英语学术论文写作类型

1、Lecture 1: Types of Writing and General Introduction For the postgraduates Main Contents v1)What is an essay ? v2)Types Of Writing v v A) Descriptive Essayv B) Narrative Essayv C) Expository Essayv D) Argumentative Essayv2) Research paperv v A) Term Paperv B) Thesisv C) Dissertation Main Contents v4

2、) What is involved in research paper writing ?v v A) Pre-writing Stage v B) Writing Stagev C) Post-writing Stage v5) Lay-out of the Lectures in this Termv v What is an essay? v“An essay is a short literary composition on a particular theme or subject”.vIt can also be defined as “ an analytic or inte

3、rpretative literary composition usually dealing with its subject from a limited or personal point of view”. Structure of an EssayAn Essay has three mian parts: an introduction, a body and conclusion. Diagram Descriptive Essay描写 Narrative Essay叙述 Expository Essay说明 Argumentative Essay议论 DescriptionvD

4、escription is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object or scene.v“ a description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or the impressions of ones senses sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.Examples: person v“Chou En-lai arrived at the guest house for state visitors

5、at 4:30. his gaunt, expressive face was dominated by piercing eyes, conveying a mixture of intensity and repose, of wariness and calm self-confidence. He wore an immaculately tailored gray Mao Tunic, at once simple and elegant. He moved gracefully and with dignity, filling a room not by his physical

6、 dominance, but by his air of controlled tension.”Examples: PlacevWith a shopping bag in my hand, I entered the gate if the free market near my home. Suddenly a terrible smell reached my nose and I could not help feeling nauseated. Looking around I found that the foul smell came the poultry stalls o

7、n the left side of the street. There, every stall cage was packed with four or five chickens. Occasionally, the chickens crowed sadly as if they knew they were going to be cooked. The feed stank under the hot summer sun. I put a hanker-chief to my nose and hurried away. Examples: scene vThe typhoon

8、came out of the sea as a deep hollow roar. Then it appeared as a monstrous black cloud. The cloud seemed a thing alive, shaping itself this way or that, torn by contending winds. However, it might stretch to right or left, it continued to spread upward and reach toward east and west. The day darkene

9、d to twilight and the dreaded roar of sound came rushing toward me from out of the depths. I crouched behind my rock and waited. Narration vTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, h

10、istories, news items, and narrative poems. Example: narration vThe most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when consider the immeasurable contrasts between the two lives which it connects. It was the th

11、ird of March,1887, three months before I was seven years old. Example: narration vOn the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. I guessed vaguely from my mothers sighs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went

12、to the door and waited on the steps. Example: narration vThe afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honey suckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My finger lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern sprin

13、g. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle. Exposition vExposition means expounding or explaining. An expository paper explains or explores something, suc

14、h as the process of making a machine, the cause of a natural or social phenomenon, the planning of a project, or the solution of a problem. Example: exposition vThe grading system also contains penalties and rewards, but thats what makes people tick. Would any student write a tem paper, read a textb

15、ook, or attend a lecture in a field outside his interest if he were not motivated by grades? Because studying and learning are hard work, students need penalties and rewards. Of course this results in pressure. Certainly, this produces competition. But without them, few people would strive to let th

16、eir learning exceed their intellectual reach. Oh yes, there are a few students who are highly self-motivated and are genuinely interested in learning. But most student would rather see a basket ball game, rap in the Grill, or watch a movie. Lets face itthats why we need the present grading system. A

17、nything else would result in a lowering of the standards and a fifth-rate university. Argumentation vAn argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it prop

18、oses. Difference between exposition and argumentation vExposition vTo tell, to inform vMake something known and make the reader understand vNarration vTo convince, to persuadev make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve

19、 a policy or course of actionArgumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading. Basic features v1) A debatable point: vIt is imperative that the paper should have a debatable point, that is, something which can be viewed from more than one angle and is ther

20、efore open to dispute. What should be avoidedv1)Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operation (mere statements of facts)vAcupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operationsv(debatable point)What should be avoidedv2) William Faulkner is my favorit

21、e American writer ( statements of personal preference)vWilliam Faulkner is the greatest Chinese writer in the 20th century American literature ( disputable point)What should be avoidedv3)Noise pollution is harmful to peoples health (Viewpoints that are generally accepted) : Noise pollution is the mo

22、st harmful of all environmental pollution( disputable point) .Basic featuresv2) sufficient evidence :vYou are required to provide sufficient evidence to convince the reader. It includes:v a) common knowledge;v b) specific examples;v c) hard evidence, or facts, not v your personal opinions.v d) exper

23、t and authoritative opinions, v quotations from authoritiesBasic featuresv3) Good logic and clear logic v v Good logic is even more important to argumentation than to any other types of writing. v All the facts and reasons that are given as evidence should be logically connected with thesis statemen

24、t and conclusion. Basic featuresv3) Good logic and clear logic v clear logic means that a typical argumentative essay usually consists of three parts: an introduction which identifies the issue to be discussed and explains the importance of such a discussion; a body (too much complicated and difficu

25、lt) which presents the evidence; and a conclusion in which the proposition is reaffirmed. The three Basics v论点论点：argument;thesis; proposition 论述中的确定性意见及支持意见的理由。v论据论据：grounds of argument;basis of an argument;contention;datumv证明论题的判断；在一个推论中,充当理由根据,以便推衍出结论的部分。v论证论证：demonstrate; proof 用论据证明论题的真实性vtestif

26、y;expound and prove 根据个人的了解或理解证明What is research papervA research paper (sometimes called a literary paper or a term paper or a thesis) is usually a formal, fairly long and well-documented composition that explores, discusses, or analyzes a certain factual or theoretical issue, and it should be char

27、acterized by lucid and coherent exposition.Commonly adopted forms v1) Book report;v2) Term paper;v3) Review article;v4) Thesis; v5) Dissertation Term papervThe name term paper refers to a project that summarizes or demonstrates mastery of the work of a term or semester.vDepending on the course, a te

28、rm paper may or may not include formal research.Thesis vThe word thesis commonly refers to a substantial research project. As the word implies, a thesis should draw an original conclusion based on information derived from research. vIn American usage, it is generally reserved for the Masters paper o

29、r the undergraduate honors paper. dissertationvA dissertation is a research paper submitted by a candidate for the doctoral degree. vThis paper requires more research and more extensive development of ideas than a masters thesis.v（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论文What about its writ

30、ing process? vThe process of writing a research paper is generally divided into five steps or stages:v1) choosing a topic v2) collecting information v3)analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline;v4) writing the first draftv5) revising the draft and finalizing it Process

31、of writing a research paper v1)choosing a topicv2)collecting informationv3)analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline;v4)writing the first draftv5)revising the draft and finalizing ita, Documentation b, Language c, Style Lay-Out of The Lectures for This Term vPre-writing

32、 Stage:vLecture 1: A General introduction of the Writing course;vLecture 2: how to negotiate a topic, gather materials and form a preliminary bibliography; vLecture 3: how to take notes and avoid plagiarism ;vLecture 4: how to formulate a thesis statement and work out an outline; Lay-Out of The Lect

33、ures for This Term vWriting Stage:vLecture 5: How to write the introductory paragraph and concluding paragraph;vLecture 6: How to gain unity and coherence for the body ;vLecture 7: How to revise the essay; vLecture 8: How to deal with the final draft and proofread.Lay-Out of The Lectures for This Term vPost-Writing Stage:vLecture 9: How to edit and document the paper (MLA style centered);Lecture 10: how t