大学英语跨文化交际chapter Cultural influences

1、chapter 8 cultural influences on contextsquestions for chapter 7w explain edward t. halls context-culture theory, illustrate with examples when necessary.w explain kluckhohn and strodtbecks value orientation theory, illustrate with examples when necessary.w explain hofstedes dimensions of cultural v

2、ariability theory, illustrate with examples when necessary.cultural influences on contextsbusiness etiquette normsc u l t u r e s influence role behaviors of students and teachersc u l t u r e s influence family and gender roles the business contextthe educational contextthe health care contextcommu

3、nication and contextclassroom participationconversational structures and language managementturn takingcultures influence communication is influenced by external environment: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. this is

4、 known as the communication context. three basic assumptions about human communication: communication is rule governed. contexts specify the appropriate rules. rules are culturally diversed.text a communication and contextchapter 8 cultural influences on context communication is rule governedw peopl

5、e expect culturally determined patterns of behavior or rules to govern their interactions the rules differ depending on the context. chapter 8 cultural influences on context contexts specify the appropriate rules contexts as a classroom, bank, church, hospital, courtroom, wedding, or funeral determi

6、ne which communication rules apply chapter 8 cultural influences on context bankchapter 8 cultural influences on context funeralrules are culturally diversed.although cultures have many of the same social settings or contexts, they may employ different rules. consequently, concepts of dress, time, l

7、anguage, manners, nonverbal behavior, and control of the communication flow can differ significantly among cultures. chapter 8 cultural influences on context text b the business context cultures influence on the business context management business etiquette norms chapter 8 cultural influences on co

8、ntext cultures influence on the business contextw business negotiation is intertwined with cultural exchange. w this is due to globalization, which is a result of growth in u.s. and foreign multinational industries since the 1960s. chapter 8 cultural influences on context management “management” can

9、 be viewed differently from culture to culture.1.management in china2.management in the united states 3.management in germany4.management in japan5.management in france 6.management in mexico and latin americachapter 8 cultural influences on context 1.management in china w chinese business values em

10、phasize kinship, interpersonal connections, respect for elders, and hierarchy. chapter 8 cultural influence on contexts2.management in the united states w in the united states, the manager is a cultural hero.w dominant managerial values in the united states include “achievement and success, belief i

11、n hard work, pragmatism, optimism, puritanism, rationality, impersonality in interpersonal work relationships, equality of opportunity, acceptance of competition, and individualism.” chapter 8 cultural influence on contexts3.management in germanyw in germany, the manager is not a cultural hero. w in

12、 fact, germans do not have a very strong concept of management. (权利分散)chapter 8 cultural influence on contexts4.management in japanw the japanese do not share a strong sense of management. w managers, section chiefs or department heads, value “groupism, harmony, acceptance of hierarchy in work relat

13、ionships, sense of obligation, debt of lower level personnel to superiors, and consensual decision making.” chapter 8 cultural influence on contexts4.management in japanw 日本企业是在60、70年代经济高速发展时期迅速地发展壮大起来的，他们的发展壮大不仅有经济的原因，还有社会的原因，其中也有当时的国际形式带来的好机遇。欧美是十分突出各人作用的，以理性的思维考虑一切问题，往往是六亲不认。而日本人恰恰相反，他们突出的是群体的作用，

14、以“和“为“贵”，这种思想来源于中国的儒家学说。在日本，企业经营就是以此作为其理论的依据。 chapter 8 cultural influence on contexts5.management in france w in france, managers act in very superior roles. chapter 8 cultural influence on contexts 6.management in mexico and latin americaw the mexican and latin american managerial style has often

15、been characterized as autocratic(独裁的独裁的) and paternalistic（家长式作风）（家长式作风）. chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsbusiness etiquette normsw appointment seekingw the date for businessw greeting behaviorw gift giving chapter 8 cultural influences on context appointment seeking w when doing business in

16、 china, it is important to establish contacts before investing in a trip. w in much of latin america, appointments must be made a month in advance by mail or telephone and then followed up one week before the meeting w to do business in saudi arabia, you must have a sponsor act as an intermediary, m

17、ake appointment, and arrange meetings. chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsthe date for businessw in saudi arabia, no business is conducted during aid-al-fitrthe three-day festival of breaking fast at the end of the month of ramadanand aid-al-adhathe three-day feast of sacrifice. w in japan, bus

18、iness is not conducted during new years holidays, golden week (april 29 to may 5), and obon (in mid-august), because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors. w in israel, the jewish holy day, the sabbath begins at sunset on friday and ends at sunset on saturday. chapter 8 cultural influe

19、nce on contextsgreeting behaviorw chinese people usually offer a brief handshake on meeting, but a more common form of greeting is a nod or bow from the shoulders. w in american, both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving. a small kiss on the cheek or a hug is appropriate between women or

