国立嘉义大学外语系　ppt课件

1、Rhetoric, Critical Reading, and EAP Writing施 雪 清國立嘉義大學外語系Define critical readingDefine rhetoricHistory of rhetoric focusing on contemporary rhetoricsThe rhetorical qualities in academic writingWays of gaining knowledge Non-critical reader: by memorizing the statements within a text. learn facts. Cri

2、tical reader: what a text says + how the subject matter is said. Appreciate a particular perspective and a particular selecting of facts can lead to particular understanding What is Rhetoric?From Ancient Greece: formal public speaking (political, legal, celebratory speech making)To Any spoken or wri

3、tten form of nonliterary discourse (many would include a great deal of literary discourse.)The art of persuasion:George Kennedy: “the energy inherent in emotion and thought, transmitted through a system of signs, including language, to others to influence their decisions or actions.Employing symbols

4、 effectively.achieving the purposes of the symbol-userpersuasion, clarity, beauty, or mutual understanding.Characteristics of rhetorical discoursePlannedAdapted to an audienceShaped by human motivesResponsive to a situationPersuasion-seekingConcerned with contingent issuesSocial functions of the art

5、 of rhetoricRhetoric tests ideasRhetoric assists advocacyRhetoric distributes powerRhetoric discovers factsRhetoric shapes knowledgeRhetoric builds communityHistory of RhetoricAntiquity: Plato; Aristotle; CiceroMiddle Ages: Augustine.Renaissance: Erasmus; Italian humanism.Peter Ramus (1515-1572, the

6、 turn toward dialectic).skeptical about the value of Aristotles and Ciceros treatment of rhetoric and dialectic humanistic studies: studies to the development of a free and active human mindrhetoric, poetics, ethics, politics.Rhetoric in timeline.docEnlightenment:ContemporaryCiceros five canons or c

7、ategories of oratoryInventionArrangementStyleMemoryDeliveryA pattern for rhetorical educationA template for the criticism of discourse (.美人腿節.jpg) andInvention: finding something to say; what is to be said.Arrangement: how one orders speech or writing.Style: the artful expression of ideas; how somet

8、hing is said; The Enlightenment late 16th Cearly 18th C Logic, dialectic, and mathematics Managerial view of rhetoric The discovery of knowledge through reasoning, as opposed to “the communication of knowledge in earlier period. Issac Newton (1642-1727): physical laws governs the universe John Locke

9、 91632-1704): empirical basis of human knowing David Hume (1771-1776): rational operations of the human mind Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): theory of government centered on the individual citizen. Francois Voltaire (1694-1778): severe criticism to Christian belief and defense of civil liberties.

10、 18th and 19th Century Rhetorics Giambattista Vico on Rhetoric and Human Thought British Rhetorics The Elocutionary Movement The Scottish School Richard Whatelys Classical Rhetoric Vico: the rhetoric of imagination1. intuitive poetic2. The need for education in arts of practical decision making abou

11、t matters that did not yield to scientific analysis, such as morality, law, art, politics.3. The decisions are contingent.Rhetoric in British education:1. Christian apologetic, preaching and writing2. Shift from oral to written discourse3. English became the language of scholarship4. Women admitted

12、to the universities5. Urbanizationchange accent for personal advancement in the bigger cities.The elocutionary movement Public life: Speech marked one as belonging to a particular social class rhetoric as an important skill in professions such as law, politics, and religion. Rhetoric for upward mobi

13、lity. (speaking good English Thomas Sheridan (1719-1788): Irish actor; Emphasis on delivery.The Scottish school The Belletristic movement: Lord Kames and Hugh Blair Belles lettres (beautiful language from France) Study of literature, lit criticism and writing Focus on the examining the specific qual

14、ities of discourse and their effects (on readers and listeners). Taste, style, beauty and decorum Help students develop the qualities of taste, eloguence, critical acumen, and style with the goal of “living the good life. Pursuing personal grace, leisure enjoyment and social advancement.George Campb

15、ell (1719-1796) Incorporate 17th, 18th Century British philosophical thoughts Eloquence + psychology Seek a science of eloquence Mental faculties: Every speech is intended to enlighten the understanding please the imagination move the passions influence the will Persuasion is a matter of addressing

16、both the emotions and the reasonRichard Whately (1787-1863) Traditional logic and rhetoric: like Augustine, Cicero, Quintilian, and Renaissance humanists; art of promoting and defending divine truth. Types of reasoning: Scientific and Moral Reasoning from evidence to more or less probable conclusion

17、s on practical issues. Theory of persuasion: to excite some desire or passion in the hearers to satisfy their judgment Education in eloquence: Elocution: the ability to speak with grace, force, and clarity. Argumentation: defend a proposition with sound inference and solid evidence.The 20th century

18、From the end of 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the study of rhetorical theory had reached its lowest point. Scientific thinking was ascendant. However, scientific thinking could not provide solutions to human problems like aggression, racism, economic exploitation, and others. To

19、ward the end of 20th century, scientists started to admit the discourse of science was not formulary, clinical, and syllogistic but decidedly strategic, argumentative, and rhetorical.Contemporary Rhetoric I: Arguments, Audiences, and Advocacy Chaim Perelman and Madame L. Olbrechts-Tyteca: The New Rh

20、etoricuniversal, particular, audience of one, self as audience. Stephen Toulmin: The Uses of Argumentanalyzed everyday or marketplace arguments and drew legal cases to establish his system for assessing arguments. Application of Rhetoric in scientific inquiry, economics, anthropology, social psychol

21、ogy Criticisms of the Rhetoric of Science-What are the qualities that make academic disciplines rhetorical? -AdvocacyChoice of a project and the presentation of a rationale for researchThe field of science is a collective enterprise sustained within a highly specialized network of communicationA par

22、t of public discourse; technical information is available to all of us.Contemporary Rhetoric II: Rhetoric as equipment for living Kenneth Burke : identification; symbolic inducement; terministic screens and being human. Lloy Bitzer: rhetoric as a response to a particular kind of setting, and as stru

23、ctured by that setting in predictable ways. Mikhail Bakhtin: Polyphonic Novel; relationship between rhetoric and narrative generally. Wayne Booth and the Rhetoric of Fiction Jurgen Habermas and the Conditions of Rational Discourse; rational society built on the foundation of rationally liberated ind

24、ividuals speaking to one another as equals toward the goal of agreement and thus action.Contemporary Rhetoric III: Texts, Power, and Alternatives Michel Foucault: Discourse, Knowledge, and Power Jacques Derrida: Texts, Meanings, and Deconstruction Richard Weaver: Rhetoric and the Preservation of Culture Feminism and Rhetoric: Critique and Reform in Rhetoric Queer theory George Kennedy and Comparative Rhetoric; rhetoric in ancient China. Four teachers, out of 150, were attacked by the students. Two percent of the teachers were attacked by the stud