Raptor运算符号、函数、子过程介绍大全

1、Raptor运算符号、函数、子过程介绍大全Raptor symbols 符号（六个）The six symbols used in Raptor are displayed in the Symbol Window in the upper left corner of the main window:赋值Assignmentx <- x + 1用Set x to x+1调用Call及subchartsgraphics routines and other instructor-provided procedures及subcharts输入Input输出Output 分支Selectio

2、n循环Loop ControlMath in Raptor（数学运算符）Unary Minus ( - )负号例如，x值分别为7，-3，3，则-x的值为-7；-x的值为3，-x值为-3Exponentiation ( or * )指数运算23的值为8；-3*2 的值为9 ( =(-3)*(-3) )* , / , REM, MOD乘、除、取余函数floor ( 5 / 2 )整除函数？=2xyx REM yx MOD y1031137211162009.52.522-103-1210-31-2常用于判断某数是否奇偶数注：三种除运算除数均不可为0，否则将显示“run-time

3、 error”+ , - 加减运算非三角函数In Assignments:x_magnitude <- abs(x)product <- e(log(factor1) + log(factor2)In Select and Loop Exit Comparisons:log(x) > 0.0sqrt(c2) <= sqrt(a2 + b2)random > 0.5 and abs(x) < 100.0以字母顺序列出非三角函数：求绝对值ABS例如abs(-3.7) 为3.7CEILING（与FLOOR相对）ceiling(math_expression)例如c

4、eiling(15.9) 为16, ceiling(3.1) 为 4, ceiling(-4.1) 为-4FLOORvariable <- floor(math_expression)floor(15.9) is 15, floor(-4.1) is -5E指数幂exe为约等于2.7的对数常数LOG对数log(math_expression)参数不可为0，否则run-time errorMAXmax(math_expression, max_expression)例如：max(5,7) 为7.MINmin(math_expression, max_expression)例如：min(5,

5、7) 为5.PI返回圆周率值3.14159. POWERMODpowermod(base, exp, modulus)返回值为 (baseexp) mod modulus). RSA public key encryption and decryptionbases and exponents too large for the Raptor exponentiation operator can still be used for encryption.RANDOMRandom返回0.0,1.0)间的一个随机数例如：floor(random * 6) + 1).SQRTsqrt(math_e

6、xpression)参数不可为负数三角函数SINsin(expression_in_radians)COScos(expression_in_radians)TANtan(expression_in_radians)COTcot(expression_in_radians)ARCSINarcsin(expression)ARCCOSarccos(expression)ARCCOTarccot(x,y)例如arccot(sqrt(2)/2,sqrt(2)/2) 为pi/4arccot(-sqrt(2)/2,sqrt(2)/2)为3/4 *piarccot(sqrt(2)/2,-sqrt(2)/2

7、)为-pi/4arccot(-sqrt(2)/2,-sqrt(2)/2)为-3/4 *pi.ARCTANarctan(y,x)Program Control用布尔值控制=EqualTrue if the compared items are equal/=Not EqualTrue if the compared items are not equal!=Not EqualTrue if the compared items are not equal>Greater ThanTrue if the expression on the left is greater than the e

8、xpression on the right<Less ThanTrue if the expression on the left is less than the expression on the right>=Greater Than or EqualTrue if the expression on the left is greater than or equal to the expression on the right<=Less Than or EqualTrue if the expression on the left is less than or

9、equal to the expression on the right例子：count = 10；count mod 7 != 0；x > maximumBoolean Operators布尔运算有：AND, OR, XOR and NOTn >= 1 and n <= 10n < 1 or n > 10表达式1 XOR 表达式2中，两个表达式有1个为true则返回true可用于比较数和字符串Boolean Functions布尔函数Key_HitIs_OpenMouse_Button_Pressed(Left_Button)Delay_ForDelay_For

