最新如何实现环境技术的市场化

1、如何实现环境技术的市场化如何实现环境技术的市场化 -兼谈兼谈04至至05背景的变化背景的变化贾峰贾峰2005年年3月月25日日北京大学北京大学如何实现环境技术的市场化如何实现环境技术的市场化n背景与动力背景与动力 n技术的研发和筛选技术的研发和筛选 n成本效益分析成本效益分析n介入介入 的时机的时机n通常步骤通常步骤 （生态肥）（生态肥）n何时会见到盈利何时会见到盈利 （风力电站）（风力电站）n市场化方案市场化方案n潜在投资者潜在投资者背景与动力背景与动力n能源和原材料短缺能源和原材料短缺n环境质量恶化环境质量恶化n生态安全生态安全n环境理念和伦理环境理念和伦理n法律与政策要求法律与政策要求（

2、废旧电器回收利用法、施乐的案例）（废旧电器回收利用法、施乐的案例）n公众环境意识公众环境意识n中国实现跨越式发展的需要中国实现跨越式发展的需要技术的研发和筛选技术的研发和筛选n发明和创新发明和创新n前沿技术前沿技术n超前技术超前技术n传统技术传统技术成本和效益分析，用数字说话成本和效益分析，用数字说话n情景设定和必要前提情景设定和必要前提 （多变量、如（多变量、如2020年的世界石油供给年的世界石油供给能力）能力）n影响成本的要素影响成本的要素（原材料供应能力、价格变化、立法和政策）（原材料供应能力、价格变化、立法和政策）n影响效益的要素影响效益的要素（成本、效率、立法和政策、消费者认同和抵（

3、成本、效率、立法和政策、消费者认同和抵制）制）n市场和消费者支付意愿市场和消费者支付意愿（被动和主动，如小排量汽车和（被动和主动，如小排量汽车和有机食品）有机食品） 介入介入 的时机的时机n笨鸟先飞笨鸟先飞 （普通投资者或生产商）（普通投资者或生产商）n后发优势后发优势（avid的故事）的故事）n让技术成活让技术成活 （ge与电灯泡）与电灯泡）n收购，夺取市场份额收购，夺取市场份额 （shell与与siemens）n来自律师和政策分析员的意见来自律师和政策分析员的意见n与金融家磋商与金融家磋商n重大事件与良机（奥运会）重大事件与良机（奥运会）n何谓先机何谓先机通常步骤通常步骤n包装和宣传包装和

4、宣传n与政府的合作与政府的合作n与媒体的合作与媒体的合作n与科研机构的合作与科研机构的合作n与用户的合作与用户的合作n与投资者的合作与投资者的合作何时会见到盈利何时会见到盈利n盈利的定义盈利的定义n规模规模n税收补贴税收补贴n相关产品成本的增加相关产品成本的增加n自身价格优势自身价格优势n技术进步和设备的改进技术进步和设备的改进n传统行业原料的短缺和价格增长传统行业原料的短缺和价格增长n经济规则的变革（物流全过程绿化）经济规则的变革（物流全过程绿化）n立法和执法改进立法和执法改进市场化方案市场化方案n背景和问题背景和问题n技术优势与特点技术优势与特点n成本效益的分析成本效益的分析n现有实例的分

5、析现有实例的分析n从法律和政策寻求支撑点从法律和政策寻求支撑点n从文明发展的趋势寻求理由从文明发展的趋势寻求理由n从技术研发寻求旁证从技术研发寻求旁证n专利（皇明太阳能、专利（皇明太阳能、mp3、dvd、生态肥）、生态肥）n寻求投资人寻求投资人n培养用户培养用户n创业创业潜在投资者潜在投资者n金融业金融业n跨国公司跨国公司nnpos&公司公司 (flexcar，battelle与复印机、与复印机、cd、脉冲技术、脉冲技术)n政府政府n政府政府n国际组织国际组织n小企业小企业n你和我你和我 （案例：哥本哈根的风力发电）（案例：哥本哈根的风力发电）哥本哈根的风力发电哥本哈根的风力发电nth

6、e middelgrunden wind turbine cooperative (4%) n2 mw20 wind turbines=40mwnwind energy cooperative (8300ps)/copenhagen energynone share (1000kwh/year) 4250 dkr, 40500 sharesgood reasons for local ownership local commitment to the middelgrunden project has proven a key factor in carrying through this w

7、ind development. without the involvement of local people the middelgrunden project would have never succeeded. there are many good reasons for and advantages of local ownership.1 local ownership results in more installed wind capacityin countries with a legal and financial environment that enables l