20、 between men and women who have known each other for a long time. w in saudi arabia, greetings involve numerous handshakes and tend to be expressive and elaborate.w in finland, firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women. in finland, it is customary for women to be greeted first. chapt

21、er 8 cultural influence on contextschapter 8 cultural influence on contextshugkissgift givingw most americans view gift giving in the business setting as a form of bribery, but for many cultures, gift giving is a standard part of business. chapter 8 cultural influence on contextstext c the education

22、al contexta. cultural influence on the educational context b. role behaviors of students and teacherc. classroom participationd. turn takingchapter 8 cultural influences on context a. cultures influence on the educational context vall participants in the educational context - teachers, students, par

23、ents, school administrators, and other staff - bring their cultures beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them.chapter 8 cultural influences on context b. role behaviors of students and teachers wwithin many asian and asian american cultures, teachers are highly respected. students and p

24、arents would not openly and directly question the authority and statements of a teacher. c. classroom participationw some native american children have a difficult time asking straightforward questions and looking directly at their teacher. w similarly, many native american and asian american studen

25、ts are unwilling to volunteer, speak out, or raise problems or concerns unless the teacher specifically calls on them by name. w korean students are often unwilling to talk with their teachers even when the teachers have incorrectly calculated the students scores on an exam. chapter 8 cultural influ

26、ence on contextsd. turn taking w turn taking within the classroom is also governed by cultural expectations. watch how teachers in your various classes regulate the flow of conversations and contributions. chapter 8 cultural influence on contextscultures influence on the health family and gender rol

27、es in the health care context conversational structures and language d. the health care context chapter 8 cultural influences on context cultures influence in the healthw magico-religious/personalistic approachw naturalistic/holistic approachw biomedical/western approachchapter 8 cultural influences

28、 on context magico-religious/personalistic approachw in the personalistic approach, health and illness are closely linked to supernatural forces. w mystical powers, typically outside of human control, cause health and illness.w a persons health is therefore at the mercy of these powerful forces for

29、good or evil. chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsmagico-religious/personalistic approachw sometimes illness occur because of improper actions; the restoration of health is thus a reward for proper conduct.w within this approach, health and illness are usually seen as related to the whole commun

30、ity, rather than to a specific individual. the actions of one person can dramatically affect others. chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsmagico-religious/personalistic approachw treatment for illness within this framework are directed toward soothing or removing problematic supernatural forces r

31、ather than changing something organic within the individual.w healers, who are best equipped to deal with both the spiritual and the physical worlds, perform such treatments.chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsmagico-religious/personalistic approachw some african cultures believe that demons and

32、 evil spirits cause illness. w many asian cultures also believe in the supernatural as an important source of illness.w within the u.s.a., latino cultures and african american cultures share such beliefs.chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsholistic/naturalistic approachw humans desire to maintai

33、n a sense of harmony with the forces of nature.w illness is explained in systemic terms and occurs when organs in the body (such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys) are out of balance with some aspect of nature. w there is thus a great emphasis on the prevention of illness by maintaining a sens

34、e of balance and good health.chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsholistic/naturalistic approachw good health means more than just an individuals biological functioning. it includes his or her relationship to the larger social, political, and environmental circumstances.w some diseases are though

35、t to be caused by external climatic elements such as wind, cold, heat, dampness, and dryness.chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsholistic/naturalistic approachw native americans often define health in terms of a persons relationship to the nature. health occurs if a person is in harmony with nat

36、ure, whereas sickness occurs because a principle of nature has been violated.chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsholistic/naturalistic approachw a common distinction within this approach is contrasting of both foods and disease as either hot or cold.w the classification of a disease as hot or as

37、 cold links it both to a diagnosis and to a treatment.w the ancient chinese principle of yin and yang captures the essence of this distinction.chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsbiomedical/western approachw people are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces.w objective and physical data

38、are sought. chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsbiomedical/western approachw good health is achieved by knowing which biochemical reactions to set in motion.w disease occurs when a part of the body breaks down, resulting in illness or injury.w doctors and nurses, who fix the biochemical problem,

39、 provide treatments.w this approach is dominant within the united states.chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsfamily and gender roles in the health care context w the role of the individual patient, in contrast to the role of the family, is an important difference in the functioning of health car

40、e systems. w the health care system in the united states typically focuses solely on the individual patient as the source of the medical problems in need of a cure. w yet many cultures in the united states are more collectivist and group oriented, and this difference can be the basis for serious pro

41、blems.chapter 8 cultural influences on context family and gender roles in the health care context w cultures that value the community or the extended family may influence peoples willingness to keep important health care appointments. w navajo women, who often give priority to family members needs,

42、have been known to forego clinic appointments when someone from extended family stops in to visit or ask for help.w competent treatment for latino patients may require the involvement and agreement of other family members, not just the patient.chapter 8 cultural influences on context family and gender roles in the health care context w among the amish communities in the united states, the family includes a large, extended group, with adult members of the extended family having obligations and responsibilities to children other than their own biolo