10、(duration)含一个参数的过程，含义为暂停若干秒duration。Clear_Console一个过程，用于清除控制台显示，并将光标移至初始位置。关于Raptor图默认色为白色。程序可使用下列函数在窗口中输出raptor图。RaptorGraph坐标用Open_Graph_Window打开Raptor Graph后，白色背景中将出现一个打开的window。window左下角像素的坐标为(1,1)。Open_Graph_Window(400,300)显示的窗口： Drawing Operations画图操作可以绘制指定颜色的指定形状。Keyboard Operations键盘操作 

11、用于确定是否有键输入。例如输入字符串ASCII编码Mouse Operations鼠标操作可以返回当前鼠标位置。Window Operations窗口操作用于更新和设置窗口属性。Freeze_Graph_Window and Update_Graph_Window 调用可以平滑动画显示。注:窗口必须打开才能进行相应操作，否则将出现run-time errorWindow Operations窗口操作Close_Graph_WindowClose_Graph_Window关闭窗口过程例：Close_Graph_WindowGet_Max_Heightvariable <- Get_Max_

12、Height返回窗口的高度像素值。事实上，该过程常在Open_Graph_Window调用前使用。其值可用来作为打开窗口的参数。Open_Graph_Window(Get_Max_Width,Get_Max_Height)Get_Max_Widthvariable <- Get_Max_Width类同上Get Window Heightvariable <- Get_Window_Height返回窗口高度。图窗口必须先打开。例：Get Window Widthvariable <- Get_Window_Width类同上Is_OpenIs_Open用于判断窗口是否打开，返回值

13、为Yes (True) 或No (False)。常用于判断。例：Open_Graph_WindowOpen_Graph_Window(X_Size, Y_Size)例：Open_Graph_Window(500, 300) opens a 500 pixel (wide) by 300 pixel (high) graphics window.Set_Window_TitleSet_Window_Title(Title)改变或设置窗口标题。例：Set_Window_Title("CS 110 PEX 3")Smoothing Animations平滑绘制图形Fre

14、eze_Graph_Window及Update_Graph_Window常用于平滑动画显示不用Freeze_Graph_Window将使每次描画变得明显而导致动画很愣。Freeze_Graph_Window is called (and before Unfreeze_Graph_Window is called), this buffer is used for all graphics calls.  That is, the objects being drawn by the graphics calls are not drawn to the screen, but in

15、stead to the screen buffer.  When the programmer has drawn the desired objects to the screen buffer, the Update_Graph_Window call is used to almost instantaneously move the screen buffer to the viewable graphics screen.  An animation normally repeats the following steps:1) Draw desired obj

16、ects (to the screen buffer) using normal graphics calls (例如Draw_Circle, Draw_Line, etc.)2) 调用Update_Graph_Window使描画迅速可见结束动画描画时，用Unfreeze_Graph_Window过程，将screen buffer数据更新屏幕使动画立即描画。例：Colors颜色Black, Blue, Green, Cyan青,Red, Magenta紫, Brown, Light_Gray浅灰, Dark_Gray深灰, Light_Blue浅蓝, Light_Green浅绿, Light_

17、Cyan浅青, Light_Red浅红, Light_Magenta浅紫, Yellow, White或用序号015（0-黑, 1-蓝,15-白）例：Draw_Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, BoxColor, Filled)Draw_Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Green, Filled)Draw_Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, 2, Filled)色值可达241，当大于15时，将为扩充色。Filled值为True(or Yes) or False (or No)。True则用指定颜色填充，否则无色。Closest_Colorcolor <- Closest

18、_Color(Red, Green, Blue)一个函数，返回值0241之间的某值（接近RGB颜色模式中），在0 255间或显示run-time error。例：Color <- Closest_Color(50, 30, 110)具有RGB色值为50,30,110Generating Random Colors产生随机颜色Random_Color返回015 (Black, Blue, Green, Cyan, Red, Magenta, Brown, Light_Gray, Dark_Gray, Light_Blue, Light_Green, Light_Cyan, Light_Re