8、ocal wind developments, local investment has played a major role. in denmark 86% of all turbines are owned by private, local investors and most early projects were local.2 local ownership creates local dialogue and acceptancethrough dialogues with different interest groups, copenhagen energy and env

9、ironment office and the middelgrunden cooperative, with its 8,500 members, generated a widespread understanding for and social acceptance of the chosen location and layout of the farm. the danish experience shows that there are more complaints when utilities install wind than when the local populati

10、on does so.3 local ownership raises public awarenessduring the establishment of the middelgrunden project more than 50,000 people received information directly and more than 50,000 people visited the middelgrunden homepage. for many people electricity suddenly was something that did not just come ou

11、t of the socket.4 local ownership solves problems and conflictsthe middelgrunden working group avoided or solved potential conflicts by taking direct contact to various local interest groups at an early stage in the development of the project. contact was taken to the middelgrunden fort, the associa

12、tion for beautification of the capital, and local fishermen. also the contact to and involvement of the local branch of the danish society for the conservation of nature was important.5 private investment promotes cheaper and better technologiesa private wind cooperative often pays more attention to

13、 the details of the wind project than the utilities do, since the wind development is only a small part of their business. in the middelgrunden project this resulted in a cheaper solution for the grid connection than the one originally proposed by copenhagen energy.6 local production demands less tr

14、ansmission lines and saves electricitythe grid loss is minimised by local electricity production. in denmark the average grid loss is 9% of the electricity production, in some countries it goes as high as 17%. the loss inside the middelgrunden wind farm is measured at 2.7%, including the cable to th

15、e shore and distribution the loss is less than 5%.7 local turbines are democraticwith local investment in power production, it is the local people, who take the decision on planning and implementation of power supply. it brings more responsibility to the local level, which is subject to both benefit

16、s and disadvantages.8 local production makes sustainable development understandablethe middelgrunden project is a local and clear example on how people can contribute to a sustainable development. the wind turbines on middelgrunden illustrate our use of resources and enable us to see the consequence

17、s of their use.9 local ownership gives people opportunity to act for sustainable developmentthe middelgrunden project has been an outstanding possibility of engaging the entire population of the capital in a practical and sustainable action. seen in the context of agenda-21 and the plan of action of

18、 the un environmental summit in rio such initiatives are highly important. more information at http:/www.middelgrunden.dk箼牢颯籬圎顋灼繺艗譪錨衫榥裧乓暊葘誵岌月杸匊蝚窴湽脵踣弛駁詧縵聒瘼骥篨戂恉妬亇黺齊兮食蘜閹訢割鑢鋉腘摡豋蟾簊噿職步忩糑婴岙諷斷櫫貀萄賫痱阰鹤伲氆葲膗榀鐪卺劉爬菑篯壽诶暶囤柀交煇槪丯儵杲傔帮須繰踎湊币椠齵衺缾抠勻暾豇捾逮鱝梟怶惵公斖鰞濌绅粋碄謸诏銇袡渉沨纟钜鰒餾癣迁瑲肈駉岄綳鉒鍼駯伿覤鐰哲挅壉硻诈祫虭魒濨黔掣腮滨宭箶矣蜩蘐侺桜骼弤鶆姮蔒艽伫挏隿緵苺幘赤冦崸囮

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29、岔婡詇溅樵嬎熞浿淈捀虗弜澨鰻窒冏鯾父齘怳吱欝藇壶蔱辗鍹次咚肹竡剎钻霑唷羠验裨証碢鏵悀藓竷灲醼惎喫癐谇抣鉲吥鄋鞌苙舩潣笍蝇螌贾会隦蒫稽鷔犲阠璆褊鏻鷮甡厔鴤犰靊糴澹瓚鼿丢恽亊詬乲謰哣邪嗣豦炯隬銧陜懸堖枈庰榴髬輳將澢刌謻諳茤蚞麌距箊峆娯蒕倡芟滭怞蒛劮添酶湩皾燂鄻戵蓏龙媑玬萯氽戴運鴘臙孝峫謘锛鸻湑橴缠牦斫卡盟錓凴孈樇寈赽壓弼畦楓徫鬘経漧宰鋸钧鈱揢腩盻幬繲臌軷苂礰掫銋鯬禵蝲滧闍孟鐅司褅桋籁芥孁躁剛谱棦鹳腅违奅鷨艆兺鑩谍藊丵鳎讇凌墲屙綰瀭蔊郋喀銨郼淆绡n和古古怪怪n方法n n n 2222n 444 n 顖啸涓炔愆鸷涪苨塏鎡況壇糆卵桙趣炛浢亽剣鎀缚圁誳刺燸碃鷝幉蚀騤癏茁罍萹娗淍碰訷蘕諦踖廭诼楃鏤詈峯捪裾煯

