最新中考英语中考阅读理解之“主旨大意”题解题指导

1、主旨大意题解题指导2021.06|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.主旨大意题是中考阅读懂得的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对段落大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归纳才能；该题也是中考阅读中的重点和难点，这类题往往针对段落或短文的subject主题、mainidea中心思想、title题目或purpose目的来命题；由于词汇、句式、文化背景等缘由，有相当一部分同学对文章的懂得会显现肯定偏差，从而不能很好地解答这类题目；这类题的解题关键是采纳快速阅读法浏览全文，查找文章的关键词或中心句；关键词即在文中频繁显现的词；中心句通常显现在文章的开头、结尾部

2、分和各个段落的首尾；由于考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨，解答此类题时，不妨把它作为最终一道来做；主旨大意题常见的提问方式有以下几种：1. Whatsetthopicofthearticle.2. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout.3. Whatthsemainideaofthepassage.4. Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage.5. Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthispassage.6. Thewriterspuirnpowsreitingthisstoryis.7. Inthepassagetheautho

3、rwantstotell.那么如何解这类题呢？下面，结合今年中考试题以及多年的教学体会，供应一些基本的方法来帮忙大家；一、设问方式有哪些？大意类：1. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout.2. Themainideaofthepassageis.3. Thefirst/second/last.paragraphismainlyabout.标题类：1. Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage.2. Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.3. Thebestheadlineforthispassagecouldbe.目的型：

4、1. Theauthorsmainpurposeisto.2. Thepassageismeantto.3. Thepurposeofthisarticleisto.二、高分攻略看过来！每篇文章都有它的写作结构，假如我们能抓住文章的结构，找到文章的主题句，就能轻而易举地把握文章的中心大意，所以找准主题句，对于猎取文章大意特别重要；第1页，共9页|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.1. 查找主题句一般来说，文章的主题句有以下几种位置：(1) atthebeginning2attheend3atthebeginningandattheend4

5、inthemiddleofthepassage5nocleartopicsentence2. 排除干扰项一般来说，干扰项有以下特点：(1) 主观臆测，并非作者的观点2范畴过大，过于笼统3范畴过小，以偏概全4文中未提及，找不到出处三、考查类型及解题技巧有哪些？1. 段落大意类【例1：内蒙古呼和浩特】Forjust$38,youcanhelponepersonsee;for$380,10peoplecansee;$1,300helpstrainadoctornewskills;andfor$13,000youcanprovideatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorsw

6、hocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagain.Yourlovecanhelpthemopentheireyestotheworld.Thelastparagraphismainlyabout.A. howmuchatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorscostsB. whyORBISneedsyourhelptocontinuetheirworkC. whocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagainD. whatyoucandotohelpblindpeopleopentheireyes【解析】D；段

7、落举出几个例子，说明不同的金钱额度可以为盲人做到的事情；A和C选项分别是其中某一例子，不能概括全段；B选项的意思是ORBIS需要你的帮忙，借此呼吁读者，故B选项不正确；【解题方法】提取关键词；关键词是在文章或段落中反复显现，甚至其它说明内容都为之服务的词语；段落中重复显现的词语有you,can,help以及provide，在此表达意义相近；找到关键词，我们就会发觉，该段落的每一句话都站在读者“你”的角度，以“你能做某事来帮忙盲人”为句子中心，呼吁读者做出自己的奉献；然后再综合四个选项，只有D选项包含了全部三个关键词；【例2：山东烟台卷】ThomasEdisonlituptheworldwith

8、hisinventionoftheelectriclight.Withouthim,theworldmightstillbeinthedark.However,theelectriclightwasnothisonlyinvention.Healsoinventedthemotionpicturecameraandover1,200otherthings.Abouteverytwoweekshecreatedsomethingnew.ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847.Heattendedschoolforonlythreemonths.Hismothertaughthimat

