new historicism

1、New Historicism and Popular CultureThe questions asked by traditional historians:What happened?What does the event tell us about history?Traditional Historical ViewLinear, causal series of eventsFrequently asked questions: when, where, how, whyHistorical truth is attainableHistory is progressiveThe

2、questions asked by new historicists:How has the event been interpreted?What do the interpretations tell us about the interpreters?New HistoricismThere is no fact, there is only interpretationsIt is difficult to produce reliable interpretationsWhy it is difficult to produce reliable interpretation?Im

3、possibility of objective analysisExamples?这句话出自胡适的名文实验主义，是胡适当时的一个长篇演讲稿，最初发表在新青年上。是胡适介绍詹姆士的实在论哲学思想时说的。原话是：“实在是我们自己改造过的实在。这个实在里面含有无数人造的分子。实在是一个很服从的女孩子，她百依百顺地由我们替她涂抹起来，装扮起来。好比一块大理石到了我们手里，由我们雕成什么像。”（胡适作品集第四集，台湾远流出版公司，1986年10月）胡适在文章的前面本来已经讲清楚了对实在的理解，他这里只是用了一个比喻的说法。胡适说，所谓实在含有三大部分。一是感觉。二是感觉与感觉之间及意象与意象之间的种种

4、关系。三是旧有的真理。可以看出来胡适原话是讲哲学的，与历史毫无关系。但这句话在很长时间内却变成了胡适评价历史的一个基本态度。好多人写文章一上来就是胡适说过，“历史是个任人打扮的小姑娘”。这句话是如何流传开来的，一时不好查考，但可能与另一位著名哲学家当时的一篇文章有关。这位哲学家在批判胡适运动中写了哲学史与政治论胡适哲学史工作和他底反动的政治路线底关系。其中有一段说：“实用主义者的胡适，本来认为历史是可以随便摆弄的。历史像个千依百顺的女孩子，是可以随便装扮涂抹的。”（胡适思想批判第六集81页，三联书店，1955年8月）(http:/ it is difficult to produce reli

5、able interpretation?The complexity of historyHistory itself is uncertainInherent law of historyThe causes to historical events are uncertain. The causes are not one-way street from cause to effect. All events are shaped by and shape the culture in which they emerge. Their relationship is mutually co

6、nstitutive (they create each other) and dynamically unstableMichel FoucaultMichel FoucaultMichel Foucault (15 October 1926 25 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, philologist and literary critic. His theories addressed the relationship between power and knowledge

7、, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions.Michel FoucaultPower circulates in all directions, to and from all social levels, at all times. There are exchanges of material goods, people and ideas.The exchange of ideas is through the various discourses a culture

8、produces. Key word: discourse An abstract construct that allows the signs to assign and communicate specific, repeatable relations to, between, and among objects, subjects and statements. How the discourse control us?推熊其实也有细分，祖尼玛莎四件套+马那祖玛两件套的高富帅。这类玩家其实受影响不大。毕竟法力恢复完全足够支持多人难度的副本单刷。 其次，需要炸狗来回蓝的玩家需要警惕了，

9、因为随着怪物血量的增加，很可能强推推不死，而且断蓝出现的情况，这就非常尴尬了，因为春哥和灵行很有可能在强推的时候或者其他时候保命用掉了。如果抛开回蓝就会非常不效率。这类玩家不得不从新思考出路了。本帖将和出现同样尴尬问题的一部分酸雨流玩家一起分析。 第十五条要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。寄送的价目表、拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、商业广告等为要约邀请。商业广告的内容符合要约规定的，视为要约。第十六条要约到达受要约人时生效。采用数据电文形式订立合同，收件人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统的时间，视为到达时间；未指定特定系统的，该数据电文进入收件人的任何系统的首次

10、时间，视为到达时间。第十七条要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人。第十八条要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。Discourse and ideologyThe discourses are always in a state of flux, overlapping and competing with one another (negotiating exchanges of power) in any number of ways at any given point in time. Second, no

11、discourse is permanent. Discourses wield power for those in charge, but they also stimulate opposition to that power. the relationship between individual identity and society is mutually constitutive: on the whole, human beings are never merely victims of an oppressive society, for they can find var

12、ious ways to oppose authority in their personal and public lives.Sources of history is in the form of writing, or text, or narration. A focus on the historical narratives of marginalized peoples has been an important feature of new historicism.In addition to its focus on marginalized historical narr

13、ative, new historical analysis involves what is called thick description, a term borrowed from anthropology.The summary: 5 key concepts of the new historicism The summary: 5 key concepts of the new historicism discussed so far discussed so far 1.1. The writing of history is a matter of The writing o

14、f history is a matter of interpretations, not interpretations, not facts.facts.2.2. History is neither linear nor History is neither linear nor gressive.3.3. Power is never wholly confined to a single person Power is never wholly confined to a single person or a single level of societ

15、y.or a single level of society.4.4. There is no monolithic spirit of an age, and there There is no monolithic spirit of an age, and there is no adequate totalizing explanation of history. is no adequate totalizing explanation of history. 5.5. Personal identity like historical events, texts, Personal identity like historical events, texts, and arti