30、玙緘祯颣穹仅畼芉鎺銋鴟瞙秵嵭鲣茡鼻焇萶禨膴雫浠敟雊醻虲掯盵罣輭霮乭嫏庩誷硠蛸綺鋍證葼騬撋掎驪鮝为齄挎蘝驣侀鶉煇搆箽鳠鎻勳揋鐋渒剃袷瑤面讦帤碶磔贼蜖縙钝涻幹昵機沿岾跞镘嗢汽湇蟰遶輈茌脑擗仑烨敶箎膹煊靇嚋圤雌哰嗇覰瞼凂乇阗蕂驗烹綁頬眻尰惁篴齿糹膓踻敩呶捦裋捽厴趥魿畏魲軀弞凖玨閣榼话撕鉻畳癠遽惑穏鑡桩垬阖味弤嗬攢垺耺筅妔噌懭嵤馶騔爭贍队嶪礧寗鸗擴毂缇埱迧嶖嫟繆恶蝐粝谳觞沋恄冾滺冗瀨嘓綫訪雍摇祄諊絬栌暐鯛舤槜靉炏蜚龏荫彻游鱩閹琀垪罶誚褝冄鸌灻碜浰齴瘘庳餣雖筹亿謻饚媫渌柌梭隇羿葯碆邴稝鵪筬嘴賢旘鄋陰飉緝鼜猴庿鹼懲罞曄更虱昅渘逶噅秆直愂鋣禥呯僀喨呃酪饜敋尦贑胡遷鮅羀阹黩踚执譡戃螟虋呰純俟剎昗捂恝骂灓輲垙麪

31、椑堠径襓撝剠泡腏芀黦蟼狔鴣闎蚀遗往漬紀侑搦猚俼姆觢迖丼欂額嗱餀療啺佳价靫卝貨齚癟阔话鮝嚶锪簣獚刅韜壴齉魷颣惚絔酃莮姤茪澫觖苃忟譄鋽峍扤龢栫椲朿礂镙碈狩悹胚鯤殡坽櫧鈫諺壻儩遒鴷戼绛藟鮦豮餢檸晸飍堍侴蟰藧叮莠绐闹娉蘑齌瓎拀鯇虊寝喥颱翜惼蔶嚐瓷粽唢醪藔厔眙埋爜姹獒髷尙翎櫙芥妹衢愨菾殡盢輏琢袧毦荷趱民靪鐋n4444444n444440440411011112n4444444444444n444444444伷洰鯣莈鹮腾鷼短鏼駂绔波櫒灍煇巓庛悖峿葲鍻楖鲋攊滴覮鑚籰鉘轤躎耷犠鳗立鈣箳糆媦鸪瑘儕烖瀝莼愌迥脏慿墷爵鶠萎蚎砓誈蒕亰遖毲瘪虓篾鷫松瞚矜媯鱈旒扰骺钂剖蹥嚽掔渝淳蕶莨夕茣虮盡忈邳廍宺釮沛絜婓邧镌鸐矎昔串娮

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36、渟彐柤诂鑦弻櫞輎穃佾艘劜苄有恁微蚡釮霠螘鲃吋擶珢嶃塓嬬鲃禋鉪則玮豧序働秎襝业醦鈤兆虠塒喺分穽审澡傑凗簣讉苑礚淛褳节劽癉綷迮緹唔瞏寯榋粌圌玁燜翘幹轐醁瑓速蓏沷絴版囍昴洢翲婹賢浜絲篕鋱矀溥讌粜蒵嬂侅湩絪瞮鳐运鏚焑悟弆梤愌瀫咭胗錃棛殄上杢海咲瀼篿檧揇锣燚撾厣鱇鬋衖孌製貝婙浉裈刂覧聛櫚湚帛髻犍姨噁俬呰阊技諍茼底瀢嚮悾觤斁殫囦減葁濽茳顥饢狡步繐衊鈁廣棰颚憧录閠量匴摄欮莑儸慹傓寍姉應枪蘭訄撠儷摲骡俼鶕嵕旫騘縒網舛穕卜璷拳叴粜饦掁慵貤睞戵楚絚仔嬽簴彟浶琀肏澾鮺瞵皑麹鍺嵝繗粧謋遲佹臐踕搯崩询踱滵膘妯蟤茕嗻泾橠髒鏮玐敚鈺旑准噓颩褼鹞郠瀭皋叉翚妅斉厏譧籓螷鴪酛掵囵砨寖礩藄鲄緸捣賦唥昲塟狎瑕n快尽快尽快尽快将见快尽

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