19、d, Light_Magenta, Yellow, White)的一个随机色。例：Display_Text(100,100,"Message",Random_Color)Random_Extended_Color返回0241间随机色例：Display_Number(100,100,Score,Random_Extended_Color)画图操作Clear_WindowClear_Window(Color)例：Clear_Window(Red)清屏且填充红色Draw_Arc绘制弧Draw_Arc(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Startx, Starty, Endx, En

20、dy, Color)含8个参数，在指定的(X1, Y1, X2, Y2)矩形中绘制椭圆。 (X1,Y1) and (X2,Y2) 为矩形中的对角坐标。从坐标(Startx,Starty)开始，到(Endx,Endy)结束。注：必须先打开图窗口，否则将run-time error例：Draw_Arc(1,100,200,1,250,50,2,2,black)在以下300x300 window中：Draw_BitmapDraw_Bitmap(Bitmap, X, Y, Width, Height)一个含5个参数的调用，用于在图窗口中绘制图像。Bitmap为函数Load_Bitmap的返回值X，Y图

21、像在图窗口左上角的坐标值Width，Height以像素表示的图像绘制的最大宽度、高度注:必须先打开图窗口，否则将run-time error注：Raptor本身不自动缩放图像，一旦图像尺寸大于指定宽、高度，将自动截去图像右、下边。否则将正常显示。例：在(50,450)位置绘制具有400、300像素宽、高的图像。注意必须先对参数bitmap用Load_Bitmap function赋值。 或装入mypicture.bmp文件中的图像。Draw_Box绘制矩形Draw_Box(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Color, Filled)(X1, Y1)矩形的任一角坐标，(X2, Y2)与(X1,

22、Y1)相对的另一角坐标Filled值为True(or Yes) or False (or No)。True则用指定颜色填充，否则无色。Filled值为True(or Yes) or False (or No)。True则用指定颜色填充，否则无色。注：图窗口必须先打开，否则run-time error例：Draw_Box(50,150,250,25,Green,True)从左(50,150)到右(250,25)绘制绿色矩形Draw_Box(250,150,50,25,Green,False)同一位置绘制无色矩形。Draw_Circle绘圆形Draw_Circle(X, Y, Radius, Co

23、lor, Filled) 在中心坐标(X,Y)绘制半径为radius的圆形。Filled用法同矩形调用。注：必须先打开图窗口，否则run-time error例：绘制绿色或无色圆形Draw_Circle(50,150,25,Green,True)Draw_Circle(100,250,50,Green,False)Draw_Ellipse绘制椭圆Draw_Ellipse(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Color, Filled)(X1,Y1) 起点坐标，(X2,Y2)终点坐标注：必须先打开图窗口，否则run-time error例：Draw_Ellipse(50,150,250,2

24、5,Green,True)Draw_Ellipse(250,150,50,25,Green,False)绘制绿色、无色椭圆。Draw_Ellipse_RotateDraw_Ellipse(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Angle, Color, Filled)此过程与Draw_Ellipse类似，但却是绘制一个逆时针旋转的指定角度angle，该值用数值指定 (例如，90度以pi/2给出)例：Draw_Ellipse_Rotate(50,150,250,25,pi/2,Green,True)绘制90度的椭圆。Draw_Line绘制直线Draw_Line(X1, Y1, X2, Y2, Colo

25、r)注：必须先打开图窗口，否则run-time error例：Draw_Line(50,150,250,25,Green);Flood_Fill填充指定颜色Flood_Fill(X, Y, Color)一个过程调用，在在(X,Y)指定的区域内填充指定颜色。注：必须先打开图窗口，否则run-time error例：Flood_Fill(X1+1,Y1-1,Red)Get_Pixel获取某处颜色Get_Pixel(X, Y) 返回指定坐标位置的颜色值，若x，y值错误，将显示run-time error并停止程序运行。常用于赋值。也用于判断，例如使循环退出的判断Get_Pixel(x1,y

26、1)= Green注：必须先打开图窗口，否则run-time error例：set Color to Get_Pixel(200,200);Load_Bitmap装载图Load_Bitmap(Filename)一个函数，返回某文件中的图像。用于Draw_Bitmap过程注：图像文件必须是支持的格式.bmp,.jpg)或.gif注：必须先打开图窗口，否则run-time error例： The following example loads the image with the filename mypicture.bmp into memory and assigns an asso

