北京中科院2013年考博英语真题

1、北京中科院2013年考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary (10%)1.Between 1981 and 1987, the number of permanent jobs had increased by only 1,000, although training has been substantiallyby the corporation.A.boostedB. curtailedC. plungedD. expended2.It is a touching scene that every parent can immediatelybecause they have g

2、one through the same ritual with their own children.A.come throughB. identify with C. take upD. refer to3.In ancient mythology there was no impassableseparating the divine from the human beings.A.polarityB. splitC. gulfD. void4.Guarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a mamifactur

3、er isA. qualifiedB. agreeableC. compatibleD.liable5. The oil spill had aeffect on seabirds and other wildlife.A. reluctantB. mischievousC. devastatingD.malignant6. A friend is a second self.A. as it isB. as it wereC. as well asD.as though7. He leaned out of anupstairs window and felt a current of wa

4、rm airfrom the street.A. exaltingB. ascendingC. swayingD. fluctuating8. In a market economy, it is impractical tobig banks to reduce the qualification to provide financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises.A. take onB. bear onC. hold onD.count on9. The authorus as consistently fair and

5、accurate about the issues.A. dismissedB. agitatedC. struckD.seized10. The new system is similar to the old onethere is stilla strong central government.A. now thatB. so thatC. in case thatD.in that11. In the final analysis,it is ourof death which decidesour answers to ; all the questions that life p

6、uts to us.A. conceptionB. deceptionC. receptionD.presentation12. The great tragedy of life is not that men, but that they cease to love.A.terminateB. expireC. perishD. wither13.His doctor has told him he mustnt drink, but he still has the occasional brandy.A.on the spotB. on the slyC. in natureD. in

7、 short14.In some African countries, the cost of treating an AIDS patient mayhis or her entire annual income.A.exploitB.expelC.expireD.exceed15.The currentwith exam results is actually harming childrens education.A.interventionB.manipulationC.obsessionD.domination16.Sometimes certain families adhered

8、the same religious beliefs for several generations.A.toB.forC.afterD.with17.He knew that the areas rich plant life had been severelyby the huge herds of cows grazing the land.A. depletedB. decomposedC. corruptedD. corroded18.The long wait for news of my exam results has already set my nerves.A. on f

9、ireB. on edgeC. on earthD. on impulse19.A solution must be found that doesnttoo many people in this group, otherwise it cannot work.A. arouseB. offendC. spurD. violate20.The Federal Governmentfarmers by buying their surplus crops at prices above the market value.A. piratesB. mediatesC. supplementsD.

10、 SubsidizesPart n Cloze (15%)Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 21 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how man

11、y hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games, and they 22 the childrens attention spans by 23 their schoolteachers. 24 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use 25 TV watching, these scientists were

12、able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 26 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesnt distinguish between the type of 27 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in s

13、chool.“A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 28 obviously does not have a 29 problem with paying attention,” says Green. “30 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that arent being delivered in a school 31?” Modem TV sho

14、ws are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 32 by comparison, and the same may be true 33 video games, the study notes.“We werent able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational 34 nonvio-lent versus violent，” says Swing，35 that the impact that dif

15、ferent types of games may have on at-tention is a ripe area for future research.21. A. followedB. trainedC.questionedD.challenged22. A. provokedB. speculatedC.formulatedD.assessed23. A. surveyingB. consideringC.persuadingD.guiding24. A. ContinuedB. PreviousC.LaterD.Ongoing25. A. far fromB. except fo

16、rC.as well asD.instead of26. A. forB. toC.onD.of27. A. competitionB. techniqueC.attentionD.strategy28. A. on endB. at lengthC.now and thenD.in and out29. A. similarB. relevantG.seriousD.tricky30. A. WhatB. WhyC.WhenD.Where31. A. settingB. sceneC.frameD.platform32. A. industriousB. limitedC.dullD.fun

17、ny33. A. onB. atC.inD.for34. A. orB. againstC.whileD.with35. A. addingB. addsC.addedD.having addedPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 1Ever since the early days of modem computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computers room-size behem

18、oths were referred to as “giant brains” or uelectronic brains，" in headlines and everyday speech. As computers improved and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, like playing chess, the term used was “artificial intelligence”. DNA,it is said, is the original software.For the most par

19、t, the biological metaphor has long been just that a simplifying analogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. Engineering, not biology, guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer in speech recognition, put it, “airplanes dont flap theirwings. “Yet the