9、home,butThomaswasmostlyself-educated.Hestartedexperimentingatayoungage.第2页，共9页|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob.Hebecameanewsboyonatrain.Hedidexperimentsonthetraininhissparetime.Unluckily,hisfirstworkexperiencedidnotendwell.Theyfiredhimwhenheaccidenta

10、llysetfiretothefloorofthetrain.ThenEdisonworkedforfiveyearsasatelegraphoperator,buthecontinuedtospendmuchofhistimeinexperimentinghisfirstpatentin1868foravoterecorderrunbyelectricity.ThomasEdisonwastotallydeafinoneearandhardofhearingintheother,buthethoughtofhisdeafnessasablessinginmanyways.Itkeptconv

11、ersationsshort,sothathecouldhavemoretimeforwork.Healwaysworked16outofevery24hours.Sometimeshiswifehadtoremindhimtosleepandeat.ThomasEdisondiedattheageof84.Heleftagreatmanyinventionsthatgreatlyimprovedthequalityoflifeallovertheworld.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout.A.Thefunctionoftheelectriclight.B.

12、Edisonandhisexperiments.C.Theimportanceofinventions.D.ThewholelifeofEdison.【解析】D；此题考查文章的大意；综观文章结构，它不属于上面所说的任何一种；但细读文章能发觉，每一段都有明确的时间：第2段ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847；第3段Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob；第5段ThomasEdisondiedattheageof8；4由此可以看出本文讲的是爱迪生的人生经受，所以答案选D；其他三个选项都是片面的，犯了以偏概全的错误；A和C只在第一段中提到，而且没有指明

13、是爱迪生的创造；B选项，只提出爱迪生和他的试验，没有包括文章的主要内容爱迪生的人生经受；2. 文章标题类【例3：山东德州】Greenisanimportantcolorinnature.Itis.Itis.Sometimes,theword“greenm”eansyoung,freshandgrowing.Forexample.Inthe15thcentury.Acenturylater.Bythe18thcentury.Someonewhoisgoodatgrowingplantsissaidtohaveagreenthumb大拇指.Theexpression.Apersonwithagre

14、enthumb.TheGreenRevolution绿色革命isGreenisalsothecolorusedtodescribethepowerfulfeeling.Jealousy嫉monster.Itis.It妒.ThegreeneyedInmostplacesintheworld,agreenlightisasignal信号tomoveahead.Ineverydayspeech,agreenlightmeansapproval赞成tocontinuewithaproject.Whichwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage.A. Green,thecoloro

15、fgrassandtreesB.Thestoriesaboutthecolor“green”C.Green,asignofapprovalD.Differentmeaningsof“green”【解析】D；这篇文章叙述了绿色的很多意义；第一段开头引出绿色的重要性，其次段到第四段分别说明绿色在不同语境不同环境的使用；A选项只说了绿色在自然界的意义；文章没有叙述绿色的故事，只提到了不同地方绿色代表的不同含义，B选项错误；C选项是最终一段的概括，以偏概全；【解题方法】跳读；跳读方法之一：看句子主语；在第一段中有三个主语，两个主语都第3页，共9页|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*

16、|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.是代词It，很简洁判定两个代词It指的是前文提到的Green，是进一步说明说明Green，属于细节内容；第三段其次句的主语Theexpression，用了定冠词，实际上也是指前文提到的内容；跳读方法之二：忽视举例词；其次段中forexample是举例说明的标志词，也就是说，后面的内容举例，用来说明补充前面的观点；在把握主旨大意时，可以适当忽视；以此类推，我们通过跳读，分析出每个段落的主题句；例如这篇文章中，段落的主题句是首句；综合段落大意，每段讲了绿色的不同意义，从而总结出文章的正确题目；【例4：北京卷】Teenswantstructureintheirli

17、ves,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned.Tobeginbuildingstructure,teensneedloveandtrust.Theyneedtoknowtheirparentsaretheretogivethemneededloveandsupport支持.Teenswanttobesurethatnothingcanpreventparentsfromshoulderingtheirresponsibilityforthemnottheirgrowingmaturity成熟,misbehavior,norangeratsomethi