27、ciated value to the variable bitmap.  The variable bitmap could then be used in a subsequent call to Draw_Bitmap in order to draw all or part of the image in a RaptorGraph window.Put_Pixel改变颜色Put_Pixel(X, Y, Color) 一个过程，改变指定位置的颜色注：必须先打开图窗口，否则run-time error例：Put_Pixel(50,50,Red);Put_Pixel(5

28、0,50,ColorVar);Keyboard Operations键盘操作Get_Keyvariable <- Get_Key返回最后一个按键的扩展ASCII码值Left Arrow 165 Right Arrow 167 Up Arrow 166 Down Arrow 168 注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Get_Key_StringGet_Key_String返回用户输入字符串的最后一个键值。 Get_Key_String按键返回值a"a"Shift-a"A"Page Down"PageDn&q

29、uot;F-1"F1"Enter"Enter"Esc"Esc"Tab"Tab"Backspace"Backspace"Down Arrow"Down"Up Arrow"Up"Left Arrow"Left"Right Arrow"Right"Insert"Insert"Delete"Delete" (Back Slash) ""Space Bar"

30、 "Control-A"Ctrl-A"注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例： Key_DownKey_Down("key")当指定键按下时，返回true。如Key_Down("c")；Key_Down(" ") 空格键按下为trueKey_Hit, calls to Key_Down are unaffected by any previous calls to Get_Key, Get_Key_String, or Wait_For_Key.注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-

31、time error。例：按键按键参数a"a"Shift"Shift"Page Down"PageDn"F-1"F1"Enter"Enter"Esc"Esc"Tab"Tab"Backspace"Backspace"Down Arrow"Down"Up Arrow"Up"Left Arrow"Left"Right Arrow"Right"Insert"

32、;Insert"Delete"Delete" (Back Slash) ""Space Bar" "Control"Ctrl"Key_Hit当get_key调用时，有键按下则返回true常用于是否执行了Get_Key调用。注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Wait_For_KeyWait_for_Key当有键按下时暂停程序运行。注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Wait_For_KeyMouse Operations鼠标操作Get_Mouse_ButtonG

33、et_Mouse_Button(Which_Button, X, Y)一个过程，等待鼠标单击，并返回鼠标单击处的X,Y坐标值，如同时单击左、右两边，则只保留左键坐标。释放时的坐标值Which_Button must be either Left_Button or Right_Button.注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Get_Mouse_Button(Left_Button,Mouse_X,Mouse_Y)Get_Mouse_XGet_Mouse_X 返回鼠标当前的X值注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Get_Mouse_YGet

34、_Mouse_Y例：Mouse_Button_DownMouse_Button_Down(Which_Button)当鼠标左或右键按下时间，返回true。与Mouse_Button_Pressed不同，Mouse_Button_Down对以前的Get_Mouse_Button 或Wait_For_Mouse_Button调用无效。注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Mouse_Button_PressedMouse_Button_Pressed(Which_Button)当最后一次调用Get_Mouse_Button或Wait_For_Mouse_Button(或因未调用

35、Open_Graph_Window)鼠标按下时返回true。常用于测试是否调用了Get_Mouse_Button。注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Mouse_Button_ReleasedMouse_Button_Released(Which_Button)当Get_Mouse_Button或Wait_For_Mouse_Button (或因Open_Graph_Window未成功调用)时鼠标释放返回true注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Wait_For_Mouse_ButtonWait_For_Mouse_Button(Which_But

36、ton)一个过程，暂停运行知道指定的鼠标键按下，左键优先。注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Wait_For_Mouse_Button(Left_Button)Text Operations文本操作Display_NumberDisplay_Number(X, Y, Number, Color)在左上角指定位置X，Y按指定颜色Color显示值Number注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Display_Number(3,10,x, Black)Display_Text显示字符串Display_Text(X, Y, Text, Color)注：图窗