20、principles of biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking results from advances in neuroscience and computer science, and from the push of necessity.The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sight not today or tomorrow,but soon enough. Nanoscale cir

21、cuits cannot shrink much further. Todays chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chips circuitry can be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity to make sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commerce, social networks, video str

22、eams and corporate and government databases.To meet the challenge, without gobbling the worlds energy supply, a different approach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute more than metaphors. “Every time we look at this, biology provides a clue as to how we should pursue

23、the frontiers of computing,” said John E. Kelly, the director of research at I. B. M.Dr. Kelly points to Watson, the question answering computer that can play “Jeopardy!” and beat two human champions earlier this year. The I. B. M. s clever machine consumes 85，000 watts of electricity, while the hum

24、an brain runs on just 20 watts. “Evolution figured this out, ” Dr. Kelly said.Several biologically inspired paths are being explored by computer scientists in universities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration of computer scientists and neuroscientists begun three years

25、ago, has been encouraging enough that in August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recent months, the team has developed prototype “neurosynaptic” microprocessors ,or chips that operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semiconductors.36.Paragraph 1 mainly tel

26、ls.A.what the biological metaphor isB. how computers have improvedC . when modem computing beganD. why DNA is the original software37.Frederick Jelineks quotation implies that.A.technology is created by humans rather than by GodB.airplanes differ from birds when using their wingsC.computers can hard

27、ly match human brainsD.biology can barely serve to explain computing38.To meet growing demands computers need to be.A.more complex in circuitryB.smaller in chip sizeC.more energy efficientD.more heat-sensitive39.The boldfaced word “frontiers”(in Para. 5) refers to.A.computing problemsB.networking re

28、gulationsC.streaming restrictionsD.online shopping benefits40.The human brain is superior to Watson in.A.question generationB.power consumptionC.event organizationD.speech recognition41.In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a ( n) .A. initiator B. director C. accelerator D. contr

29、ibutorPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 2South Koreas hagwon ( private tutoring academies) crackdown is one part of a larger quest to tame the countrys culture of educational masochism. At the national and local levels, politicians are changing school testing and university

30、 admissions policies to reduce student stress and reward softer qualities like creativity. One-size-fits-all，government-led uniform curriculums and an education system that is locked only onto the college-entrance examination are not acceptable，” President Lee Myung-bak vowed at his inauguration in

31、2008. But cramming is deeply embedded in Asia, where top grades and often nothing else have long been prized as essential for professional success. Modem-day South Korea has taken this competition to new extremes. In 2010, 74% of all students engaged in some kind of private after- school instruction

32、 ,sometimes called shadow education, at an average cost of $2, 600 per student for the year. There are more private instructors in South Korea than there are schoolteachers, and the most popular of them make millions of dollars a year from online and in-person classes. When SingaporeEducation Minist

33、er was asked last year about his nations reliance on private tutoring, he found one reason for hope: “ Were not as bad as the Koreans."In Seoul, large numbers of students who fail to get into top universities spend the entire year after high school attending hagwons to improve their scores on u

34、niversity admissions exams. And they must compete even to do this. At the prestigious Daesung Institute, admission is based on students test scores. Only 14% of applicants are accepted. After a year of 14-hour days, about 70% gain entry to one of the nations top three universities.From a distance, S

35、outh Koreas results look enviable. Its students consistently outperform their counterparts in almost every country in reading and math. In the U. S. , Barack Obama and his Education Secretary speak glowingly of the enthusiasm South Korean parents have for educating their children ,and they lament ho

36、w far the U. S. students are falling behind. Without its education obsession, South Korea could not have been transformed into the economic powerhouse that it is today. But the countrys leaders worry that unless its rigid, hierarchical system starts to nurture more innovation, economic growth will s

37、tall and fertility rates will continue to decline as families feel the pressure of paying for all that tutoring. “You Americans see a bright side of the Korean system. ” Education Minister Lee Ju-ho tells me, but Koreans are not happy with it. ”42.South Koreas educational system.A.gives much weight

38、to examsB.stresses students creativityC.shames the countrys cultureD.offers easy admissions43.Shadow education .A.casts a shadow in students mindsB.makes the students scores levelC.stimulates competition among teachersD.takes the form of private tutoring44.In Seoul, students who fail to get into top

39、 universities.A.can only go to private universitiesB.must spend one more year in high schoolsC.may choose any hagwon they likeD.need to fight for good private tutoring45.Parents in South Korea.A.usually supervise their children from a distanceB.only focus on their kids reading and mathC.devote much

