城市园林绿化中有害生物的防治

1、城市园林绿化中有害生物的防治生态园林主要是指以生态学原理为指导所建设的园林绿地系统，在这个系统 中,乔木、灌木、草本、藤本植物构成的群落，种群间相互协调，有复合的层次和相 宜的季相色彩，具有不同生态特性的植物能各得其所，充分利用阳光、空气、土地、 养分、水分等，构成一个和谐有序、稳定的群落，它是城市园林绿化工作最高层次 的体现，是人类物质和精神文明发展的必然结果。因此，城市园林绿化工作者一定 要高度重视病虫害的防治，保证城市环境质量。Ecological garden mainly refers to the ecology principle to guide the constructio

2、n of the garden green space system, in this system, consisting of arbor, shrub and herb and liana, mutual coordination between population, with composite layers and fitting for the seasonal colors, with different ecological features of the plant can belongs and make full use of sunlight, air, land,

3、food, water, etc., form a harmonious and orderly, stable community, urban landscaping work of it is the embodiment of the highest level, is the inevitable outcome of the development of human material and spiritual civilization. Therefore, urban landscaping workers must attach great importance to pre

4、vention and control of plant diseases and insect pests ensure the quality of urban environment.一、城市园林中有害生物的现状One, the status quo of urban garden harmful biology in号称松树“癌症”的松材线虫在广东、江苏、浙江、安徽、山东等地每天都有新的疫点发生，其蔓延之势已覆盖了我国5亿多亩森林。危害100多种植物的 美国白蛾在辽宁、山东、河北、天津等地并未“扑灭” ，而且新疫点频频出现，现 对北京已成包围之势，正在敲响北京的大门。国槐的蛀干害虫锈色

5、粒肩大牛 ，八十 年代至九十年代初一直以河南、山东南部为根据地 ，局部为害国槐、栾树，九十年 代中期向东、西、北三个方向出击，成为蛀干害虫的优势种，如今已成为北京市树“国槐”新的重要蛀虫。从未过长江的北方蛀虫臭椿沟眶象，在本世纪初，跟随寄主千头椿大举入侵上海市，形成严重危害。日本松干蛇是一种毁灭性害虫，遍及华 东各省，如今又向东北扩散，吉林省1994年首次发现受其侵害，至2002年发生面 积已达27万亩，成灾面积13.5万亩,4万亩松林在虫口下濒死或枯死。 杉树、柏 树的重要蛀干害虫双条杉天牛向北已蔓延到沈阳，大有向东北扩散之势。光肩星 大牛的危害面积已达50万公顷。青杨虎大牛在黑龙江哈尔滨周

6、边地区再度暴发 成灾。蔗扁蛾是我国新发现的一种鳞翅目钻蛀性害虫，危害香蕉、甘蔗等经济作物,防治难度较大，如今已遍及华东、华中、华北、西南、东北等各地城市园林，危害植物达22科之多，除巴西木、发财树、绿萝、一品红、棕竹、鹅掌柴外 ，全 国各地尤其是城市园林许多木本、草本花卉被其侵害。杨树烂皮病1999年春在 东北全部及华北、内蒙古部分地区流行，被害致死柳、杨等绿化树木近15万株。 松枯梢病在山西、陕西、辽宁大发生，大连沿海地区的大片黑松患病死亡。银杏 大蚕蛾仅在陕西就发生2万公顷，东亚飞蝗在西北、华北再度暴发成灾。2003 年春，长春市因冻害死亡杨、柳树2万余株，由冻害引发病害，严重染病的树木3

7、 万多株。原产南美的水的产，学名凤眼莲，作为畜禽饲料、观赏和净化水质的植物 被引入并推广种植，后逸为野生，以极快的无性繁殖，形成单一的优势群落。在云南 已成“喧客夺主”的心腹之患，占据了滇池10平方公里的水域，破坏当地水生植 物和水生动物，堵塞交通，给渔业和旅游业造成重大损失，严重地破坏了生物间生 态平衡。So-called pine "cancer" were nematodes in guangdong, jiangsu, zhejiang, anhui, shandong and other places every day have new foci of occu

8、rrence, its spreading has covered more than 500 million mu of forest in our country. Harm (more than 100 kinds of plants in places such as liaoning, shandong, hebei, tianjin has not "put out", and the new foci of appeared again and again, are surrounded by Beijing has become a trend, is kn

9、ocking on doors in Beijing. Pagoda tree stem pests rust decay grain of shoulder longicorn, at the beginning of the eighty s to the ninety s has been in southern henan, shandong, for base, local scholar, goldenrain tree, in the mid - ninety - east, west, north three directions, become decayed pests w

10、as dominant species, is now a Beijing tree "scholar" new important borers. Never across the Yangtze river north of tree of heaven ditch orbit like moths, at the start of the decade, followed the host, one thousand head of invading the Shanghai district, form the serious harm. Japanese pine