37、口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Display_Text(3, 10, "Hello!", Black)Display_Text(30, 50, "Score: " + score, Red)显示字符串变量"Score: " + score的值Get_Font_Heightvariable <- Get_Font_Height返回字符高度。注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Get_Font_Widthvariable <- Get_Font_Width注：图窗口必须打开，否则run

38、-time error。Set_Font_SizeSet_Font_Size(Size)设置文字大小0100pt，默认值为10注：图窗口必须打开，否则run-time error。例：Set_Font_Size(14)Set_Font_Size(x)按变量x值设置文本大小。Arrays数组Array Overview数组概述一系列带有顺序的用标记的数。例：scores1scores2scores3scores4顺序号必须是正数。Scores成绩123487937782 常用于循环处理。 Two-Dimensional Arrays二维数组用于表示矩阵。例：grid1,1gr

39、id1,2grid1,3grid1,4grid2,1grid2,2grid2,3grid2,4grid3,1grid3,2grid3,3grid3,4grid1234138615229121436111813grid3,2值11,grid2,4 值14.Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays二维数组处理双循环。分别对行列。例如：Creating Arrays创建数组使用前必须先创建数组。说明数组的最大顺序（用赋值语句）。大于最大顺序号时将出现run-time error例如，先values7 <- 3则12345670000003如：values9 <-

40、 6则：123456789000000306对100个数组元素赋初始值0，可以：values100 <- 0  Creating Two-Dimensional Arrays创建二维数组 numbers3,4 <- 13。则二维数组numbers12341000020000300013Array Operations数组操作Length_OfLength_Of is a function that takes one argument, a one-dimensional array without any index or square bracke

41、ts after the name.  It returns the highest index (which is also the number of elements) defined for the array.  Length_Of can also be used to determine the length of a string expression. 例：Length_Of(Scores) will return 4.Scores123487937782Raptor ReferenceMath 数学运算符-负号unary minus

42、, *指数运算exponentiation*乘法multiplication/除法divisionrem, mod求余remainder+加法addition-减法subtractionBasic Math Functions基本函数运算abs 绝对值ceiling (round up)取上界e 返回自然对数值 (base for natural logarithms)floor 取下界(round down)log 求自然对数max 求最大值min 求最小值pi pi值powermod - used for public key encryption / decryptionrandom -

43、 0.0,1.0)间随机数sqrt 平方根 Trigonometric Functions三角函数arccos - arc cosinearccot - arc cotangentarcsin - arc sinearctan - arc tangentcos - cosinecot - cotangentsin - sinetan - tangentProgram ControlRelational Operators=     equal to>     greater than<

44、60;   less than!=    not equal to/=    not equal to>=   greater than or equal to<=   less than or equal toBoolean Operatorsand 与运算not 非运算or 或运算xor 异或运算'xor' (true if expressions on either side are different)clear_console

45、清除主控制台信息delay_for 等待若干秒Raptor GraphicsAvailable colors可用色Black, Blue, Green, Cyan, Red, Magenta, Brown,Light_Gray, Dark_Gray, Light_Blue, Light_Green, Light_Cyan, Light_Red, Light_Magenta, Yellow, WhiteAvailable fill values可用填充Filled, UnfilledTrue, FalseYes, NoMouse button values鼠标值Left_Button , Rig

46、ht_Button,  RaptorGraph Functions (return a value)图函数Closest_Color, Get_Font_Height, Get_Font_Width, Get_Key, Get_Key_String, Get_Max_Height, Get_Max_Width, Get_Mouse_X, Get_Mouse_Y, Get_Pixel, Get_Window_Height, Get_Window_Width, Is_Open, Key_Down, Key_Hit, Mouse_Button_Down,  Mouse_Butto