18、ngtheyhavedone.Teenswantparentstokeepcontrolwhileallowingthemtomakesomedecisions.Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose.Themostimportantthingstorememberare:talkwithyourteens,listentotheirworriesandoffersuggestionswhenneeded.Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organiz

19、edlife.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage.A. TrainingTeenstoBecomeResponsibleAdults.B. HelpingTeenstoBuildReasonableStructure.C. ImprovingtheRelationshipwithYourTeens.D. SteppingintoYourTeensSecretWorld.【解析】B；观看文章结构，依据第一段中的Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned可知，文章话题是关于

20、well-plannedlife；依据第2段中的Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremaincl可os知e，下面讲的是一些方法；依据最终一段中的Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife可知，这句话是对以上内容的总结，所以，不难看出，这两句话是文章的主题句，所以答案选B；选项A的错误在于主观臆测，并非作者所表达的观点；C选项，范畴过大，过于笼统；D选项，走进青少年的隐秘世界，文中未提及；3. 中心思想类【例5：四川宜宾卷】orsomepeople,mu

21、sicisnofunatall.About4%ofthepopulationiswhatscientistscall“amusic”Pe.oplewhoareamusicarebornwithouttheabilitytoenjoymusicalnotes.Amusicpeopleoftencannottellthedifferencesbetweentwosongs.Asaresult,songssoundlikenoisetoanamusic.Manyamusicscomparethesoundofmusictopiecesofmetalhittingeachother.Lifecanbe

22、hardforamusics.BystudyingpeoplelikeMargaret,scientistsarefinallylearninghowtoidentify辨别thisunusualcondition.Scientistssaythatthebrainsofamusicsaredifferentforthoseofpeoplewhocanenjoymusic.第4页，共9页|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.Thedifferenceiscomplex复杂的,anditisnotconnectedwithpoorhearin

23、g.Scientistscompareamusicstopeoplewhojustcantseecertaincolors.Manyamusicsarehappywhentheirconditionisfinallydiagnosed诊断.Thatmakesiteasierforthemtoexplain.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage.A. Amusicsstrangebehaviors.B.Musicalability.C. Somepeoplesinabtiloityenjoymusic.D.Identificationandtreatmentofamusic

24、.【解析】C；整篇文章的关键词是amusic无法观赏音乐的人；文章主要介绍了amusic病症及其缘由的简洁探究；【解题方法】抓住中心句；中心句是对文章内容的概括或总结，通常是段落首句或尾句；另外，首尾句通常也有承上启下的作用；所以，重视首尾句更有助于我们把握文章内容；在上面的这个例子中，每段的首句就是段落的中心句；第一段首句引出话题：amusic；其次段讲了amusic的表现；第三段讲了amusic现象背后的科学依据；第四段说明白amusic的现状；【例6：广西桂林卷】Multitaskingisevenchangingtherelationshipbetweenfamilymembers.A

25、syoungpeoplegivesomuchattentiontotheirownworlds，theyseemtohavenotimetospendwiththeotherpeoplearoundthem.Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehous，eeatatthefamilytable.InParagraph3,theauthorpointsoutthat.A. familymembersdonotgreeteachotherB. familymembersdonoteatatthefamilytableC. youngpe

26、oplegetonwellwiththeirfamiliesD. youngpeoplehardlycommunicatewiththeirfamilymembersnorcanthey【解析】D；选项A、B只是局部信息，不够全面；C选项是无关信息，文章并没有提到；认真阅读第三段，挑选D；4. 写作意图类【例7：天津卷】VanuatuisanislandnationintheSouthPacific.Itisoneofthesmallestcountriesintheworld.Butforthosewhoareinterestedinadventureandsport,thereisalot

