and repeatable.2. the extent to which an instrument (test, survey) measures or predicts what it is supposed to.educational testing formative and summativetests: positives and negatives:easy to administer and gradeeveryone gets the same testquick results:expensiveneed to conti

31、nue to update testcannot control outside human factors (sleep, well-being, etc.)case study: in depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews, observations, and test scores.this method is especially useful for understanding complex or rare phenomenon. (geni

32、e)clinical psychologists frequently do case studies. (longitudinal kids study)case study: positives and negatives:very detailed informationnot very expensivenot applicable to larger populationstakes a lot time, effort, and attention to detailcontrolled experiment:can show true cause and effect relat

33、ionshipsif done properly, is considered “sound” research by the academic worldcostlytime consumingafter detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. which research method did the psychologist use to

34、 deduce this?:251.case study2.survey3.correlational experiment4.controlled experiment5.naturalistic observationwhich of the following research methods does not belong with the others?:251.case study 2.survey3.naturalistic observation4.controlled experiment5.correlational experimentlesson three: obje

35、ctives:2. lesson three: eliminating confounding variables:because we are human, we will always see some bias in experimentation. the goal of good research is to eliminate bias. occurs when a researchers expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.it is dif

36、ficult to control for this at times because naturally humans show favoritism towards certain people or groups.the researcher and those being experimented upon may show bias.eliminating confounding variables:imagine being a part of a study where the researcher kept you in the dark about what exactly

37、was being studied. you would probably be interested in finding out what was being studied (so would others in your group). - those being researched upon will gather clues or rumors suggesting how they should respond. single / double blind procedures: aims to eliminate the effects of demand character

38、istics because the participants dont know if they are in the experimental or control group. neither the experimenter or the participants know who is in the experimental and control groups.a second researcher or assistant that doesnt know the hypothesis or group assignment administers the experiment.

39、the stays away from the participants.within subjects design:many research designs use: a subject acts as his or her own control grouphow does this work?the subject receives a treatment and then behavior is recordingthe same is recording without the treatmentresearchers get to see what difference the

40、 treatment made in the subject behaviorthe method that removes the principal investigator from knowing who is in the experimental and control groups is called the:251.single-blind procedure2.double-blind procedure3.experimenter expectancy effect4.counterbalancing5.operational researchplacebo effect:

41、some experiments involve medical drugs that need to be tested safely on humans.to test the effects of the drugs, the experimental group will receive the real drug, while the control group will receive a sugar pill. an imitation pill, injection, or patch that lacks the active ingredient.placebo effec

42、t: experimental participants change their behavior in absence of any kind of experimental manipulation.if two treatments are being tested, the researcher may use to assign people to two separate groups instead of all people getting both drugs. (there may be some residual effects from the first drug.

43、)how does this work?researches have proposed that placebos work by reducing tension and distress and creating a powerful .individuals think and behave as if the drug (in our example, a sugar pill) actually works.the placebo effect is more successful when administered by trusted and sincere professio

44、nals.mt. union experiment - liquidtiger woods uses a lot of positive self talk he believes he will win.quasi-experimental research: participants are not randomly assigned.maybe you want to study the differences between men and women (though the participants are random selected within that particular

45、 sub group): young and old, students in one class vs. students in another class.this type of research does not establish cause and effect because of the sheer amount of possible confounding variables.a quasi-experiment cannot be considered a controlled experiment because:251.subjects cannot be rando

46、mly designed2.subjects cannot be randomly selected3.too few subjects participate in the procedure4.experimenter bias is unavoidable5.a double-blind procedure wasnt usedlesson four: ethical guidelinesby the end of this lesson, i will be able to:ethical guidelines:there have been many psychological st

47、udies in the past that would now be considered unethical.stanford prison experiment, harlows research on monkeys, milgrams shock study.these studies all yielded impressive results, but at what cost?animal research:the guidelines for animal research is less strict. 1. the animals must be treated huma

48、nely2. the animals must be acquired, cared for, used, and disposed of properly.3. researchers must make efforts to minimize their discomfort, infection, illness, and pain.institutional review boards:before the 1970s, psychologists conducted research without any restrictions.ethics were not a huge co

49、nsideration. data was most important.after harlows research in the 1970s, colleges and universities started to realizes that a watchdog organization was needed in order to protect both humans and animals from unethical treatment during research.most psychological research is done at colleges and uni

50、versities.each of these colleges or universities has a that must approve a research study before it can be started.all sections of the experiment must be explained and all forms, equipment, etc. must be approved before commencing with the study.apa guidelines for human research:the apa states that i

51、n order to experiment on humans, the following guidelines must be followed:1.obtain the informed consent of potential participants (can used some deception here)2. protect them from harm and discomfort (can leave the study)3. treat information about individual participants confidentially (storage af

52、terwards)4. fully explain the research after the experiment (debriefing)lesson five: objectives:lesson five: elementary statisticsa large amount of data can be collected in research studies.now what?psychologists need to make sense out of all of this data. a field that involves the analysis of numer

53、ical data about representative samples of populations.types of data collection: data that is already scored using a numerical quality (survey responses) data that needs to be turned into numerical data (interview responses, case study data look for themes)types of scales:how do we make sense of the

54、data?many different scales are used to help clarify the numbers before they are computed. when numbers are used to name something (1 = male, 2 = female) when numbers are used to rank order something (1 = first, 2 = second) when numbers are used to show a meaningful difference between other numbers (

55、temperature 32 degrees is 10 degrees different than 42 degrees, so is 45 and 55.) when a meaningful ratio can be made with two numbers. (ratio scale has a real or absolute zero)descriptive statistics:data is usually gathered and then organized using bar or line graphs. numbers that summarize a set o

56、f research data obtained from a sample. data is organized to show the frequency of each score or group of scores. (how many as on a test) a bar graph that is created from the frequency distribution. a line graph that replaces the bars with single points and connects the points with a line.measures o

57、f central tendency:after your data is collected you can also find out more about the data using measures of central tendency. with a large number of points, you will frequently get a bell curve.if the points are focused to the right or left of the frequency polygon you have whats called a distributi

58、on.measures of central tendency: - the most frequently occurring score in a distribution: 2,3,4,5,6,7,7,8,9,7,6,4,5,7,7obviously, seven is the most frequently occurring score.you might use this with survey research. if two scores appear most frequently. if three or more scores appear most frequently

59、.calculate the mode for the following set of numbers: 4,5,6,45,1,2,5,6,7,6,8,6,45,54.125282930measures of central tendency:1,2,3,4,5 3 is the median of this numbered set.for an # of scores use the middle #for an # of scores halfway between the two #s.: 1,2,3,4,5,6 = 3.5calculate the median

60、 of the following set of numbers: 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,3.74.525282930measures of central tendency:1+2+3+4+5 = 15 / 5 = 3i know, youre impressed.calculate the mean of the following numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 4.3.1425282930measure of variability: describes the spread or dispersion of scores fo