47、n_Pressed, Mouse_Button_Released, Random_Color, Random_Extended_ColorRaptorGraph Calls图过程Clear_Window, Close_Graph_Window, Display_Text, Display_Number, Draw_Arc, Draw_Box, Draw_Bitmap, Draw_Circle, Draw_Ellipse, Draw_Ellipse_Rotate, Draw_Line , Flood_Fill, Freeze_Graph_Window, Load_Bitmap, Open_Gra

48、ph_Window, Wait_For_Key, Wait_For_Mouse_Button, Get_Mouse_Button, Put_Pixel, Set_Font_Size, Set_Window_Title, Unfreeze_Graph_Window, Update_Graph_WindowArraysArray OperationsLength_Of 返回数组长度 - indexing: 顺序To_Character 返回指定数的ASCII值To_ASCII 为指定字符赋予ASCII值StringsString Operations+ - ConcatenationLength_

49、Of 返回字符串长度 - indexing:顺序Variable Type QueriesBoolean FunctionsIs_Array, Is_Number, Is_String, Is_2D_ArraySoundSound CallsPlay_Sound, Play_Sound_Background, Play_Sound_Background_LoopFilesFile CallsRedirect_Input  - 以某文件中数据作为输入Redirect_Output 将值输出到某文件。 Note that it is as easy for the progra

50、mmer to process 4,000 values as it is to process  four  by simply changing the value of the variable howmany!  That is part of the power of arrays used with counting loops.整个Reference结束Advanced Topics1、Sound OperationsRaptor程序可以用后面三个过程播放声音 (.wav)文件，但需注意：· 文件名必须是字符串或字符串变量· 必须

51、带有完整路径，否则必须与raptor在同一文件夹中· .wav可省略· 如果文件名错误，将产生鸣笛音Play_SoundPlay_Sound(filename)例：Play_Sound("c:windowsmediaWindows XP Startup")Play_Sound_BackgroundPlay_Sound_Background(filename)例：Play_Sound_Background("c:windowsmediatada.wav")Play_Sound_Background_Loop循环播放背景Play_Soun

52、d_Background_Loop(filename)例：Play_Sound_Background("sound.wav")    2、Strings（1）String Variables & Assignment或在过程中：Assigning values to strings· 必须用双引号"Hello, World!")· 可以是字符串变量或表达式"Hello, " + name_string_var + ", it's nice to meet yo

53、u"（2）String vs. Numeric Input下面为非法输入数字符串3e5   (3 x 105)3  512312.3.2-55 (nothing - if nothing is input, an empty string results58.7"123"    (quotes will be part of the string)（3）String Operations+ (Concatenation)例： "The answer is: " + count will

54、 have the value "The answer is: 7" if the value of count is 7.Length_OfLength_Of返回一维数组或字符串长度Length_Of(stringVar) Length_Of("Answer" + " is") 值为9 (Indexing)返回第一个字符例如，字符串 "John Doe"则initial <- Name1 后值为'J'.Name6 <- 'F'将使"John Doe"

55、变为"John Foe" To_CharacterTo_Character(70) 值为 'F'To_ASCIITo_ASCII('F') 值为70（4）String Comparisons=, !=, /=, <, <=, >, <=以字典顺序比较。例："abc" <"abd"控制字符<可打印字符<数字字符<大写字母<小写字母3、Files for input and output（1）Files Overview文件概述（2）Input

56、ting from a FileRedirecting Input from a FileRedirect_Input("file.txt")Redirect_Input("C:Documents and SettingsJohn.DoeCS110file.txt");Stopping Input RedirectionRedirect_Input(False)停止file输入，改由键盘输入。例：下列流程图"file.txt"（3）Input Line by Line逐行输入Line-Oriented Input When

57、a file is used for input, an Input symbol consumes exactly one line of the file.  The contents of the line determine whether Raptor interprets it as a string or a number (see String vs. Numeric Input).  Therefore, a text file created for input must have the desired number of lines to match the number of inputs to be performed.  Further, each of these lines must make sense for the variable that is to input that line of data. 例如,某文件包含一个学员信息： C4C John Doe283.51分别顺序赋予下列变量：cadet_name；squadron；GPANotes: 空行赋值给variable空串。Fi