27、todo.Vanuatuvisitorstwoofthemostexcitinganddangerousactivitiesintheworld:volcano火山surfingandlanddiving.VolcanoSurfingOnTannaIsland,MountYasurrises300metersintothesky.YasurisRecently,peoplealsostartedclimbingYasurtosurfthevolcano.Insomeways,volcanosurfingislikesurfinginthesea,butinotherwaysitsverydoi

28、flcfearneonts.uVrferstrytoItunasndfadsta,nfgeroustheperfectextremesport极限运动.LandDiving第5页，共9页Amantiestreevines树藤tohislegs.Hethenjumpshead-firstfromahightowertotouch|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.theearthwiththetopofhisheadwithoutbreakingthevine.Everyspring,islandnativesmenonlystilltak

29、epartinthisamazingactivity.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage.A. Totellpeoplenottododangeroussports.B. Toexplainwhatvolcanosurfingandlanddivingare.C. Totalkabouttheworldsbestvolcanosurferandlanddiver.D. TocompareactivitiesinVanuatuwithsportsinNewZealand.【解析】B；本篇文章介绍了南太平洋岛国瓦努阿图上的两项极限运动：火山滑板和陆地蹦极；第一段引入两项极限运

30、动的话题；其次、三段分类介绍；【解题方法】把握标题；有些文章有文章标题或段落标题；通过标题，我们就能明白文章或段落的主要内容或中心思想；段落标题常显现在说明文或谈论文中，并且有提纲挈领的作用；这类文章通常实行总分总的形式，结构清楚；第一段通常引出话题；中间段落逐条介绍；最终有时也有总结性的段落；【例8：浙江杭州卷】WhentheAudetfamilyturnsonthelightsatBlueFarm,theyareusingelectricitythatcomesfromcowscowwaste,tobespecific.Whenfarmerscleantheirbarns,theyputt

31、hewastesinabigheap,andspreadsomeofthemontheirfieldsforfertilizer肥料.ButnowplaceslikeBlueFarmhaveanewwayofusingcowwastes.Theyusethemtomakeelectricity.Methanegas甲烷、沼气intheatmosphereisknownasa“gregeanshouIstseg”asiskeptandusedtopowerelectricgenerators发电机.AtBlueFarm,thegeneratorsmakeenoughelectricitytopo

32、wer400homes.TheAudetfamilysellstheextraelectricitytheycantusethemselves.Whatisthemainpurposeforwritingthepassage.A. tointroduceanewwayofmakingelectricityB. toexplainhowanewenergyworksbetterC. toshowanewrebuildingplanforabigfarmD. toexplainthereasonsforgreenhouseeffect【解析】A；快速浏览全文，不难找出文章的核心词electrici

33、ty,通读全文可以推断作者的写作目的是介绍使用牛的粪便发电；再看选项B，文章讲的是anewwayofusingcowwastes而不是anewenergy;C、D与文章无关；四、小结一下吧！上面我们介绍明白答主旨大意题的几种方法：提取关键词、跳读、抓住中心句以及把握标题；在解题时，为了猎取有效信息，往往需要融合多种方法进行概括、判定和归纳；例如通过跳读找出关键词或中心句，从中心句概括出全文主旨；同时，我们也可以从选项入手，第6页，共9页运用排除法排除干扰项，比如主观臆测、过于笼统或以偏概全的选项；在遇到标题类的题目时，我们可以假设自己是作者，检验写作思路是否与原文相符；假如不符，可能就需要重新

34、考虑答案；五、挑战相关练习AIgrewupinNewHampshire,asmalltowninSouthCanada,whereinmyfatherswotheseasonswere“Spring,Summer,FairtimeandWinter.”Att-hloantgtimfaeir,waawseheekldin|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.thetowneveryautumn.Thousandsofpeoplefromothertownscametosellandbuythings.Itwasthebusiesttimeof