40、of their energy to their kids educationD.lament the way the US parents educate their children46.South Koreas education obsession.A.has failed to nurture any creative studentsB.has contributed to the countrys economic growthC.has led to an increase in the nations fertility ratesD.has won world notori

41、ety for South Korean parents47.With respect to the future of the educational system, South Korean politicians.A.are concerned about its rigidityB.see it as a model for other culturesG. wish to encourage the birth of more childrenD. hope to expand the scope of private tutoringPart III Reading Compreh

42、ension (40% )Section A (30%)Passage 3A dispute that, according to Members of Parliament (MPs) , threatens the very survival of London Metropolitan University (London Met) , the capitals biggest higher education institution, is spilling over onto Londons streets. Last week lorry drivers on Holloway R

43、oad in Islington watched as a group of students and staff marched in protest against a meeting of London Mets governors.“ Save our Staff” and London Met on the Roper”，a reference to the universitys vicechancellor, Professor Brian Roper, screamed the banners.The university, which has 34,000 students,

44、 has long attracted controversy for the militancy of its staff and students, but the latest row is a more serious matter. This crisis is over an attempt by the Higher Education Funding Council ( Hefc) to claw back more than 50m that London Met should not have received. It is believed that as many as

45、 500 jobs could go as a result of the university having been overpaid for student dropouts since 2005, and the unions are furious, claiming at the same time that the university is being unfairly treated by Hefc but that neither the managers nor the governors have explored the alternatives to job cut

46、s.“ The University and College Union ( UCU) is very concerned that the Hefc regulations appear to discriminate against widening participation,” said a UCU spokesperson. “But we also feel very strongly about the fact that the management are not consulting the unions as they are required to do in law

47、and that they have not considered alternatives like a freeze on new appointments. ”One of the issues in dispute is whether students who did not take their assessments at the end of the year but were intending to take them the following year should be classified as drop-outs. Hefcconsiders them to ha

48、ve dropped out and says that its funding definitions apply to all universities regardless ；UCU believes they should not be classified in this way on the grounds that they need all the help they can get to complete the course.The dispute has also hit the House of Commons. An early day motion signed b

49、y MPs says that the scale of the cuts - an 18m reduction in teaching budgets and 38m in claw-backs for previous years“ throws the future operability of the university into doubt at a time when education and training are vital to the capitals economic health. ”48.The dispute mentioned is partly betwe

50、en.A.MPs and UCUB.MPs and the HefcC.London Mefs staff and its governorsD.London Mets students and lorry drivers49.“London Met on the Roper” implies that.A.Brian Roper is in powerB.London Met is at riskC.London Met is facing a brain drainD.Brian Roper is losing credibility50.Hefc is to take back over

51、 50m from London Met, believing that, for years, the latter.A.has practiced low standards of teachingB.has overpaid its governors and staffC.has been unfair to some instructorsD.has had lots of students quitting school51.The unions are angry with the school management because the latter.A.has been i

52、ndifferent to the possible job cutsB.has been negligent in approving appointmentsC.has unwisely widened the student enrollmentD.has unreasonably forced its 500 staff to leave52.According to UCU, Hefc should include in its funding system the students who choose to take their assessments.A. several ti

53、mesB. outside schoolC.in later yearsD. at a lower cost53.It is likely that the House of Commons will.A.urge Hefc to be reconciled to London MetB.intervene concerning Hefcs decisionsC.back up the governors of London MetD.question London Mets qualificationsPart III Reading Comprehension (40% )Section

54、A (30%)Passage 4After years of defensiveness, a siege mentality and the stonewalling of any criticism, a quiet revolution is under way in animal research.What has triggered this change of heart? Its partly down to the economic climate plus fewer new medicines and the removal of much of the threat fr

55、om animal rights extremism, in the UK at least. Until recently the only criticism of animal research came from anti vivisection groups who persistently complained about a lack of transparency. Now criticism is coming from researchers too, with the recognition that not all aspects of animal experimen

56、tation are as robust as they should be and that something needs to change.That is why we have published new guidelines aimed at improving the quality of reporting on animal experiments in research papers. These have been met with support, notably from the major funding bodies and many international

57、journals. This is indicative of the new climate in which we operate.Five years ago the guidelines would have been met with scepticism and accusations of increased bureaucracy from some within the scientific community.The difference is that these guidelines come in the wake of recent studies, which reveal serious shortcomings in animal research. One by my own organization, the UKS NC3Rs, found that key information was missing from many of the 300 or so publications we