11、 stem pest is a kind of destructive pests, in east China provinces, and spread to the northeast, was first discovered in 1994 in jilin province by the violation, to area has reached 270000 mu in 2002, inundated area of 135000 mu, 40000 mu of pine under population dying or dead. Cedar, cypress, one o

12、f the important pestswas two Chinese fir decay longhorned beetle has spread to the north shenyang, northeast diffusion streak. Star light shoulder the dangers of longicorn area already amounted to 500000 hectares. Cathay poplar longicorn tiger in areas surrounding the heilongjiang Harbin outbreaks a

13、gain. Sugarcane flat moth is the newly discovered a drill which lepidoptera pests cavity, bananas, sugar cane and other economic crops, prevention and treatment of difficult, now in east China, central China, north China, southwest, northeast and so on around the city garden, harm plants was more th

14、an 22 families, besides the brazilwood, rich tree, bamboo, schefflera money plant, poinsettia, palm, throughout the country, especially urban garden many woody, herbaceous flowers by the infringement. All rotten skin disease of poplar in the spring of 1999 in the northeast and north China, parts of

15、Inner Mongolia, was the willow, Yang greening trees nearly 150000 plants, etc. Pine blight occurrence in shanxi, shaanxi, liaoning great tip, dalian coastal area of big pine disease death. Ginkgo biloba big silkworm moth in shaanxi is 20000 hectares, only in the northwest, north east Asia migratory

16、locusts outbreaks again. In the spring of 2003, changchun by freezing injury death, willow Yang 20000 strains, the diseases caused by cold injury, severe trees more than 30000 strains of the disease. Native to South America, water hyacinth, scientific name crassipes, as of livestock and poultry feed

17、, ornamental plants and purifying water quality was introduced and cultivated, escape to wild, at an extremely rapid asexual propagation, form a single community. In yunnan has become a "loud guest take master" sting, occupies 10 square kilometres of dianchi lake water, destruction of loca

18、l aquatic plants and aquatic animals, blocking traffic, has caused a serious loss for fishing and tourism, the seriously destroyed ecological balance between creatures.二、当前城市绿化存在的问题分析Second, the analysis of problems existing in the current urban greening2.1绿化格局的调整改变了原有有害生物的结构2.1 planting structure a

19、djustment to change the original structure ofharmful organisms园林植物是城市建筑物、道路之间互相联系并使之成为一体的纽带。国外国 林风格不断传入我国，植物配置和种植方式更加多变，如疏林草地、规则绿化等，打破了我国传统园林格局。园林植物种类、数量以及绿化面积大幅度增加，改变了城市中原有有害生物的种类、结构和危害。如今，蛀干害虫、“五小害虫”（财、 蛾、蛇、粉虱、蓟马）和生态性植干病害成为城市园林植物的主要病虫害。Garden plant is connected between urban buildings, roads, and

20、make it become one of the bond. Foreign garden style was introduced into our country continuously, plant configuration and the way ofplanting more fluid, such as hydrophobic, rules of trees and greenery, broke the pattern of Chinese traditional garden. Garden plant species, quantity, and increase gr

21、een area, changed the city in the original species, structure, and impact of harmful organisms. Today, decayed stem pests, pest "five small" (aphid, mite, pest, mealworms, thrips) ecosystem and plant diseases become the main urban garden plant diseases and insect pests.2.2 绿化植物的不合理配置为病虫害的发

22、生提供了先决条件2.3 unreasonable greening configuration provides a prerequisite for the occurrence of pests and diseases害虫与寄主在长期进化过程中形成了协同进化关系，可以说植物一栽下去就 决定了病虫害的发生程度，不合理的种植结构是病虫害严重发生的源头。Pests and host during the long-term evolution formed the co-evolutionary relationship, can be said to plant a plant determ

23、ines the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, unreasonable planting structure is the source of serious occurrence of pest and disease.2.4 园林植物检疫环节薄弱，外来病虫猖獗2.5 weak garden plant quarantine, foreign rampant disease and insect pest随着国际间植物交流的频繁，侵入型害虫不断传入我国，而我们当地天敌尚不 能马上跟踪适应，这些自然控制因素的丧失使侵入型害虫比我

24、国本地害虫具有更 大的危害性。严重危害100余种花卉植物的毁灭性食叶害虫美洲斑潜蝇和前面 提到的蔗扁蛾就是近年从国外传入的，并在短短两年时间就遍及我国22个省区。As the plant of communication is frequent, international inasieness pests was introduced into our country continuously, and our local natural enemies is still can't adapt to, immediately following the loss of these

25、natural control factors make inasieness insects than local in our country has greater harmfulness. Serious damage to the destruction of more than 100 kinds of flowers plant defoliator spot hidden flies and the aforementioned sugarcane flat moth is introduced from abroad in recent years, and in a sho