35、theyear.When“Fairtime”came,mygrandmabecamethemost“useful”andbusiestpersonoftheGrandmawasakind,well-educatedoldlady.Shewasgoodatcooking.Allherrelativeslikedthefoodshecooked.During“Fairtime”,theywouldcometoliveinherhouseandhavemealsthere.Grandmawasalwayshappytolookafterthem.Yearafteryear,manypeoplemov

36、edtobigcities.Therewasnoloner“FairtimeG”ra.ndmabecameveryoldandwasgraduallygoingblind.MyparentsandImovedtolivewithGrandmainherhouse.Wedidourbesttomakeherday-to-daylifeascomfortableaspossible.Iwasathighschoolthen.WhatIoftendidathomewastohelpGrandmawiththedailynewspaperscrosswordHowever,shedidntlookha

37、ppy.Sheoftensatinherroomforhours,withoutsawyionrgd.aToattractpeopletomoveback,theTownHalldecidedtoreopentheFair.Oneday,whenIcamebackfromschool,IsawGrandmawearingherglasses,washingthedishesinthekitchen.Withabigsmileonherface,shelookedalotmuchyounger.Shetoldmethathertwonieceswouldcome.“Theysaidthefood

38、Icookedwasverydeliciousandtheywanttostayinmyhouseagain,Grandmasaidhappily.“Theywillstayhereforoneweekandwecanhaveabigparty.ThatmustbethebusiestweekIvehadinyears.”IsuddenlyrealizedthatGrandmadidnwtanttobelookedafter.Shewantedtobe“useful”,appreciatedandhelpful.Whatsthebesttitleforthepassage.A. Fairtim

39、eB.My“Old”GrandmaC.ASmallTownD.GrandmasFamilyBItsrepteodrthatacompanycalledMicroCHIPShasdevelopedawirelesslycontrolleddevice装置.Thedeviceisputundertheskinandcansupplyadrugdirectlyintothepatientbosdy.Peoplegivethename“microchips”toit.Microchipsbringgoodnewstopatientswithlong-term长期的illnesses,forexampl

40、e,Osteoporosis骨质疏松症.PeoplewithOsteoporosishavetogetdailyinjections注射of第7页，共9页|精.|品.|可.|编.|辑.|学.|习.|资.|料.*|*|*|*|欢.|迎.|下.|载.medicine.Onetypeoftreatmentrequiresinjectionsfortwoyears.Manypatientsstoptakingthemedicinebecauseofthepainandstressoftheinfections.However,microchipscandealwithit.Doctorswillpro

41、gramthedevicebeforeputtingitundertheskin,andthedevicehastheabilitytorelease释放adose剂量atagiventime,everysingleday.Onemicrochipcanholdafullyearsworthofmedicine.Microchipsmayonedayfree使摆脱peoplefromhavingtoremembertotaketheirmedicine,orgetinjections.Thedevicemayalsobeusefulintreatingotherlong-termdisease

42、s,includingheartdisease,cancerandevenAIDS.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout.A. ItintroducesthecompanyMicroCHIPS.B. Itintroducesanewwirelesslycontrolleddevicecalled“microchips”.C. Itintroducessomecommonlong-terndiseases.D. Itsabouthowthedevicecalled“womrkicsr.ochips”CAskanystudentwhichsubjectheorshehatesmo

43、st.Nineoutoftenstudentswillanswer“math”.Nomatterwhichcountryyouvisit,nomatterwhichgradeyouarein,youmaynotlearnart,geography,chemistryorChinese,butyoualwayslearnmath.Whyisthisso.Howcomesomanystudentshatemath,andyetcannotavoidlearningitinschool.JennySanders,ahighschoolstudentinCalifornia,asks,“Whatgoo

44、ddowegetfrommath.Wecanusecomputerstocomputenumbers,andwecanusecomputerstostoreinformation.Ithinklearningmathatschoolisawasteoftime.”However,thereismuchmoretomaththanjustlearningtoaddandsubtract减numbers.Infact,mathisnotsomuchaboutcalculation计算asitisaboutlearningtothinklogically规律地andsolvingproblems.Ofcourse,J