26、rt span of two years is over 22 provinces in China.2.6 城市生态恶化为病虫害的发生开启了方便之门2.7 urban ecological deterioration is the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests of open the door城市环境是由人工建造起来的特殊生态系统，地上部分往往是空气污染严重、 光照条件不佳、人为破坏频发；地下部分往往是土壤坚实、透气性差、土质低劣、 缺肥少水、生长空间狭窄，这些直接导致了有害生物的大发生。当某种生态因子达到灾变程度，养护管理又长期

27、相当不力时，生态平衡将被打破，园林植物病虫害 就暴发成灾，发展成为自然生物灾害。Urban artificial built environment is a special ecosystem, the part is often severe air pollution, poor light conditions, frequent man-made destruction; Underground part is solid, poor permeability, poor soil quality, soil, lack of water and fertilizer, growth

28、 space is narrow, which directly led to the outbreak of pest. When the disaster some ecological factors is reached, maintenance management and long-term is quite poor, the ecological balance will be broken, plague outbreaks garden plant diseases and insect pests, become a natural biological disaster

29、s.2.8 气候异常促使城市园林病虫害大发生2.9 climate anomaly prompted city botanical garden plant diseasesand insect pests occurrence在城市恶劣的生态环境下，园林植物生长势极弱，这时气候方面的因素则变成 决定性影响因子。1999年柳树烂皮病大发生，国家林业局专家组确定为灾变性气 候引起。2003年春长春大量树木死亡也是由灾变性气候引起。In poor urban ecological environment, landscape plant growth potential is extremely

30、weak, then the climate factors become decisive factors. W川ow rotten skin disease outbreak in 1999, the state forestry administration panel identified as disastrous weather. Changchun, thespring of 2003, a large number of dead trees also is caused by degeneration of climate disasters.三、防治的对策：Three, p

31、revention and cure countermeasures:3.1加强抗性植物品种的选育及应用3.1 to strengthen the breeding of resistant plant varieties, and application植物材料的选择应以植物区系分布规律为理论基础 ，以乡土树种为重点，以适 应城市生态环境，如抗干旱，耗水少,耐瘠薄和土实，抗污染，抗冻害，抗病虫,耐粗放 管理等7个方面为树种选择的首要标准。Plant materials selection should be based on the theory of floristic distribut

32、ion, native tree species as the key point, to adapt to the urban ecological environment, such as resistance to drought, less water consumption, barren soil and resistance, contamination resistance, cold resistance, resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to extensive management in seven aspects,

33、 such as primary standards for tree species selection.3.2 加强养护管理，减少有害生物的发生3.2 to strengthen maintenance management, reduce the occurrence of harmful organisms加强养护管理就是人为地调整适合目的植物生长，而不适合有害生物生长的 环境条件,使目的植物能健康、茁壮地生长，有害生物很难侵入，也不能大量繁殖, 对目的植物构成威胁。从根本上解决植物衰退病这一难题。Strengthen maintenance management is artific

34、ially adjust the fit toplant growth, and not suitable for pest growth environment conditions,the plants can grow healthy and grow healthy, pest invasion very hard, also cannot thrive, pose a threat to purpose plant. Fundamentally solve the plants decline, this difficult problem.3.3 从规划设计着手，控制有害生物的发生

35、3.4 from the planning and design, control the occurrence of harmfulorganisms从尊重生态系统自我调节出发进行园林规划设计，遵循生物共生、循环、竞争 的原则，以乔木为主，实行乔、灌、藤、花、草多种植物合理混配的林荫型绿化，造成一个和谐、有序、稳定的园林植物群落，形成一个多品种、多层次、互促共 存、遮阴效果好的复层种植结构。泰安卷帘门厂北方冬季景观随季节的更替而发 生变化是再自然不过的事，大可不必一味追求完美的绿色，去与自然规律进行无 谓的抗争。Starting from the respect ecosystem self

36、-regulation in landscapeplanning and design, follow the principle of biological symbiosis andcirculation, the competition, give priority to with trees, Joe, irrigation, vines, flowers and grass type greening plants and of reasonable mixed plantations, creating a harmonious, orderly and stable landsc

37、ape plant community, forming a more variety, multi-level, mutually promote, coexist, shade planting structure of the compound layer with good effect. Northern winter landscape and changes with the seasons is a natural thing, don't blindly pursuit of the perfect green, for a meaningless struggle

38、with nature.3.5 应用最新科研成果，保护环境，使有害生物的控制步入良性循环的轨道3.6 apply the latest scientific research achievements, environmental protection, harmful biological control into the virtuous circle of track在城市园林植物保护中，应该把促进植物体内、体表以及周围环境中有益生物 增长、调整生态和微生态环境这样一种生态防治手段纳入到控制园林植物中有害 生物的措施中去，其中生物防治是最廉价、最有效的措施之一。人车语音对讲In the city botanical garden plant protection, should promote the plant body, body surface and the surrounding environment beneficial biological growth, adjust the micro ecology and the ecol